STS REVIEWER.pdf

Module 1: Nature of Science, Technology, and Society I. Introduction Definition of STS: Science, Technology, and Society (STS) is a dynamic field of study that examines the intricate relationships between science, technology, and society. It explores how these three elements in...

Module 1: Nature of Science, Technology, and Society I. Introduction Definition of STS: Science, Technology, and Society (STS) is a dynamic field of study that examines the intricate relationships between science, technology, and society. It explores how these three elements influence and shape each other. Key Concepts: ○ Science: A systematic approach to understanding the natural world through observation, experimentation, and the formulation of theories. ○ Technology: The application of scientific knowledge to create tools and processes that solve problems and improve human lives. ○ Society: A group of individuals living together in a structured community with shared values, beliefs, and institutions. Dual Nature of Technology's Impact: Technology can have both positive and negative impacts on society. It can lead to advancements and improvements, but it can also create unintended consequences and ethical challenges. II. Nature of Science Definition: Science is a structured body of knowledge derived from observation, study, and experimentation. It aims to uncover the true nature of phenomena. Scientific Method: The scientific method is a methodical approach that involves: ○ Asking a query: Identifying a question or problem to investigate. ○ Accomplishing Background Research: Gathering existing knowledge and information. ○ Creating a Hypothesis: Formulating a testable explanation for the observed phenomenon. ○ Experimenting to Test the Hypothesis: Designing and conducting experiments to verify or refute the hypothesis. Scientific Attitudes: ○ Honesty: Acknowledging the contributions of others and maintaining accuracy in data. ○ Open-mindedness: Being receptive to new ideas and considering alternative perspectives. ○ Critical and Creative Thinking: Developing new ideas and solutions.  ○ Curiosity: Seeking knowledge and understanding. ○ Persistence: Continuing to work on a project despite challenges. ○ Objectivity: Basing conclusions on evidence rather than personal biases. ○ Precision: Ensuring accuracy and consistency in measurements and observations. ○ Responsibility: Recognizing the ethical and social implications of research. ○ Collaboration: Working with others to achieve common goals. III. Nature of Technology Definition: Technology is the application of scientific knowledge to create tools and processes that solve problems and improve human lives. Purpose of Technology: The primary purpose of technology is survival. It helps humans adapt to their environment and enhance their well-being. Craft Science: Technology is often referred to as "craft science" because it involves the application of skills, techniques, and methods to create things or services. IV. Nature of Society Definition: Society is a group of individuals living together in a structured community with shared values, beliefs, and institutions. Social Animal: Humans are social animals by nature, and society is essential for their survival and development. Cooperation: Society requires cooperation between individuals to meet their needs and achieve common goals. Cultural Transmission: Society plays a crucial role in transmitting culture and values to future generations. V. Relationship Among Science, Technology, and Society Interdependence: Science, technology, and society are interconnected and influence each other in complex ways. ○ Science drives technological innovation.  ○ Technology shapes societal values and practices. ○ Society influences scientific research and technological development. Examples: ○ Industrial Revolution: The industrial revolution was driven by scientific advancements and led to significant technological innovations that transformed society. ○ Information Age: The information age is characterized by the rapid development and widespread use of computers and the internet, which have had a profound impact on society. STS as a Field of Study: STS is a growing field of study that examines the complex relationships between science, technology, and society. It addresses ethical, social, and environmental issues related to technological advancement. VI. Positive Impacts of Technology on Society Mechanized Agriculture: Technology has revolutionized agriculture, leading to increased efficiency, higher yields, and more sustainable farming practices. Improved Transportation: Technology has transformed transportation, making travel faster, more convenient, and more accessible. Improved