STS Module - BS Psychology - University of Caloocan City PDF

UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 2 BS PSYCHOLOGY PREFACE  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City...

UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 2 BS PSYCHOLOGY PREFACE  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 3 BS PSYCHOLOGY ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of this module presented significant challenges for the students, requiring considerable time and effort. They feel fortunate to have received guidance and support from various individuals throughout their journey. The students express their sincerest gratitude to Professor Jonathan M. Tadeo, their Science, Technology, and Society instructor, for his invaluable guidance in creating this module. His feedback and support greatly expanded their understanding and assured them throughout the process. The students also acknowledge the Department of Psychology for their assistance, providing the necessary resources such as the television and a room for discussions. This support was crucial for conducting reports, discussions, and evaluations. Gratitude is also extended to the 1A Bachelor of Science in Psychology students for their cooperation during discussions and activities, which significantly enhanced the quality of this module. Lastly, the students are deeply grateful for the unwavering support from their loved ones and friends. Their patience and understanding enabled the students to dedicate the necessary time to complete this module.  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 4 BS PSYCHOLOGY BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO THE UNIT This module explores the development and influence of science and technology on our society. It examines how science and technology have evolved over time and how they have shaped our lives, communities, and the world around us. We will discuss significant events in the history of science and technology, the individuals who made key discoveries, and the societal impacts of their work. Students will learn about major inventions and breakthroughs, how they addressed problems, and the challenges they encountered. The module also explains the connection between science and technology. Science helps us understand the world, while technology uses that understanding to create useful tools and solutions. By learning about key terms, events, and people in the history of science and technology, students will gain a clearer understanding of the role of science and technology in our society. PURPOSE OF THE UNIT The purpose of this module is to explore the intricate relationship between science, technology, and societal development. It aims to encourage students to critically analyze the ethical implications of technological advancements while providing a historical overview of significant scientific discoveries and their impacts on society. By inspiring creative thinking about future technologies and highlighting the importance of responsible citizenship in a technology-driven world, the module seeks to develop and enhance students’ skills related to science and technology through exposure to its history and real-world applications.  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 5 BS PSYCHOLOGY INTRODUCTION OVERVIEW This module delves into the significant connections between Science, Technology, and Society, helping students understand how these components have evolved together over time and their impact on our lives. By studying historical backgrounds, students will gain a deeper understanding of the fundamental concepts that shape the modern world. The first section addresses the challenges and impacts of scientific advancements, highlighting how Science and Technology combine to shape the future. It then transitions to the global history of Science and Technology, tracing their development from ancient times to the 20th century and emphasizing key discoveries at each stage. The module also focuses on the evolution of Science and Technology in the Philippines, covering the period from pre-Spanish times to the Marcos era. Following this, it discusses the Industrial Revolution and other significant developments, linking major scientific advancements with broader societal changes. Finally, the module explores how Technology and Science contribute to national development, with a focus on government programs and the role of indigenous knowledge in fostering a robust scientific industry. Overall, this module provides a solid foundation for understanding the historical and contemporary relationships between Science, Technology, and Society. Students will learn how these fields significantly influence national identity and human progress by examining various contexts. They are encouraged to think critically about the application of Science and Technology in their own lives and communities, preparing them for further study in this area.  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 6 BS PSYCHOLOGY IMPORTANCE OF THE UNIT Understanding Science, Technology, and Society (STS) is crucial as it examines the interplay between scientific and technological progress and societal development. This module fosters a critical understanding of how Science and Technology influence social, cultural, political, and economic contexts. By studying STS, students become informed and engaged in issues related to the impact of Science and Technology on daily life. Understanding these relationships enables us to guide the development of technologies that meet societal needs while minimizing negative consequences. STS also provides a historical perspective, helping us understand how past advancements affect current challenges and promoting an interdisciplinary approach that encourages collaboration among scientists, engineers, and social scientists. This broadens students’ comprehension of how these crucial elements shape our society today, emphasizing the importance of properly understanding and implementing scientific and technological innovations. UNIT OBJECTIVES Explore how scientific discoveries lead to technological advancements and how Technology, in turn, supports further scientific research. Understand the difference between discovering scientific knowledge and applying it in Technology. Analyze how societal needs and challenges drive scientific discoveries and technological innovations. Evaluate how major scientific and technological breakthroughs have influenced historical events. Explain the historical timeline of Science and Technology development and its impact on the Philippines and society. Identify and evaluate key scientific revolutions, pivotal scientists, and their impact on modern society. Discuss the concept and importance of nation-building and explain the role of Science and Technology in the nation building of the Philippines. UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 7 BS PSYCHOLOGY TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 8 BS PSYCHOLOGY CHAPTER 1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES Identify the importance of studying science, technology, and society. Explain how science and technology relates to a problem of societal concern. Develop a deeper interest in the field of science, technology, and society. LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY Introduction We are in the middle of a race where we struggle between the advantages and disadvantages brought by science (Russel, 2016). Many students might question why Science, Technology, and Society (STS) was made a core subject for college students. While it seems that it should only be given to Science-major students, it should not be neglected that STS has an effect on the everyday life of every single person. From the ancient past to the modern present, the significant contribution and effects of science and technology to society is traceable. Science, Technology, and Society (STS) is a relatively young field that combines previously independent and older disciplines, such as the history of science, philosophy of science, and sociology of science. The rise of STS as an academic field resulted from the recognition that many schools today do not really prepare students to respond critically, reflectively, and proactively to the challenges posed by science and technology in the contemporary world.  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 9 BS PSYCHOLOGY The Challenge of Science Great minds in the past have been challenged through science and technology to prove the origin of the universe, and the position of man in the universe. This became evident during the time of the Scientific Revolution in the 16th to 17th centuries when Galileo Galilei, Nicolas Copernicus, and other scientists argued on the position of the earth in relation to the sun. Is earth the center of the universe with the sun and all other planets revolving around it? Or is earth just one of the other planets revolving around the sun while rotating in its own axis? This not only challenged astronomy but also challenged man's belief in the Bible when in the Book of Joshua it was said that "the sun stood still" (Joshua 10:13). It also challenged the way man views himself when he has to ask himself, "Am I really part of the center of the universe?." Later on comes the discussion on the origin of man. Is man really a product of natural processes such as evolution, as Charles Darwin said? Or is man miraculously created by a supernatural divine being? This again challenged man what to take in and believe and how he would view himself and others. Not only does science and technology affect the way man sees himself but also has affected the way he lives. Different inventions. and innovations have come through the years that many of man's daily activities have been improved and altered. Electricity has lighted many homes. Transportation becomes faster with the coming of trains, planes, and cars. Communication was eased by the invention of telegraph and telephone. Farm tractors made farming easier and faster not to mention the discoveries of different ways on how to propagate plants faster. Many different machines have replaced manual labor. Different diseases which seemed untreatable and have caused a high mortality rate now have treatments. All of which have a direct effect on the economy of any nation.  