STS REVIEWER.pdf

STS REVIEWER Ancient Civilization Paleolithic Era (Old Stone Age) ○ Spans from about 2.5 million years to around 10k BCE. ○ Characterized by the development and use of the earliest stone tools, which marks the beginning of human technological and cultural evolution....

STS REVIEWER Ancient Civilization Paleolithic Era (Old Stone Age) ○ Spans from about 2.5 million years to around 10k BCE. ○ Characterized by the development and use of the earliest stone tools, which marks the beginning of human technological and cultural evolution. ○ During that era there was control and use of fire. Mesolithic Era (Middle Stone Age) ○ Around 12k to 8k years ago and therefore witnessed massive changes for early man. ○ Advance tools began to develop more advanced tools including short pieces of stone that were referred to as microliths. ○ Usage of bow arrow and fishing gear was introduced. ○ Mesolithic laid the foundation for a Neolithic advance in the charting human course for millennia. Neolithic Era (New Stone Age) ○ The beginning of settled human existence or sedimentary way of life. ○ Distinguished by the development of sophisticated tools and technology. ○ The people began to cultivate crops and domesticate animals for food, replacing hunting and gathering with agriculture. ○ The stone tools became essential in daily life, replacing older flint and obsidian tools. Advancement of Agriculture ○ During the Neolithic, people stopped moving from place to place o find food. ○ This change saw the creation of civilization and new technologies. Agriculture Revolution ○ The transition from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to an agricultural lifestyle. It allowed human to produce more food and in larger, more permanent settlements. By 5k BCE, agriculture was practiced on every continent except Australia. Birth of the Writing System ○ The Neolithic Era made a remarkable invention of writing which resulted from the evolving of human cultures. ○ It started with the use of basic symbols in early writing systems and grew to fully develop the writing system like proto-writing.  ◆ Proto writing deals with the use of picture symbols or abstract signs to know the basic information. ◆ It is the use of clay tokens in Neolithic Mesopotamia. Because of this, the development of writing not only marked the end of the Neolithic Era but also started the new era for developing new phases in human evolution. Emergence of Civilizations ○ As people grow more foods, they produce surplus, leading to the formation of cities and complex societies. ○ Cities became important for trade, governance, and cultural exchange. Early Medical and Herbal Knowledge ○ The global use of herbal medicines and phytonutrients has grown rapidly, with many people resorting to these products for health challenges. ○ Traditional medical practices involving herbs are integral to the culture of up to 4 billion people, representing 80% of the worldʼs population, who rely on herbal medicinal products as primary healthcare. Importance ○ This is what ancient civilizations did for, to create a better and more progressive society. ○ They began addressing the demands of civilization, such as food security, permanent settlements, and the establishment of governance. ○ This process taught them how to improve their quality of life and showed the importance of these tools. It not only made their loves easier but also more bearable. Sumerian and Babylonian Sumerian ○ Were among the earliest settlers in southern Mesopotamia, around 5k BC and they kickstarted one of the worldʼs first civilization. ○ They created cuneiform writing around 3k BC using clay tablets to record everything from daily life to major achievements. ○ They developed a base-60 system that influenced our timekeeping, built advanced irrigation systems, and even invented early wheeled vehicles. ○ Their art and architecture were stunning, with grand temples and intricate designs. ○ They laid the groundwork for the Babylonian Empire, which became a  major cultural and scientific hub under King Hammurabi. Babylonian ○ An ancient region in whatʼs now southern Iraq, nestled between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. ○ They were skilled in math and astronomy. They were the ones who came up with the 360 degree circle and divided the hour into 60 mins. ○ They used fractions and square roots to tackle complex problems. ○ By closely studying the night sky, they were able to predict things like solar and lunar eclipse. Egyptian and Chinese Civilization Egyptian Civilization ○ Demonstrated significant technological advancements, including architectural engineering, irrigation techniques, and medicine. Contributions ○ Medicinal Practices ◆ Documented ancient Egyptians medical literature is the oldest record today ◆ Most of the healers that time were priests, but as the time advances, the “Doctors of Medicine” was formed. ◆ Ebers Papyrus, one of the oldest preserved medical documents in existence. ◆ It contains 700 remedies, formulas, and incantations that fight demons that causes diseases. ◆ Additionally, ancient Egyptians used natural substances such as extracts from plants and trees and natural ways such as sunlight to cure illnesses. ○ Architectural ◆ They were famous for the constructions it used in the buildings such as the pyramids like the great pyramid of Giza which depicted the power