Healthcare Services: Technology has improved healthcare outcomes, enhanced diagnostics, and increased accessibility to medical care. Improved Communication: Technology has revolutionized communication, making it faster, more efficient, and more accessible. Improved Education and Learning Process: Technology has transformed education, making it more engaging, personalized, and accessible. Improved Business and Job Opportunities: Technology has created new businesses, altered established business methods, and increased demand for tech-savvy employees. VII. Negative Impacts of Technology on Society Resource Depletion: Excessive technological growth can strain natural resources and harm the environment. Increased Pollution: Technological advancements can lead to increased levels of pollution, harming human health and the environment. Cyber-Sickness: Prolonged use of digital devices can lead to discomfort and health problems. Unemployment: Automation and artificial intelligence can displace human workers, leading to unemployment. VIII. Fields of Science and Technology and the Preservation of Coastal Resources and Management Life Sciences: The study of living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, and evolution. Engineering: The application of scientific principles to design, build, and operate structures, machines, and systems. Agriculture: The cultivation of crops and livestock for food and other products. Aquaculture: The farming of aquatic organisms, such as fish, shellfish, and seaweed. Metal Industry: The production of metals and metal products. Food and Nutrition: The study of food, its production, consumption, and impact on human health. Forestry: The management and conservation of forests and wooded areas. Disaster Risk Management: The process of identifying, assessing, and reducing the risks of disasters. Health: The state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being. Module 2: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology I. Introduction Focus of the Module: This module explores the development of science and scientific ideas within the context of society. It examines the dynamic interactions between societal factors and their influence on scientific and technological advancements. Key Themes: ○ Interplay of Science, Technology, and Society: The module emphasizes the interconnectedness of these three elements and how they shape each other. ○ Historical Context: The module examines the evolution of science and technology throughout history, highlighting key inventions and discoveries from different civilizations. ○ Transformative Power of Science and Technology: The module explores how scientific and technological advancements have transformed societies and the world. II. Ancient Times Sumerian Civilization (c. 3500 BCE): ○ Key Inventions: ○ Cuneiform Writing: A system of writing using word pictures and triangular symbols, which facilitated record-keeping, scientific knowledge, and trade. ○ Wheel: Initially used for pottery and other rotary devices, the wheel revolutionized transportation and other industries. ○ Irrigation Systems: Complex networks of canals, dikes, basins, and levees allowed for efficient water management, leading to bountiful harvests and the growth of Sumerian civilization. ○ Ziggurat: Architectural marvels that served as religious centers, administrative centers, and platforms for rituals and ceremonies. ○ Plow: A tool that revolutionized agriculture, allowing farmers to till larger areas of land more efficiently.  Babylonian Civilization (c. 18th Century BCE): ○ Key Contributions: ○ Astronomy and Mathematics: Advancements in astronomy led to the creation of precise calendars, while Babylonian mathematicians developed the base-60 numerical system, which is still used today. ○ Law: The Code of Hammurabi, one of the earliest known legal codes, established principles of justice and governance. ○ Architecture: The Hanging Gardens of Babylon, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, showcase the grandeur of Babylonian architecture. Egyptian Civilization (c. 3000 BCE): ○ Key Contributions: ○ Hieroglyphic Writing: A system of writing using pictorial symbols, which facilitated record-keeping and cultural transmission. ○ Pyramids: Monumental structures built as tombs for pharaohs and elites, showcasing advanced engineering and organizational skills. ○ Cosmetics: Used for beautification, health, and religious purposes, cosmetics also provided protection from the sun and eye infections. ○ Wigs: Used for practical reasons, such as protection from the sun and lice, and as a fashion statement. ○ Mummification: A technique for preserving corpses, reflecting Egyptian beliefs about the afterlife. ○ Timekeeping