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 10 BS PSYCHOLOGY Wolpert (2005) made an interesting comparison between science and technology that is helpful in the study of their interaction with society. In his landmark paper, “The Medawar Lecture 1998: Is Science Dangerous?,” Wolpert explained that reliable scientific knowledge has no moral or ethical value. It is meant simply to explain how nature and the universe work and that the obligation of scientists, besides studying the nature of the universe, is to explain the possible uses and applications of such scientific knowledge. Along this line, Wolpert made it clear that science is not the same as technology. Scientists are not responsible for the application of knowledge in technology. He further explained that the very nature of science is that it is not possible to predict scientific discoveries and how these discoveries may be applied. While scientists are responsible for the reliable conduct of scientific inquiry and its honest interpretation and dissemination, technological applications of science are influenced by other sectors such as politics and governance, religion, and business. The Effects of Science and Technology In 2011 to 2015, Research and Development as component of project planning of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) got the highest budget allocation with P1.433B in 2011 to P3.802B in 2015, which shows an average of 16.2% increase every year (DOST, 2015). The government has given this much of the budget to the department because of the significant role research and development in this field plays basically in industrialization and commercialization that can help improve the economy of the country. As much as this is of great help in the economic growth of any progressing nation, the total effect of S&T in the life of all men should not be neglected. It is fairly obvious how S&T has improved man's way of life but it is also notable how it has caused harm to both the environment and people. Air, water, and land become polluted which in turn causes many health problems. Imbalance in the ecosystem has also caused other species to be extinct causing changes in the environment and the climate as well. Men have become more fearless in their pursuit for riches and power because of the creation of different destructive devices like guns, explosives,  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 11 BS PSYCHOLOGY and nuclear power. Not only are these inventions dangerous in themselves, but these have also caused man to be even more dangerous. Students of this course are invited to be responsible citizens of the country by making themselves aware of how science and technology is bringing about change. It is calling every individual who takes part in the development of the effects of science and technology and experiences the effects of it to understand how it has shaped and shaped the society they are living in. It would benefit students to see how science is related to society and how technology is related to society. "We live in a society absolutely dependent on science and technology and yet have clearly arranged things so that almost no one understands science and technology. That's a clear prescription for disaster," as problems in science and technology continue to rise and become more observable, the need to pay attention to their interactions with various aspects of human life, e.g., social, political, and economic, becomes ever more necessary. Face to Face with Science Science can be taken as the investigation of the physical world in which experiments are rendered to explain matters of concern. Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines science as knowledge involving general truths and general laws that is taken from a systematic study that is concerned with evidence and theories. Four Common Characteristics that Categorize Something as Science: 1. Focuses on Natural World - Science focuses on the natural world. It is through science that we understand the natural world. Its main concern is the physical world. It studies animals, plants, rocks,  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 12 BS PSYCHOLOGY man, and all other kinds of matter. components of the physical universe around us like atoms, plants, ecosystems, people, societies and galaxies, as well as the natural forces at work on those things. - Science aims to explain and provide more understanding of the natural world. This is a continuous study of the physical world to look for evidence that could prove something. The goal is to see how something works and see the components that make up the area being studied. Findings can change after time depending on the new evidence that may arise but all scientific ideas are said to be reliable because before it could get scientific acceptance, first it has to be supported with a number of pieces of evidence (Understanding Science, n.d.). - Science cannot study supernatural forces and explanations. Science is not concerned with the supernatural world which cannot be tested and is not governed by the laws of the natural world. 2. Goes Through Experimentation - Science subjects any matter of study to experimentation. Something has to be tested and should arrive at a number of consistent observations so it could be taken as true. Anything that cannot be subjected to experimentation and could not give any observable data cannot be regarded as science (Understanding Science, n.d.). - Scientists often plan and carry out investigations to answer questions about the universe around us. Such laws are intrinsic to the universe, meaning that humans did not create them and cannot change them. We can only discover and understand them. Their discovery is a very human endeavor, with all the elements of mystery, imagination, struggle, triumph, and disappointment inherent in any creative effort. The cornerstone of discovering natural laws is observation. Science must describe the universe as it is, not as we imagine or wish it to be. 3. Relies on Evidence - As science requires experimentations and observations, it is only right that it would look for evidence that will support the truthfulness of something. For something to be  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 13 BS PSYCHOLOGY really regarded as science, it should be tested not only by one group as that can be taken as a bias. Evidence that is relevant to the matter being studied is what scientists are looking for to confirm something to be of science (Understanding Science, n.d.). - Ultimately, scientific ideas must not only be testable, but must actually be tested — preferably with many different lines of evidence by many different people. This characteristic is at the heart of all science. 4. Passes Through the Scientific Community - Science requires a lot of consistent evidence for it not to be biased, it has to go through different groups or people who would qualify the idea. In finding different evidence, a scientist would likely check on different angles concerning the matter of study and would therefore work with people of different expertise (Understanding Science, n.d.). - Although, it is said that science is continuous in that it is always trying to understand and explain the natural world, the way that it is being understood may change over time as the society also changes. Scientific experimentations and processes may vary as changes with the concerns in the society take place, as communication and technology advances, and as further discoveries and understandings are achieved by science. Example of Science: A Science Prototype: Rutherford and the Atom Ernest Rutherford’s lab tested the idea that an atom’s positive mass is spread out diffusely by firing an alpha particle beam through a piece of gold foil. The evidence resulting from that experiment was a complete surprise: most of the alpha particles passed through the gold foil without changing direction much as expected, but some of the alpha particles came bouncing back in the opposite direction, as though they had struck something dense and solid in the gold foil. If the gold atoms were really like loosely packed snowballs, all of the alpha particles should have passed through the foil – but they did not!  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 14 BS PSYCHOLOGY Face to Face with Technology As scientists have been arguing as to the definition of science, the same is true with the definition of technology. The word seems to have come naturally that one may think that its definition is a given already. Most people would relate technology with machines and tools that could make any work faster and easier. And that is why technology is commonly defined as a means to an end and a human activity. Types of Technology Mechanical Technology - is among the most straightforward types of technology, both in its use and design. For example, air conditioner, washing machine, fan, hair dryer, vacuum cleaner, dryer, etc. Medical Technology - is designed for diagnosing, treating, or preventing diseases. From pregnancy tests to ultrasound scans, medical technology is with you from before you are born. If you scratched your knee as a child, you wore a plaster; if your vision blurs, you got glasses. Industrial and Manufacturing Technology - aims to produce goods on a large scale or perform other large-scale functions where customers are not directly involved. Electronic Technology - referred to as electronics, is a more intricate form of technology that uses electrical circuits to accomplish its objectives. Three Definitions of Technology According to W. Brian Arthur in ‘The Nature of Technology: What it is and How it Evolves’ (2009) First, he said that technology is a "means to fulfill a human purpose" in that a method or any material may be utilized to serve a human purpose. Second, he said that technology is an "assemblage of practices and components.”  