of the Pharaohs. ◆ A specific aspects that could be noted was that they had better skills in math and engineering, which was reflected in their design process. ◆ Temples which are referred to as temple complexes such as the Karnak Temple Complex were build for religious gods and goddesses and they were used for religious purposes. ◆ Mortuary temples were built to pay tribute to dead kings and  queens such as that are large structures made of stone were associated with authority and grandeur. Hypostyle halls also served the purpose of giving support to the large congregation and religious ceremonies. ○ Inventions ◆ Ink ◆ The first people to develop their languages into a codified form of writing. ◆ Thy mixed vegetable gum, soot, and beeswax to make black ink. ◆ Sickle ◆ A curve blade used for cutting and harvesting grain. ◆ Constructed canals and irrigation ditches to harness the Nile riverʼs yearly flood and bring water to distant fields. ◆ Surgical Instruments ◆ Edwin Smith Papyrus shows the Egyptians invented medical surgery. ◆ Cosmetic Makeup ◆ The Egyptians invented eye makeup as far back as 4000 BC ◆ Ancient Egyptian Toothpaste ◆ Replicated at Vienna dental conference, contains ox hooves powder, ashes, egg shells, and pumice. ◆ Fourth century AD papyrus contains a toothpaste recipe and brush guide. ○ Ways of Communications ◆ The Pyramid Texts ◆ The oldest discovered ways of Egyptian communication. ◆ The text were seen in sarcophagi ◆ These texts are considered key sources on the lives of the kings whom they were written for. ◆ Have given Egyptologists with data on the role the king played in the life of the Egyptians community, specific advocacies and achievements of a ruler, and even details on the individualʼs personality. ◆ They comprise the texts which were inscribed on the sarcophagi and walls of the pyramids at Saqqara in the 5th and 6th Dynasty of the Old Kingdom. (C.2613 - 2118 BCE) ◆ Hieroglyphs ◆ From the word “hieroglyphikos” the greek word for “sacred  carving” ◆ The Egyptians decorated the interior of their temples, monuments and tombs with hieroglyphic writing. They were used for thousands of years by the Egyptians as one of their main ways of communicating. ◆ Discovered around 3200-3300 BC ◆ Found written on the walls within the pyramids, tombs, temples ◆ Hieroglyphs were written on an ancient paper called “papyrus” ◆ Hieratic Writing ◆ Based on the more complex hieroglyphics script, which was used for monumental inscriptions on tombs, temples, and other structures. While hieroglyphics were often much more detailed and often took a lot of time to write and were illustrations, hieratic was a more practical, cursive form designed for daily writing. ◆ Written vertically then later horizontally from right to left ◆ Practiced by priests in the note taking of religious texts for several more centuries. Chinese Civilizations ○ Considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia. If not, the world also knows it as the middle kingdom. ○ Famous among other ancient civilizations because of its silk trade. Contributions ○ Medicinal Practice ◆ Based on the cosmic theory of yin and yang, is ancient and independent of external influences. ◆ Originating from Huangdi, it focuses on anatomy, physiology, and pathology. ◆ Diagnoses involves patient history, taste, smell, dreams, voice, and color. ◆ Chinese materia medica includes vegetable, animal, and mineral remedies, with some drugs taken over by Western medicine. ○ Architectural ◆ Great Wall of China ◆ Continuously built from the 3rd century BC to the 17th century AD on the northern border of the country as the great military defense project of successive Chinese empires, with total length of more than 20k kilometers. ◆ Its main body consists of walls, horse tracks, watch towers, and  shelters on the wall, and includes fortresses and passes along the wall. ◆ It reflects collision and exchanges between agricultural civilizations and nomadic civilization in ancient China. ◆ It provides significant physical evidence of the far-sighted political strategic thinking and mighty military and national defense forces of central empires in ancient China, and is an outstanding example of the superb military architecture, technology, and art of ancient China. ○ Inventions ◆ Gunpowder ◆ Composed sulfur, charcoal, and potassium nitrate, was a Chinese of the tang dynasty around 9th century. ◆ Paper ◆ These Chinese invention was created around the 2nd century BC. The first paper was made from Hemp and used for wrapping things. ◆ Compass ◆ The ancient Chinese were aware of magnetism ever since the 4th century BC. They used this knowledge create a direction finder devices. ◆ Silk ◆ The inventions of silk dates back ti the fourth millennium BC during the neolithic period. ◆ Seismograph ◆ Although the Chinese couldnʼt tell anyone exactly what an earthquake measured on the richter scale (since the richter scale wasnʼt crates until 1935), they did manage to invent the worldʼs first earthquake detector a seismograph ○ Ways of Communication ◆ The Chinese language, originating from Proto-Sino-Tibetan, has three eras: ◆ Old Chinese (1122 BC - 256 BC) ◆ Middle Chinese (601 AD - 1279 AD) ◆ Modern Chinese (56 AD - present) ◆ Mandarin, the official language of China, has over a billion native speakers. Cantonese is also spoken in Guang Dong, Hong Kong, and Macau. Greek And Roman