Devices: Sundials and water clocks allowed for the measurement of time. III. Greek Civilization (c. 800 BCE): Key Contributions: ○ Water Mills: Used for metal shaping, agriculture, and milling, water mills played a significant role in food production. ○ Cartography: Maps and charts were crucial for navigation, exploration, urban planning, military strategy, and scientific study. ○ Medicine: Hippocrates, known as the "Father of Western Medicine," made significant contributions to the field, including the founding of the Hippocratic School of Medicine. IV. Roman Civilization (c. 753 BCE): Key Contributions: ○ Engineering: Romans were renowned for their mastery of engineering, particularly their use of arches in aqueducts, bridges, and amphitheaters. ○ Aqueducts: Complex systems that transported water to urban centers, showcasing Roman engineering prowess. ○ Roman Numerals: A system of numerals that is still used today. ○ Acta Diurna: A daily publication that disseminated news, trials, military campaigns, executions, and scandals, highlighting Roman communication practices. ○ Concrete: The Romans invented concrete, which allowed for the construction of durable and long-lasting structures. V. Chinese Civilization (c. 2070 BCE): Key Contributions: ○ Silk: A luxurious fabric that was widely used in various industries and became a symbol of prestige and trade. ○ Tea: Discovered by the Chinese emperor Shennong, tea became a popular beverage. ○ Kites: Used for communication, search and rescue missions, and military purposes. ○ Compass: The earliest compass, known as the "south pointer," was used for navigation. ○ Wheelbarrow: Invented by Prime Minister Zhuge Liang, the wheelbarrow was used for transporting military weapons and soldiers. ○ Seismograph: The first seismograph, known as "Houfeng Didong," was used to measure earth motions and seasonal winds. ○ Gunpowder: The first chemical explosive, gunpowder, was invented by the Chinese and used for military purposes. ○ Great Wall of China: Constructed by Qin Shi Huang, the Great Wall of China was built to protect the country from invaders. VI. Medieval Ages (c. 500-1450 CE): Key Developments: ○ Cathedrals: Large and elaborate churches that served as centers of religious life and community. ○ Castles: Fortified structures that provided protection from invaders and served as centers of power for the nobility. ○ Astrolabe: A tool used for navigation and astronomy. ○ Printing: The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg revolutionized the spread of knowledge and information. ○ Telescope: Invented by Hans Lippershey, the telescope allowed for the observation of celestial objects. ○ Microscope: Invented by Anton van Leeuwenhoek (improved single-lens microscopes, which allowed him to make groundbreaking observations of microscopic life.), the microscope allowed for the observation of microscopic organisms. VII. Modern Era (c. 1500 CE): First Industrial Revolution (c. 1760-1840): ○ Key Inventions: ○ Steam Engine: Invented by James Watt, the steam engine revolutionized industries by providing a new source of power. ○ Locomotive: Invented by George Stephenson, the locomotive transformed transportation by allowing for the rapid movement of goods and people. ○ Cotton Gin: Invented by Eli Whitney, the cotton gin revolutionized cotton production by speeding up the process of separating cotton fibers from their seeds. ○ Typewriter: The typewriter made it easier and more efficient to write, leading to changes in communication and the rise of new industries. ○ Telegraph: Invented by Samuel F. B. Morse, the telegraph allowed for instant communication over long distances, transforming communication and the world. ○ Sewing Machine: Invented by Elias Howe and improved by Isaac Singer, the sewing machine revolutionized clothing production. ○ Power Loom: Invented by Edmund Cartwright, the power loom mechanized textile weaving, leading to increased production and lower costs.  Second Industrial Revolution (c. 1870-1914): ○ Key Inventions: ○ Electric Light Bulb: Invented by Thomas Edison, the electric light bulb revolutionized lighting, making it more convenient and affordable. ○ Telephone: Invented by Alexander Graham Bell, the telephone revolutionized communication by allowing for instant voice communication over long distances. ○ Motor Car: Invented by Karl Benz, the motor car revolutionized transportation by providing a new form of personal mobility. ○ Motion Picture: Invented by the Lumière brothers, the motion picture revolutionized entertainment and storytelling. ○ X-rays: Discovered by Wilhelm Röntgen, X-rays revolutionized medicine by allowing for the visualization of internal structures. ○ Radio: Invented by Guglielmo Marconi, the