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 15 BS PSYCHOLOGY Third, he said that technology is a "collection of devices and engineering practices available to a culture.” Science and Technology Fused Together Science and technology are closely linked. Machines, computers, and tools are technologies developed through scientific discovery. Everything from microscopic devices to macroscopic systems we use daily stems from science. Medical tools and techniques, such as those for curing diseases, also originate from scientific research. Existing technologies enhance our understanding of the world, leading to further innovations and inventions. Where Science and Technology is Taking the Society Science and technology have significantly impacted society, yielding both positive and negative effects, particularly in the following areas: Community Life The transition from a nomadic lifestyle to settled farming communities gave rise to cities, along with the creation of transportation, communication, and trade networks. It also spurred the invention of textile manufacturing machines. Example: transportation (cars, aeroplanes, ships, etc.), electricity, etc. Work Technological innovations reduced physical exertion and lightened people's workloads. As labour-saving technology became more prevalent, the idea of leisure emerged. People began to use their earnings to enjoy and make the most of their free time.  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 16 BS PSYCHOLOGY Example: cleaning (use of vacuums, washing machines, iron, etc.), factory equipment, etc. Health The greatest innovation of technology was longevity. A large part of technology has been dedicated to the advancement of medical science. Example: vaccines, antibiotics, performing surgery, medicines for diseases, etc. Communication Inventions and innovations in communication have had a major influence on society. That makes our society today more efficient in communicating and socializing with other people across the world. Example: modern technology (online world), laptops, smartphones, via satellites, etc. LEARNING ACTIVITY In 250 or more words, explain how you can be a responsible individual in using technology. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________.  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 17 BS PSYCHOLOGY CHAPTER 2 LEARNING OBJECTIVES Show comprehension of world history, science and technology in its different periods and how it affected our society today. Identify the various significant inventions of many scientists in their given time, including as to how they hold influence to the many aspects in our current way of living. Develop an understanding and appreciation of the numerous initiatives, innovations, concepts and theories that directed our continuous advancement in our science and technology. LESSON 2: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY WORLD HISTORY Introduction Science and technology has been evident since the beginning of time. New knowledge made it possible to create new things that would help people improve their everyday living. Development in the field of science has helped humans to have a better life while advancement in technology made the lives of the people much easier by developing new machines that helped their way of living effortlessly. In combination, science and technology transform the lives of humans. It helps provide growth in the field of medicine, transportation, engineering and even entertainment that until today people are benefiting from. The development of science and technology has gone so far, tracing how it all began would give  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 18 BS PSYCHOLOGY us a better idea on how it has developed since then and what are the significant changes that have happened throughout time (Fitch, et al., 2020). By looking back at the history of science and technology, we will be able to determine its progression. Science and Technology in Different Periods Ancient Period (ca. 3500B.C. - 500A.D.) The rise of ancient civilization paved the way for advancement in science and technology. The advancement during this time allowed humans to flourish by finding better ways of communication, organisations, transportation and navigation, and living in general. Sumerian Civilization Sumer, the earliest civilization in Mesopotamia, introduced numerous innovations, which have since influenced the development of the modern technologically advanced world. Contributions in Science and Technology: The ancient wheel: a pivotal invention that dates back to around 3500 BCE in Mesopotamia. Initially used for pottery, its design evolved to serve as a means of transportation. Wheels revolutionized trade, agriculture, and warfare, allowing for the development of carts and chariots. This innovation facilitated the movement of goods and people, significantly impacting societal development and connecting distant regions. The wheel remains one of humanity's most important technological advancements. Cuneiform: Developed by the Sumerians around 3200 BCE, cuneiform is considered the world's first written language. It involved inscribing wedge-shaped  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 19 BS PSYCHOLOGY symbols onto clay tablets, which served as a durable medium for recording various aspects of daily life, including historical events, economic transactions, and literary narratives. This advancement enabled more complex societies to maintain records and share knowledge across generations. Chariots and Sailboats: These innovations drastically changed transportation in ancient civilizations. Chariots, often drawn by horses, allowed for faster movement of people, military forces, and goods across land. Similarly, sailboats harnessed wind power for maritime travel, enhancing trade networks by connecting distant ports and facilitating the exchange of goods and cultures. Irrigation System: Ancient societies, particularly in arid regions, developed irrigation systems to channel water from rivers to their fields. This technology significantly improved agricultural productivity by providing a reliable water source, leading to surplus crops and supporting population growth. It transformed farming practices, allowing for more intensive cultivation and the establishment of permanent settlements. Potter's Wheel: The potter's wheel, invented around 3500 BCE, revolutionized pottery making by allowing for the rapid shaping of clay. This tool not only enhanced the quality and uniformity of ceramic wares but also paved the way for its adaptation in moving heavy objects. The spinning motion made it easier to lift and transport materials, reflecting an evolution in both craft and practical utility in various ancient societies. Babylonian Civilization Ancient Babylon was an influential city that served as a center of Mesopotamian civilization for nearly two millennia, from roughly 2000 B.C. to 540 B.C.  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 20 BS PSYCHOLOGY Contributions in Science and Technology: Mathematics, Physics, Trigonometry, and Astronomy: Ancient civilizations, particularly the Babylonians, made profound strides in mathematics and astronomy. They developed a base-60 (sexagesimal) numerical system, which laid the groundwork for modern concepts of time and angles. They utilized sophisticated mathematical techniques to solve problems in various fields, including physics and trigonometry, which helped in understanding celestial movements. Astronomy and Astrology: The study of astronomy was deeply intertwined with astrology in ancient cultures. Astronomers used mathematical models to meticulously track celestial bodies, particularly Jupiter, and to measure time and Earth's rotation. They created lunar and solar calendars, which were crucial for agricultural planning and seasonal predictions, impacting both farming and societal rituals. Hammurabi's Code: One of the earliest known legal codes, Hammurabi's Code was established by King Hammurabi of Babylon around 1754 BCE. It is famous for its principle of "an eye for an eye," outlining laws that governed daily life, trade, and social relationships. The code emphasized justice and order, reflecting the relationship between the king, the divine, and his subjects, and it influenced legal systems for centuries. Celestial Bodies and Divine Influence: Ancient cultures believed that celestial bodies held divine significance, influencing earthly events. They associated constellations with deities and used them to guide agricultural practices, such as determining when to sow crops based on seasonal changes, weather patterns, and astrological forecasts, which helped align farming with natural cycles. Sexagesimal Counting: The Babylonians' choice of the number 60 as a foundational element of their counting system is notable because it is divisible by multiple factors, making calculations easier. They estimated that the Earth moved one degree around the sun each day, leading to the division of the year into 360 days, a concept that profoundly influenced timekeeping and geometry.  