radio revolutionized communication by allowing for the transmission of sound and information over long distances. ○ Airplane: Invented by the Wright brothers, the airplane revolutionized transportation by allowing for flight. ○ Rocket: Rockets, first used in China in the 11th century, were further developed in the 20th century, leading to the space race and the exploration of space. ○ Atomic Bomb: Developed during World War II, the atomic bomb had a profound impact on the world, leading to the end of the war and the beginning of the nuclear age. Third Scientific-Technical Revolution (c. 1950-present): ○ Key Developments: ○ Plastics: Plastics revolutionized manufacturing and everyday life. ○ Computers: Computers became smaller, more powerful, and more accessible, leading to the digital revolution. ○ Internet: The internet revolutionized communication, information access, and commerce. ○ Mobile Phones: Mobile phones revolutionized communication by making it more convenient and accessible. ○ Genetics: Advancements in genetics led to the development of new technologies, such as genetic engineering and gene therapy. ○ Nanotechnology: Nanotechnology is revolutionizing various industries, from medicine to manufacturing. ○ Renewable Energy: Renewable energy technologies are becoming increasingly important as the world seeks to reduce its reliance on fossil fuels.  ○ Artificial Intelligence: Artificial intelligence is rapidly advancing and is expected to have a profound impact on various industries and aspects of life. VIII. Philippine Inventions Past Inventions: Philippine inventions in the past focused on simplifying tasks and improving everyday life. Present Inventions: Contemporary Philippine inventions are more complex and sophisticated, reflecting the country's growing technological capabilities. Module 3: Intellectual Revolution That Defined Society I. Introduction Key Themes: ○ Shifting Perceptions of Science: The module examines how intellectual revolutions challenged prevailing views of the natural world and the role of science in society. ○ Social and Scientific Context: The module highlights the intricate interactions between social contexts and scientific advancements, emphasizing the influence of intellectual revolutions on society. ○ Critical Analysis of Revolutions: Students are encouraged to critically analyze current intellectual and scientific revolutions, recognizing their potential impact on society. II. The Greek Intellectual Revolution (c. 600-400 BCE) Key Features: ○ Naturalism: The world is not a product of supernatural forces; it is a natural whole entity governed by natural laws. ○ Laws of Nature: Humans have a moral obligation to understand and follow the laws of nature. ○ Human Intellect: Humans are capable of discovering and understanding the laws of nature through reason and observation. III. The Copernican Revolution (c. 16th Century) Key Figures: ○ Nicolaus Copernicus: Proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system, challenging the geocentric model that placed the Earth at the center of the universe. ○ Galileo Galilei: Provided observational evidence supporting the heliocentric model using the newly invented telescope.  ○ Johannes Kepler: Formulated three laws of planetary motion, which further refined the heliocentric model. Impact: The Copernican Revolution challenged the prevailing geocentric view of the universe, which was based on religious doctrine, and paved the way for the Scientific Revolution. IV. The Darwinian Revolution (c. 19th Century) Key Figure: ○ Charles Darwin: Developed the theory of evolution by natural selection, which explained the diversity of life on Earth through a process of gradual change driven by environmental pressures. Impact: The Darwinian Revolution challenged the traditional view of a fixed and unchanging natural world, leading to a new understanding of the interconnectedness of life and the role of natural processes in shaping the diversity of species. V. The Freudian Revolution (c. Late 19th and Early 20th Century) Key Figure: ○ Sigmund Freud: Developed psychoanalysis, a theory that explored the unconscious mind and its influence on human behavior and personality. Impact: The Freudian Revolution challenged the traditional view of the conscious mind as the sole determinant of human behavior, leading to a new understanding of the role of the unconscious in shaping our thoughts, feelings, and actions. Module 4: Science and Technology in Nation Building I. Introduction Key Theme: The module encourages students to critically analyze how science and technology can be used to build a strong and prosperous nation. II. Pre-Spanish Period Indigenous Knowledge and Technology: Filipinos possessed a rich tradition of indigenous knowledge and technology before Spanish colonization. ○ Herbal Medicine: Filipinos were skilled in extracting medication from herbs and utilizing plants for therapeutic purposes. ○ Baybayin Script: The Tagalog people had their own alphabet, known as baybayin. ○ Calendar, Weighing, and Measuring Systems: Filipinos had developed their own calendar, weighing, and measuring systems. ○ Agriculture, Shipbuilding, Mining, and Weaving: Filipinos were skilled in various crafts, including farming, shipbuilding, mining, and weaving. ○ Banaue Rice Terraces: The Banaue Rice Terraces, built by pre-Spanish Filipinos, are a testament to their ingenuity and engineering skills. They are often called the "Eighth Wonder of the World." III. Spanish Colonial Period Introduction of New Technologies: The Spanish colonization of the Philippines led to the introduction of new technologies and construction techniques. ○ Fortifications, Churches, Roads, and Bridges: The Spanish built forts, churches, roads, and bridges, contributing to the development of the engineering sector. ○ Scientific Institutions: The Spanish established scientific institutions and formalized education. ○ Manila Cathedral: A prominent church built during the Spanish era, showcasing the architectural skills of the time.  ○ Parish Schools: Parish schools were established to teach religion, reading, writing, arithmetic, and music. ○ University of Santo Tomas: The University of Santo Tomas, one of the oldest universities in Asia, was founded during the Spanish era. Galleon Trade: The Galleon Trade, which connected the Philippines with Mexico, played a significant role in the Philippine colonial economy. It provided opportunities for Filipinos to study in Europe but primarily benefited the principalia class. LOB U LOB U more IV. American Period Bureau of Government Laboratories: Established in 1901, the Bureau of Government Laboratories focused on studying tropical diseases and conducting laboratory research. Bureau of Science: The Bureau of Government Laboratories was replaced by the Bureau of Science in 1905. The Bureau of Science became the primary research center of the Philippines until World War II, focusing on agriculture, food processing, medicine, and pharmacy. V. President Ferdinand Marcos (1965-1986) Emphasis on Science and Technology: Marcos declared that "the advancement of science and technology is the key for national development." Key Initiatives: ○ Philippine Science High School System: Established to provide scientifically and research-oriented education for students. ○ Philippine Science Community: Established in 1968 to promote scientific research and development. ○ Philippine Coconut Research Institute: Established in 1970 to modernize the coconut industry. ○ Philippine Textile Research Institute: Established to promote the textile industry. ○ Philippine Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC): Established to explore the uses of atomic energy for economic development.  ○ Bataan Nuclear Power Plant: Though never fully operational, the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant was a significant project in the development of nuclear energy in the Philippines. ○ Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA): Established to provide environmental protection and utilize scientific knowledge for the safety of the people. ○ Philippine National Oil Company: Established in 1973 to promote industrial and economic development through the efficient use of energy sources. ○ National Academy of Science and Technology: Established in 1976 to serve as a reservoir of scientific and technological expertise for the country. ○ Task Force on the Formulation of a National Action Program on Science and Technology: Created in 1978 to assess policies and programs related to science and technology. ○ Health Sciences Center: Established in 1979 as an autonomous member of the University of the Philippines System to improve the organization and leadership of its units. ○ National Committee on Geological Sciences: Established in 1980 to advise government and private entities on geological sciences. ○ National Science and Technology Authority: Established in 1982 to provide central direction and coordination of scientific and technological research and development. VI. President Corazon Aquino (1986-1992) Department of Science and Technology (DOST): Established in 1986 to replace the National Science and Technology Authority. Science and Technology Master Plan (STMP): Created in 1988 to achieve the goal of making the Philippines a newly industrialized country. Free Public Secondary Education Act of 1988: Opened doors to free education up to the secondary level. Science