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 21 BS PSYCHOLOGY Square Sailboat and Two-Wheeled Chariots: Innovations such as the square sailboat and two-wheeled chariots transformed transportation and trade. The square sailboat allowed for more efficient maritime travel, while chariots, pulled by animals, revolutionized land transport, enhancing military capabilities and trade routes, which facilitated cultural exchange. Hanging Gardens of Babylon: Often considered one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, the Hanging Gardens were reportedly constructed by King Nebuchadnezzar II for his wife, Semiramis. This legendary garden showcased advanced engineering techniques, with terraces filled with lush greenery, symbolizing the height of Babylonian architecture and the king's devotion. While their existence remains debated, they represent the blend of human ingenuity and the desire to create beauty in harsh environments. Egyptian Civilization Ancient Egyptian civilization began in Africa along the Nile River and lasted over 3,000 years from 3150 BCE to 30 BCE. The advancements made by ancient Egyptians in mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and various cultural practices underscore their innovative spirit and lasting impact on human civilization. Their contributions laid the groundwork for future developments in these fields, illustrating a profound understanding of both the natural world and human society. Contributions in Science and Technology: Mathematics - In ancient Egypt, mathematics played a crucial role in record- keeping and tax computation. The Egyptians developed a base-10 numeral system, allowing for the efficient calculation of agricultural yields and the assessment of taxes based on crop production. Their understanding of geometry facilitated land  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 22 BS PSYCHOLOGY surveying, particularly after the annual flooding of the Nile, which altered property boundaries. This mathematical proficiency ensured fair taxation and resource allocation, vital for a stable economy. Astronomy - The Egyptians excelled in astronomy, using their observations to predict weather patterns and determine the optimal times for planting and harvesting crops. Their detailed observations of the stars and celestial bodies led to the development of a solar calendar with 365 days, which was essential for agricultural planning. This calendar not only structured their agricultural year but also influenced religious festivals and societal events, showcasing the intertwined nature of their scientific and cultural practices. Medicine - Ancient Egyptian medicine combined practical treatment with spiritual beliefs. Physicians were skilled in diagnosing visible diseases and used a variety of herbal remedies and surgical techniques. Treatments for ailments often included both scientific approaches and ritualistic magic, reflecting their belief in the interplay between health and supernatural forces. This dual approach laid foundational concepts for later medical practices and highlighted their understanding of the human body and its ailments. Papermaking (Papyrus) - The invention of papyrus revolutionized record-keeping and communication. Made from the pith of the papyrus plant, this lightweight, durable, and portable material allowed for the easy documentation of everything from tax records to literary texts. The widespread use of papyrus facilitated the preservation of knowledge and culture, enabling ideas to be recorded and transmitted across generations. Shadoof - The shadoof, a hand-held device used for lifting water, exemplified the Egyptians' ingenuity in agriculture. This simple yet effective tool allowed them to irrigate fields efficiently, especially in arid areas. By harnessing the Nile's waters, farmers could expand their agricultural output, leading to increased food production and supporting the population.  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 23 BS PSYCHOLOGY Architectural Achievements - The construction of pyramids stands as a testament to the Egyptians’ architectural and engineering prowess. These monumental structures served as tombs for pharaohs and were built with precise alignments to celestial bodies, reflecting their advanced understanding of geometry and astronomy. The pyramids were not only burial sites but also symbols of the pharaoh’s divine power and the civilization’s achievements. Personal Adornments - The use of makeup, wigs, and jewelry in ancient Egypt highlighted their artistic expression and societal norms. Cosmetics were used for aesthetic purposes and believed to have protective qualities, while wigs and jewelry signified social status. These adornments were intricately designed and often incorporated precious materials, reflecting the Egyptians’ appreciation for beauty and craftsmanship. Hieroglyphics - Developed around 3300 BC, hieroglyphics was a complex writing system that combined logographic and alphabetic elements. This system allowed the Egyptians to document their history, religious beliefs, and administrative records, facilitating communication and cultural continuity. Hieroglyphics were inscribed on monuments, papyrus, and tombs, serving as a bridge between the past and future generations. Mummification - was a crucial practice in ancient Egyptian culture, reflecting their beliefs in the afterlife. This intricate process involves preserving the body for the journey into the next world, showcasing their advanced understanding of anatomy and preservation techniques. The ritual significance of mummification underlined the Egyptians’ views on mortality and the importance of the afterlife. Greek Civilization The period is known for its art, architecture and philosophy. Ancient Greece saw advances in art, poetry and technology, and is known as the age in which the polis, or city-state, was invented.  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 24 BS PSYCHOLOGY Contributions in Science and Technology: Algebra and Geography - The Greeks made significant strides in mathematics, particularly through figures like Euclid, who systematized geometry in his work "Elements." This laid the groundwork for future mathematical study. In geography, Ptolemy’s "Geographia" introduced concepts of latitude and longitude, creating maps that combined empirical observations with mathematical principles. His work influenced navigation and map-making for centuries, enabling more accurate exploration. Democracy - in Athens (6th BC) - Athens developed the first known form of direct democracy around the 6th century BC, where free male citizens participated in decision-making assemblies. This innovative political system allowed for public debate and voting on laws, setting the stage for modern democratic principles. The idea of civic engagement and accountability in governance has had a lasting impact on political thought and practice worldwide. Astrolabe and Antikythera Mechanism - The astrolabe, an ancient astronomical instrument, was used to measure the altitude of stars and planets, aiding in navigation and timekeeping. It exemplifies the Greeks' understanding of celestial mechanics. The Antikythera mechanism, discovered in a shipwreck, is often considered the world's first analog computer. It was used to predict astronomical positions and eclipses, demonstrating advanced engineering and a sophisticated understanding of the cosmos. Greek Fire and Cranes - Greek Fire was a revolutionary incendiary weapon used by the Byzantine Empire, effective in naval battles. Its exact composition remains a mystery, but it could burn on water, giving the Byzantines a tactical advantage. Cranes were another remarkable invention, enabling the construction of massive structures like temples and theaters. They facilitated the lifting of heavy stones, showcasing the Greeks' ingenuity in engineering and architecture.  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 25 BS PSYCHOLOGY Olympics in Athens - The ancient Olympic Games, first held in 776 BC, celebrated athletic prowess and unity among Greek city-states. They included events like running, wrestling, and chariot racing. The Olympics fostered a spirit of competition and camaraderie, and their revival in the modern era continues to embody these values, influencing global sports culture Notable Philosopher Who Contribute to the Development of Science and Technology: Thales - is often regarded as the first philosopher in Western history and a pioneering figure in natural philosophy. He sought to understand the fundamental nature of the universe, proposing that water is the essential substance from which all things arise. This idea marked a shift from mythological explanations to naturalistic inquiry, laying the groundwork for future scientific thought. Thales also investigated changes in matter and phenomena like earthquakes, viewing them as natural events rather than divine interventions. Socrates - Socrates is best known for the Socratic Method, a form of dialogue that encourages critical thinking and exposes contradictions in one’s beliefs. By asking probing questions, he guided individuals to discover truths on their own. This method emphasized the importance of self-examination and ethics, influencing not just philosophy but also educational practices and methods of inquiry Aristotle - contributed to scientific thinking with his Great Chain of Being, organizing living organisms hierarchically and advocating for empirical observation. Hippocrates - is celebrated as the father of medicine, formalizing ethical practices through the Hippocratic Oath, which remains influential today. Archimedes - made significant contributions to physics and engineering by discovering the principles of levers and pulleys, inventing various machines, and accurately calculating pi, demonstrating the power of mathematical application.  