for the Masses Program: Aimed at promoting scientific and technological literacy among Filipinos. VII. President Fidel Ramos (1992-1998) Emphasis on Human Resource Development: Ramos administration saw a significant increase in the number of scientists and engineers in the Philippines. Key Initiatives: ○ Scholarships: The government provided 3,500 scholarships for students pursuing careers in science and technology. ○ Modernization of Schools: Schools were modernized with the addition of high-tech equipment. ○ Teacher Training Programs: Teachers received training programs to enhance their skills. ○ Health Care Services: Health care services were promoted through programs like the "Doctors to the Barrio Program." ○ Magna Carta for Science and Technology Personnel: Enacted in 1993 to provide incentives and rewards for scientists and engineers. ○ Science and Technology Scholarship Law of 1994: Provided scholarships for students pursuing careers in science and technology. ○ Inventors and Inventions Incentives Act: Enacted in 1994 to provide incentives for inventors. ○ Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines: Enacted in 1998 to protect intellectual property rights. VIII. President Joseph Estrada (1998-2001) Key Initiatives: ○ Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999: Designed to protect and preserve the environment. ○ Electronic Commerce Act of 2000: Outlaws computer hacking and promotes the development of new businesses in the digital economy. ○ Cost-Effective Irrigation Technologies: Promoted the use of cost-effective irrigation technologies. IX. President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (2001-2010) Focus on Environmental Protection: Arroyo administration prioritize environmental protection and the development of sustainable technologies. Key Initiatives: ○ Local Government Code (RA 7160) and Fisheries Code (RA 8550): Devolved the management of coastal waters to local government units. ○ Biofuels Act (RA 9367): Promoted the development and use of biofuels. ○ Republic Act 10601: Improved the agriculture and fisheries sector through mechanization. ○ Executive Order No. 533: Adopted Integrated Coastal Management as a national strategy to ensure the sustainable development of the country's coastal and marine environment. X. President Benigno Aquino III (2010-2016) Focus on Education Reform: The Aquino administration proposed 10 ways to fix basic education in the Philippines, including the implementation of the K to 12 curriculum. XI. President Rodrigo Duterte (2016-2022) Emphasis on Science and Technology: The Duterte administration prioritized the science and technology sector, allocating significant funds for research and development. Key Initiatives: ○ Philippine Space Technology Program: Launched the Diwata-1 and Diwata-2 satellites into space. ○ Agriculture and Disaster Preparedness: Gave importance to agriculture and disaster preparedness. ○ Gawad Saka: Recognized outstanding farmers and fisherfolk for their contributions to the national agriculture growth.  ○ Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan Search: Recognized coastal communities for their contributions to marine resource protection and conservation. ○ Universal Health Care Act (RA 11223): Ensured equitable access to quality and cost-effective health care for all Filipinos. ○ Bayanihan to Heal As One Act (RA 11469) and Bayanihan to Recover as One Act (RA 11494): Provided a national policy on the emergency response to COVID-19 and aimed to stimulate the economy while strengthening the health sector. XII. Prominent Filipinos in the Field of Science Ramon Cabanos Barba: Invented a way to induce more flowers in mango trees. Lourdes J. Cruz: Studied the biochemistry of toxic peptides from the venom of fish-hunting Conus marine snails. Josefino C. Comiso: Conducted research on climate change and its impact on polar regions. Fabian Millar Dayrit: Studied natural products chemistry and environmental chemistry, focusing on the potential of virgin coconut oil and spirulina algae. Angel Chua Alcala: Promoted biodiversity in the aquatic ecosystems of the Philippines. Edgardo Gomez: Made significant contributions to baseline mapping in the Philippines. William G. Padolina: Contributed to natural products chemistry, coconut chemistry, biotechnology, and research management. Enrique Mapua Ostrea Jr.: Made significant contributions to the field of pediatrics, neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, and neonatal drug addiction. Emil Q. Javier: Contributed to plant breeding research in rice, maize, sorghum, coconut, abaca, and tropical grasses and legumes. Cesar A. Saloma: Made outstanding contributions to the field of instrumentation physics.