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 26 BS PSYCHOLOGY Theophrastus - a student of Aristotle, expanded botanical knowledge in his works "History of Plants" and "Causes of Plants," laying groundwork for modern botany. Empedocles - introduced the four-element theory, positing that earth, air, fire, and water are the basic constituents of matter, which influenced later scientific thought on the nature of substances. Persian Civilization Before Alexander the Great or the Roman Empire, the Persian Empire existed as one of the most powerful and complex empires of the ancient world Contributions in Science and Technology: Cyrus Cylinder - The Cyrus Cylinder, often regarded as the world's first charter of human rights, dates back to the 6th century BCE. It was created during the reign of Cyrus the Great of Persia and outlines his policies of tolerance and respect for the customs and religions of the lands he conquered. The cylinder emphasizes the importance of freedom and the humane treatment of individuals, marking a significant historical precedent for the development of human rights concepts. It symbolizes the idea that rulers should govern with justice and respect for their subjects. Backgammon (Game) - Backgammon is one of the oldest known board games, with origins tracing back to ancient Mesopotamia. Sulfuric Acid - Persian astronomer, Abu bakr Muhammad ibn jakar-al razi, discovers sulphuric acid that becomes the basis of chemical engineering in chemistry. Use in detergents and fertilizer nowadays. Postal Service - Postal Service - Iran, first postal system in the world. The service uses a chapaar (horse that carries the messenger on its back) and brings a relay  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 27 BS PSYCHOLOGY station that is close to each other. The main point is to not let the horse travel far away, and reduce the risk of dying due to fatigue and dehydration. Qanat (Water Supply System) - The qanat is an ancient underground water supply system that originated in Persia and has been used for centuries to transport water from aquifers to surface irrigation systems. Roman Civilization Ancient Romans pioneered advances in many areas of science and technology, establishing tools and methods that have ultimately shaped the way the world does certain things. Contributions in Science and Technology: Redefinition of Greek Science: The Romans adopted Greek scientific concepts, enhancing and expanding them with practical applications, laying a foundation for future scientific thought. Use of Morphine: Romans utilized opium, from which morphine is derived, for pain relief, showcasing early advancements in pharmacology. Siege Engines and Artillery: Innovations in military technology included the development of siege engines like the ballista and various artillery weapons, which revolutionized warfare. Accurate Sundials: During the Roman period, sundials were refined, improving timekeeping accuracy and facilitating better scheduling and organization. Newspaper: The Romans introduced the "Acta Diurna," a daily gazette that reported on events, marking a significant step in the evolution of news media. Concrete: Roman concrete, with its unique formulation, enabled the construction of durable structures and architectural marvels like the Pantheon.  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 28 BS PSYCHOLOGY Julian Calendar: Instituted by Julius Caesar, this calendar improved timekeeping and organized the year into a more accurate framework. Surgical Tools and Techniques: Advances in surgery include new tools and methods, influencing medical practices and improving surgical outcomes. Roman Numerals: This numeral system, used throughout the empire, facilitated trade, record-keeping, and education. Aqueducts, Roads, and Highways: Roman engineering feats in building aqueducts and extensive road networks enhance transportation and water supply, connecting the empire. Sewers and Sanitation: The development of sophisticated sewer systems, like the Cloaca Maxima, improved public health and urban sanitation. Medieval Period (ca. 500-1500) The Medieval Period, spanning roughly from the 5th to the late 15th century, was a time of significant transformation in Europe, characterized by the rise of feudalism, the spread of Christianity, and the establishment of universities. Early Medieval Period (5th - 10th centuries) Following the fall of the Roman Empire, Europe experienced a decline in trade and urban life. Monasteries preserved knowledge through manuscript copying, and the Carolingian Renaissance saw a revival in education and culture under Charlemagne. High Medieval Period (11th - 13th centuries) This era saw the growth of towns, increased trade, and the establishment of universities. Scholasticism emerged, blending faith and reason, and figures like Thomas Aquinas contributed to philosophy and theology.  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 29 BS PSYCHOLOGY Late Medieval Period (14th - 15th centuries) Marked by the Black Death and social upheaval, this period also saw the rise of humanism and the beginning of the Renaissance, which would usher in a new era of scientific inquiry. Contributions in Science and Technology: Agricultural Innovations Heavy Wheeled Plough: The introduction of the heavy wheeled plough, made with iron and featuring a curved blade, allowed for deeper tilling of soil. This improved soil aeration and fertility, enabling the cultivation of heavier clay soils that were previously difficult to farm. Three-Field System: This crop rotation method divided land into three fields: one for winter crops, one for spring crops, and one left fallow. This system increased agricultural productivity by allowing farmers to make better use of their land and restore soil nutrients, leading to surplus food production. Horse Collar: The development of the horse collar allowed horses to pull heavier loads without choking, enhancing their efficiency as work animals. This led to increased agricultural output as more land could be plowed and harvested faster. Stirrup: The stirrup provided greater stability for riders, transforming cavalry tactics in warfare and allowing for more effective use of horses in agriculture, such as for plowing and transportation. Horseshoe: The invention of the horseshoe protected horses’ hooves from wear and injury, allowing them to work longer and harder in fields and on roads, thereby enhancing agricultural productivity and trade.  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 30 BS PSYCHOLOGY Military Technologies Gunpowder: Introduced from Asia, gunpowder revolutionized warfare by enabling the creation of firearms and artillery, changing the dynamics of battles and fortifications. Counterweight Trebuchet: This powerful siege engine used a counterweight to launch projectiles, effectively breaching castle walls. It represented a significant advancement in siege technology, allowing armies to conduct long-range assaults. Longbow: The longbow was a powerful weapon that allowed archers to shoot arrows with great speed and accuracy over long distances. It became a crucial tool in battles, notably during the Hundred Years' War. Steel Crossbow: The crossbow, particularly the steel variety, had a stronger draw and could shoot bolts with lethal force. It required less training than a longbow, making it effective for armies composed of less experienced soldiers. Complete Full Plate Armour: Full plate armor provided enhanced protection for knights in battle. It was meticulously designed to cover the body while allowing for mobility, marking a significant advancement in personal military gear. Other Inventions Paper Money: The introduction of paper money simplified trade and commerce, allowing for easier transactions compared to the cumbersome use of coins. It facilitated economic growth and increased trade networks. Mechanical Clock and Hourglass: The development of mechanical clocks improved timekeeping accuracy, which was essential for religious observance, trade, and daily life. Hourglasses provided a portable means to measure time intervals. Spinning Wheel: The spinning wheel revolutionized textile production by speeding up the process of spinning fibers into thread. This innovation contributed to the growth of the textile industry and increased the availability of cloth.  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 31 BS PSYCHOLOGY Cast Iron: The production of cast iron allowed for stronger and more durable tools, weapons, and building materials. Its introduction marked a significant advancement in metallurgy during the Medieval Period. Vertical Windmill and Tide Mill: Vertical windmills harnessed wind energy for grinding grain and other tasks, while tide mills utilized ocean tides for power. These innovations greatly enhanced agricultural efficiency and local economies Renaissance Period (14th- 17th Century) The Renaissance, spanning from the 14th to the 17th century, marked the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity. The term “Renaissance” means “rebirth,” reflecting the era’s revival of classical philosophy, literature, and art. Key Concept Humanism: This movement viewed the world as a passage to the afterlife, emphasizing human achievements in education, classical arts, literature, and science. Humanist authors like Francesco Petrarch and Giovanni Boccaccio promoted the idea that man was the center of his own universe. Cultural and Scientific Advancements The Renaissance encouraged the rediscovery of classical philosophy, literature, and art. It began in Italy and spread throughout Europe, fostering the growth of some of the greatest scholars, writers, politicians, researchers, and artists in history. Notable Figures and Contributions Leonardo da Vinci: Known as the “Renaissance Man,” he invented numerous ideas, including the tank, parachute, flying machine, and helicopter. Nicolaus Copernicus: Contributed to modern astronomy with the heliocentric model, stating that the sun is near the center of the universe and the earth revolves around it annually.  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 32 BS PSYCHOLOGY Tycho Brahe: Developed a hybrid model of the solar system, combining geocentric and heliocentric elements. Johannes Kepler: Determined the laws of planetary motion based on Brahe’s data. Galileo Galilei and René Descartes: Presented new views of astronomy and mathematics, and were among the first to use the telescope. Isaac Newton: Formulated the laws of motion and the law of gravity, establishing the physical basis for Kepler’s laws. Johannes Gutenberg: Invented the printing press in 1450, revolutionizing communication and the spread of ideas. Impact The Renaissance bridged the gap between the Middle Ages and modern civilization, influencing various fields such as art, science, politics, and exploration. It laid the foundation for the modern world by promoting a renewed interest in classical knowledge and human potential. Industrial Revolution (18th Century) The Industrial Revolution in America and Europe relied on farm based agriculture with manual labor being the primary occupation. When machines were introduced, human labor was replaced due to the expansion of factories thus igniting the revolution. Contributions in Science and Technology: Eli Whitney: Introduced power-driven machinery and the cotton gin, which efficiently separated cotton from its seeds. Coal and Iron: Coal replaced wood in many applications due to its abundance and efficiency, and it was used to manufacture iron. Steam Engine: A significant innovation of the Industrial Revolution, developed through contributions by Thomas Savery, Thomas Newcomen, and James Watt. ○ Thomas Savery: Improved water pumping in coal mines with his 1698 design. ○ Thomas Newcomen: Overcame Savery’s limitations with an atmospheric engine using vacuum concepts.  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 33 BS PSYCHOLOGY ○ James Watt: Partnered with Matthew Boulton to further improve the steam engine, focusing on energy consumption and thermal stress. The refined Watt steam engine was implemented in 1776 and used in various industries by 1790. James Watt: Enhanced coal and metal extraction in the mining industry, powering steam engines and furnaces. Electricity: Benjamin Franklin’s mid-1700s discoveries in thermodynamics and electricity, including the electric dynamo, provided small amounts of electricity, leading to widespread societal benefits. Wool Combing Machine: Wool, used since pre-10,000 BC, saw advancements with Edmund Cartwright’s invention in 1790, further developed by John and Elizabeth MacArthur. This led to the creation of the International Wool Textile Organization in Belgium. 19th Century In the 19th century, witnessed the rise of modern industry, from agriculture to industrial manufacturing and technology- intensive services. An unending stream of new products turned out by factories employing radically new technologies, skills, and organization drove this emerging modern world. Based on the Gregorian calendar, the 19th century lasted from 1801 to 1900. The invention of usable electricity, steel, and petroleum products led into a second Industrial Revolution during the 19th century. This century was considered to be the age of machine tools. Tools were made for tools; machines were made for other parts of another machine. Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution occurred from the 1880s to the mid-1940s, and it was a period of great innovation and discoveries that launched society forward. It began in Great Britain and many of the inventions during this time period were created by British inventors as Britain was the world’s leading commercial nation. It led to the invention of industrial machines in production, it led to a new, safer way to do mining, and it fostered innovation in healthcare with the creation of the iron lung. Not only was it a time of great  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 34 BS PSYCHOLOGY innovation, but it was also a time of great growth with an unprecedented rise in the world’s population. Fun Fact The 19th century gave birth to the notion of a professional scientist. In fact, the word "scientist" was first used in 1833 by William Whewell. All of this contributed to a wave of innovation. Why the 19th Century Spurred Great Inventions? The Civil War (from 1861 to 1865) was a historic event that forever changed the way Americans thought about their history, dividing the cultural understanding of the nation into two distinct periods: everything that came before the war, and everything that happened afterward. It also created an urgent demand for new technologies and strategies to meet the challenges of warfare on an unprecedented scale. Great Inventions and Innovations in 19th Century Typewriter: Christopher Sholes created the first reliable typewriter with the help of Samuel Soule and Carlos Glidden in 1867. Sholes licensed the patent to Remington and sons from New York who developed the first commercial typewriter in 1874. Thomas Edison built the first electric typewriter in 1872. Typewriters are electromechanical or mechanical machines that produce characters. Camera: George Eastman pioneered photographic film usage in 1885 when he started producing paper films. He patented his first film in 1884 and perfected the first camera using roll film in 1888. That same year, Eastman introduced the Kodak camera into the market. It was a unique box-camera that came with a film roll big enough for one hundred photos. The film roll had to be returned to the company for processing once finished. In 1892, Eastman opened the Eastman Kodak Company which produced transparent flexible films.  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 35 BS PSYCHOLOGY Telephone: Michael Faraday was the first person to contribute to the idea of a telephone when he proved that metal vibrations could be converted into electric impulses. Faraday’s concept was not put into practice until Philip Reis invented a device that could convert sound waves into electric impulses and then back to sound waves in 1861. The invention of a practical telephone is credited to Alexander Graham Bell and Elisha Gray who worked on their projects independently. Gray invented the first electromagnetic receiver in 1874 but did not perfect the design of a working diaphragm until Bell managed to create the first working telephone. The invention became a reality on March 10, 1876, when Bell transmitted the first sentence through his simple phone. Periodic Table of Elements: In 1868, a Russian chemist and inventor, Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907), formulated the periodic table of elements. He created his version of the periodic table listing the most known elements at the time by their ascending atomic mass. During the 19th century, the world saw an increase in scientific schools that encouraged the study of science as a profession. Governments began supporting the growth of modern science by providing grants to scientists and by founding scientific research institutes. The world's first well-known scientific school was the Ecole Polytechnique, established just a few years before the turn of the 19th century in 1794. The 19th century saw a change from science being studied purely for personal gain or interest to being a profession. Various scientific schools were established during this century. Governments encouraged this growth of modern science with grants and the founding of scientific institutions. Some Schools that were Established in the 19th Century The British Association for the Advancement of Science, establishing in the 1830s Owens Colleges in 1852  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 36 BS PSYCHOLOGY College of Chemistry in 1845 Working Men's Club and People Colleges in 1842 20th Century The 20th century, also known as the information age, made a lot of advancements in science, technology, and society. In this century, well known technical universities were built. Laboratories are also more science and research oriented. Social dynamics also changed in this century. This includes the changes in family structure, and the change in social position of women. The early 1900s were also greatly impacted by intense global conflicts, particularly World War I and World War II. Historically, wars have acted as catalysts for technological innovation, as nations raced to develop new weapons, communication systems, and medical advancements, all while governments poured funds into military spending. Three Aspects of Changes in 20th Century 1. Structural Changes: By the 20th Century, technological activity has become highly specialized and thoroughly professional. A Technologically educated man with a college degree began to assume leadership by the time of World War I. 2. Changes in Method: What distinguishes today's research laboratory from any predecessor is, first, exclusive in research, discovery, and innovation. It also brings together men from different areas of discipline. 3. System Approach: Mass production exemplifies, too, a new dimension that has been added to technology in this century. Only Japan, the non-European, non- western countries, had then begun to build up a modern industry and modern technology.  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 37 BS PSYCHOLOGY 20th Century Inventions Airplane: The Wright brothers invented and flew the first aeroplane in 1903, recognized as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight. Computer: The computer was born out of the minds of many scientists, researchers, and mathematicians, with the first programmable computer, the Z1, being created between 1936 and 1938. Television: Created in 1926 by John Logie Baird, the television was one of the first inventions to affect the lives of masses worldwide, and to this day still remains the most popular way of getting information. One of the prominent traits of the 20th century was the dramatic growth of technology. Organised research and practice of science led to advancement in the fields of communication, engineering, travel, medicine, and war. LEARNING ACTIVITY Draw 1 invention that was invented from one of the given periods, then explain with at least 2 sentences. [Name of the Invention]  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 38 BS PSYCHOLOGY ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ CHAPTER 3 LEARNING OBJECTIVES Explain the historical timeline of Science and Technology in the Philippines. Analyze the development of Science and Technology in the Philippines and its impact on the overall progress of the Philippines. Demonstrate an understanding of the historical timeline of Science and Technology in the Philippines by creating an output.  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 39 BS PSYCHOLOGY LESSON 3: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES Figure 1: Lesson 3 Concept Map Historical Background of Science and Technology in the Philippines The history of science and technology in the Philippines is one that represents creativity and evolution. From the ancient engineering marvel of the Banaue Rice Terraces to current research institutions, the Philippines has successfully combined indigenous knowledge with global technologies. This dynamic interplay has molded the Philippines' rapid rise to prominence  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 40 BS PSYCHOLOGY in Southeast Asia's technology sector. Understanding this history is essential for recognizing the entirety of the Philippines' accomplishments and the possibility for future progress. Dive into this lesson to learn how a rich history fuels a bright future in science and technology. Pre-Spanish Period Early Settlements and Stone Age Modern humans from the Asian mainland settled in Palawan and Batangas around 50,000 years ago. They initially made simple stone tools but eventually developed techniques for sawing, drilling, and polishing hard stones. Pottery and Metalwork Pottery flourished for about 2,000 years but declined with the introduction of Chinese porcelain. Metal tools were crafted from copper, gold, bronze, and iron. Boat Building: Caracoa (Warship) Refined plank-built warships Equipped with platforms for transporting warriors and fighting at sea. They played a crucial role in the defense and expansion of territories. Construction and Engineering: Banaue Rice Terraces Built by the Ifugao people over 2,000 years ago, these terraces are an engineering marvel, created with basic tools and a sophisticated irrigation system. Key Developments During the Pre-Spanish Period Herbal Medicines: Used to treat illnesses. Writing, Numerical, Measurement, and Calendar Systems: Facilitated trading, communication, and record-keeping.  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 41 BS PSYCHOLOGY Livelihood Skills: Developed in farming, fishing, mining, and weaving. Spanish Colonial Period Key Developments During the Spanish Period Establishment of Formal Education Institutions: During the early years of Spanish rule in the Philippines they established parish schools’ where students were taught religion, mathematics, reading and writing, music and arts. These schools’ played an important role in developing the country’s professions. People began learning essential skills, and it was in these schools where Filipinos started to explore and experiment. However, education during that time was mostly focused on religious and basic subjects, so there was limited emphasis on science and technology. University of Santo Tomas (UST): Established in 1611, expanded knowledge in science and produced early Filipino scientists. These individuals made contributions to various fields of study, helping to advance the knowledge and education in the country. Despite the limited access to education for many people during the Spanish colonial period, schools’ like UST helped expand knowledge in fields like science through the research conducted at UST, especially in medicine and pharmacy. They were able to find solutions to diseases and explore their causes. Hospitals and Healthcare: The Spaniards built hospitals, many of which still exist today. One of the hospitals is the “San Juan de Dios Hospital,” founded in 1577. Their medical research focuses on infectious diseases, studying their causes and possible treatment. By the second half of the 19th century, medical studies became more advanced, particularly in understanding diseases such as smallpox, cholera, bubonic plague, dysentery, leprosy, and malaria. Engineering and Construction ○ Introduction and Development:  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 42 BS PSYCHOLOGY Engineering was introduced and developed for constructing buildings, churches, bridges, roads, and forts. Manila Railroad, founded in 1887. It connected Manila to Dagupan. Economic and Technological Advancements ○ Galleon Trade: Connected the Philippines to Mexico and Spain, playing a major economic role. The Galleon Trade brought wealth and cultural exchange to the Philippines, as goods from different parts of the world passed through the country. The Philippines exported Asian goods, while Mexico and Spain sent back silver, which was used to buy more Asian products. ○ Telegraph: Allowed faster communication over long distances using Morse code. The first telegraph lines connected Manila with other parts of the Philippines and later with Hong Kong, which improved communication with Spain and other colonies. It was used for many purposes, including business, government, and military communication. American Period and Post-Commonwealth Era American Period Key Developments During the American Period Reorganization of Institutions ○ Laboratorio Municipal: Replaced by the Bureau of Government Laboratories. ○ Bureau of Government Laboratories: Eventually became the Bureau of Science. ○ Bureau of Science: Later transformed into the Institute of Science in 1946.  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 43 BS PSYCHOLOGY The Bureau of Science was established by the Americans in 1901. It holds a significant place in the history of the Philippines as the first government research institutions. Its main goal was to conduct scientific research that would have practical applications in improving the lives of Filipinos. It also focused on public health, agriculture, sanitation and hygiene. Transportation and Communication: Facilitated better connectivity and the exchange of scientific knowledge and ideas. The U.S government undertook major infrastructure projects such as building roads, bridges, railways, and ports that improved the country’s transportation and trade system. Engineering and Health: ○ Enhanced Engineering Works. ○ Improved Health Conditions Educational and Medical Institutions: University of the Philippines (UP) was established in 1908. It became the top schools for higher education and research. Establishment of public hospitals, which included the teaching of Science and Technology. Education became accessible for a much larger segment of the Filipino population, including those in rural areas. Post-Commonwealth Era Key Developments During Post-Commonwealth Creation and Reorganization of Institutions: ○ Establishment of the Institute of Science and Technology. Science Act of 1958: ○ Established the National Science Development Board (NSDB).  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 44 BS PSYCHOLOGY ○ NSDB was later transformed into the National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA). NSTA focused on improving science and technology by creating new research institutes. Marcos Era Key Developments During Marcos Era Education Initiatives: ○ Mandated the Department of Education and Culture to promote science courses in public high schools. ○ Established the Philippine Science High School (PSHS) campuses in Mindanao and Visayas. ○ Increased salaries for PSHS teachers and administrators. Research and Funding: ○ Additional budget allocated for research projects in applied sciences and science education. Agencies and Organizations: ○ Several agencies and organizations were established. ○ Sponsored seminars, workshops, training programs, and scholarships in fisheries and oceanography.  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 45 BS PSYCHOLOGY Several Agencies and Organizations Agriculture: ○ National Grains Authority ○ Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic, and Natural Resources Research and Development ○ Philippine National Oil Company ○ Plant Breeding Institute ○ International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) ○ Bureau of Plant Industry ○ Bureau of Forest Products Education: ○ National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA) ○ National Academy of Science and Technology ○ The Philippine Science High School in Visayas and Mindanao Medicine: ○ Philippine Heart Center ○ Lung Center of the Philippines ○ National Kidney and Transplant Institute  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 46 BS PSYCHOLOGY Fifth Republic Corazon Aquino’s Presidency Renaming of NSTA: ○ The National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA) was renamed the Department of Science and Technology (DOST). ○ Purpose: To ensure the science and technology sector was represented in the cabinet, playing a crucial role in the country’s sustainable economic recovery and growth. Science and Technology Master Plan: ○ Aimed to update the production sector. ○ Focused on improving research activities. ○ Developed infrastructures for the science and technology sector. Fidel Ramos’ Presidency Competent Workforce: Approximately 3,000 competent scientists and engineers in the Philippines. Healthcare Accessibility: ○ “Doctors to the Barrio” Program: Made healthcare accessible even in remote areas. Legislation and Policies: ○ RA 8439: Magna Carta for Scientists, Engineers, Researchers, and other Science and Technology Personnel in Government. ○ RA 7687: Science and Technology Scholarship Act of 1994.  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 47 BS PSYCHOLOGY ○ RA 7459: Inventors and Inventions Incentives Act. ○ RA 8293: The Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines. Joseph Estrada’s Presidency The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 and RA 8792: Electronic Commerce Act of 2000 were both signed. Implemented cost-effective irrigation technologies. Provides basic health care services for those who can't afford them. Gloria Arroyo’s Presidency Strengthening Education and Addressing Poverty: Development of science and technology sectors to enhance the education system and address poverty. Filipinnovation: Coined to position the Philippines as an innovation hub in Asia. RA 9367: Biofuels Act RA 10601: Agriculture and Fisheries Mechanization (AFMech) Law: Passed to modernize agricultural machinery and equipment, improving productivity in the agriculture sector. Benigno Aquino III Presidency Named New National Scientists Gavino C. Trono (Marine Biology) Angel C. Alcala (Biological Science) Ramon C. Barba (Horticulture) Edgardo D. Gomez (Marine Biology)  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 48 BS PSYCHOLOGY Rodrigo Duterte’s Presidency Priority Budget for Research and Development (R&D): Emphasized funding for R&D to drive innovation and commercialization of new intellectual properties. Philippine Space Technology Program: Continued development, including the launch of Diwata-2 in 2018. Agriculture and Disaster Preparedness: Focused on improving agricultural technologies and enhancing disaster preparedness measures. LEARNING ACTIVITIES Activity I. Identify and Describe (3 points each period) Identify a significant product of science and technology from each historical period in the Philippines. Provide a brief description (at least two sentences) for each product. Example:  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 49 BS PSYCHOLOGY Fifth Republic Product: Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) Description: Established in 1972 and restructured during the Fifth Republic, PAGASA plays a vital role in weather forecasting and disaster preparedness. It uses advanced science and technology to monitor and predict weather patterns, helping to reduce the impact of natural disasters. Pre-Spanish Period Product: _____________________________________________________________ Description: _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ Spanish Period Product: _____________________________________________________________ Description: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 50 BS PSYCHOLOGY American Period and Post-Commonwealth Product: _____________________________________________________________ Description: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Marcos Era Product: _____________________________________________________________ Description: _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ Fifth Republic Product: _____________________________________________________________ Description: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 51 BS PSYCHOLOGY ________________________________________________________________________ Activity II. Essay (15 points) Compose an essay with an introduction, body, and conclusion. Address the following questions: What historical events and developments have shaped science and technology in the Philippines? What impact have these key events had on the country’s technological advancements and society? Essay Evaluation Criterion 1. Introduction (3 points) Thesis Statement: Clearly states the essay’s focus on historical events and their impact on the Philippines' technological advancements and society. Contextual Background: Provides a brief overview of relevant historical context.  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 52 BS PSYCHOLOGY Engagement: Engages the reader with a compelling introduction. 2. Body (8 points) Historical Events and Developments (4 points) ○ Identification: Identifies key historical events and developments in Philippine science and technology. ○ Description and Analysis: Describes and analyzes these events, explaining their relevance. Impact on Technological Advancements (2 points) ○ Evidence and Examples: Provides examples of how historical events influenced technological advancements. ○ Explanation of Impact: Explains the connection between events and technological progress. Impact on Society (2 points) ○ Evidence and Examples: Provides examples of how technological advancements affected Philippine society. ○ Explanation of Societal Impact: Analyzes the broader societal effects of these technological changes. 3. Conclusion (2 points) Summary of Key Points: Summarize the main points of the essay. Restatement of Thesis and Closing Thoughts: Restate the thesis and provide final reflections on the significance of the historical events. 4. Organization and Coherence (1 point)  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 53 BS PSYCHOLOGY Logical Structure: Ensures clear organization with smooth transitions between ideas. 5. Grammar (1 point) Grammar: Shows a strong command of language mechanics and effective use of language. Total: 15 points  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 54 BS PSYCHOLOGY CHAPTER 4 LEARNING OBJECTIVES Students will explore key scientific revolutions, such as the Copernican Revolution, Industrial Revolution, and the Darwinian Revolution, and assess their societal impacts. Students would delve into how scientific progress influenced worldview shifts and the ultimate development of modern society. Identify and evaluate the contributions of pivotal scientists and their influence on both science and society. LESSON 4: INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN THE 17TH CENTURY The Age of Enlightenment (18th Century) Also known as The Age of Reason or La Illustracion, was an intellectual and philosophical movement that occured in Europe in the 17th and 18th century. It was the period that witnessed the progress of science, politics, and philosophical discourse in Europe.  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 55 BS PSYCHOLOGY Key Figures of The Age of Enlightenment Thomas Hobbes was an English philosopher. Hobbes is best known for his 1651 book entitled Leviathan, in which he expounds an influential formulation of social contract theory. He is considered to be one of the founders of modern political philosophy. Thomas Hobbes thought that violence is a natural characteristic of a person and with that, he believed that an absolute monarchy will play a significant part in our society. He believes that in order to have a peaceful society, we need an absolute leader. Figure 2: Thomas Hobbes John Locke is an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "father of liberalism". Locke is equally important to social contract theory. His work greatly affected the development of epistemology and political philosophy. His writings influenced Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and many Scottish Enlightenment thinkers, as well as the American Revolutionaries.  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 56 BS PSYCHOLOGY Figure 3: John Locke Baron de Montesquieu is the principal source of the theory of separation of powers, which is implemented in many constitutions throughout the world. He is also known for doing more than any other author to secure the place of the word despotism in the political lexicon. He used this account to explain how governments might be preserved from corruption. He saw despotism, in particular, as a standing danger for any government not already despotic, and argued that it could best be prevented by a system in which different bodies exercised legislative, executive, and judicial power, and in which all those bodies were bound by the rule of law. Figure 4: Baron de Montesquieu Francois Marie Arouet was a French Enlightenment writer, philosopher (philosopher), satirist, and historian. Famous for his wit and his criticism of Christianity (especially of the Roman Catholic Church) and of slavery, Voltaire was an advocate of freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and separation of church and state. Figure 5: Francois Marie Arouet Scientific Breakthrough During The Enlightenment Period 1. Gas Turbine - the technology that powers today’s fastest airplanes originated in 1791 back to the invention of John Barber. 2. Vaccine - In May 1796, English physician Edward Jenner expands on this discovery and inoculates 8-year-old James Phipps with matter collected from a cowpox sore on the hand of a milkmaid. Despite suffering a local reaction and feeling unwell for several days, Phipps made a full recovery. Two months later, in  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 57 BS PSYCHOLOGY July 1796, Jenner inoculated Phipps with matter from a human smallpox sore in order to test Phipps’ resistance. Phipps remains in perfect health, and becomes the first human to be vaccinated against smallpox. Ang term na “vaccine” ay nagmula sa Latin word na vacca, or cow. Edward Jenner is also called the father of vaccines because of his Scientific approach that proved the method worked. 3. Battery - Alessandro Volta's pile was a set of conductive copper and zinc discs sandwiched between pieces of brine-impregnated cardboard. The new device, introduced in 1800, revolutionized the study of electricity since, for the first time, a continuous and reliable electrical supply was available. The voltaic pile enabled scientific breakthroughs such as the first experiments in electrolysis, a technique that today makes it possible to produce hydrogen or purify wastewater. In addition, the voltaic pile can be considered the forerunner of the batteries that power modern electric cars and multiple devices such as: a. Laptop computers b. Smartphones c. Tablets d. Remote controls e. Wearables  UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY Congressional Avenue, Caloocan City 58 BS PSYCHOLOGY Copernican Revolution The Copernican Revolution happened in the 16th century, where astronomical perception shifted from the geocentric understanding that earth is the center of the universe to the heliocentric idea where sun is the center of the universe and the earth revolves around it. Formulated by the Polish astronomer, Nicolaus Copernicus. This Scientific revolution has led science to shed its own light and gain a right to have autonomous discipline. Geocentric Model The geocentric model also known as ptolemaic paradigm refers to a theory which proposes that earth is the center of the universe. This idea was perfected and formulated by Claudius Ptolemy in the 2nd Century Egypt. The geocentric paradigm proposition