Civilizations Greek Civilization ○ Known as the birthplace of western philosophy because some of the major achievements of the Greeks include in-depth works on philosophy and mathematics. ○ More than Coliseum and the Olympics, the greek civilization has contributed much to the world especially in the fields of science and technology. ○ Greeks are the first culture to undertake true scientific inquiry. ○ They were known for their advanced architecture, art, and trade. ○ The first half of the century was dominated by Plato and the second half by Aristotle. Plato is the founder of the Academy of Athens while Aristotle is the founder of the Lyceum of Athens. Major Developments ○ Political Development ◆ Democracy: During greek civilization, Athens developed the first forms of self-rule government in the ancient world. ◆ Development of Polis (City-State): A polis or city-state was the community structure of ancient Greece. These city-states were independent with their own governments, cultures, and armies, ○ Educational Developments ◆ Sophist and Rhetoric: Sophists are any certain Greek lecturers, writers, and teachers in the 5th and 4th centuries BCE, while Rhetoric is where students were trained to develop tactics of oratorical persuasion especially in legal disputes. ○ Economic Development ◆ Expansion of Trade: Greek city-states became major trading centers, they established colonies across the Mediterranean and black sea, trading their goods like olive oil, wine pottery, and metals. ◆ Currency and Banking: During Greek civilization the Greeks developed standardized coinage, facilitating easier trade both within and between city-states. Contributions to Science, Technology, and Society ○ Water Mill ◆ One of the most significant contributions of the Greek civilizations to the world. ◆ Due to the fact that water mills made milling possible, the mass  production of rice, cereals, and flours became more prevalent. ○ Alarm Clock ◆ One of the most widely used gadgets that the ancient Greeks created. ◆ Its prupose resembles the present-day alarm clock- to alert an individual when to stop or start. ○ Olympics ◆ One of the greatest sports events known to man. According to Pierre de Coubertin, the founder of the international Olympic Committee, the modern olympics was inspired from the ancient olympic games. ○ Doric Order ◆ The oldest among the three classical architectural orders, represents a significant turning point in Mediterranean architectural history. ○ Caduceus ◆ A staff entwined by two snakes, is derived from Hermes. The caduceus is traditionally used as a symbol for medicine, it embodies the role that nurses play in providing health and care through communication, mediation, and facilitates, ○ Greek Philosophers ◆ The development of Western Philosophy was greatly influenced by well-known ancient Greek philosophers such as Thales, Heraclitus, Hippocrates, and Parmenides. Philosophers in ancient Greece studied and established theories covering a wide-range of topics, including human nature and ethical dilemmas. Greek Civilization ○ Romans adopted previous Greek science for their own needs, evaluating and then accepting or ignoring which was not useful, much as they did in various fields like art, theater, and war fare. ○ The Romans made influential such as the designs for columns, arches, and domes that laid the groundwork for art and architectural fields and also in various fields in the Western world. Contributions to Science, Technology, and Society ○ The romans made use of the wealth of scientific knowledge they acquired from the Greeks and some of the countries that they colonized. Still the Romans built the greatest empire that can be seen worldwide. Major Developments  ○ Political Development ◆ The Roman Republic began in 509 BCE. ◆ Roman inhabitants had to discard the Etruscan rule and established a newly formed republican which was held by upper classes (senators and equestrians). ◆ The romans implemented the “Twelve Tablets” that is considered to be the first formal law code in Rome history. ◆ Romans also implemented the Law of Nations that is said to be an early form of international law. ○ Education Development ◆ The state of roman education had its first primary schools in 3rd century BCE, however they depended fully on fees (tuition). ◆ Wealthy families employed private teachers to guide their children at home, white less-poor children were taught in groups (without rooms) and no official schools. ○ Economical Developments ◆ Was constructed by the expansion in terms of geography that obtained power of Rome above Mediterranean and Europe between 3rd Century BCE and 1st Century CE Inventions and Discoveries ○ Pantheon (HARDIAN 177 - 138 AD) ◆ A famous ancient Roman building in Rome, legend says that it was built as a temple to all Gods. ○ The Colosseum (70 - 80 CE) ◆ The largest amphitheater and one of the most iconic symbols of ancient Rome. ○ Aqueducts ◆ Mainly used in water systems, and supplies, providing fresh waters in Urban areas. ○ Roads ◆ Roads that resist rain, freezing, flooding, and it allows people and troops to move easily around, they made roads that connect the entire empire. ○ Julian Calendar ◆ “Old Style” Calendar, wherein Julian Caesar set as a dating system. ○ Galenʼs Medical Practices (130 AD - 210 AD) ◆ Prominent physician in the roman empire, he is the originator of the experimental method in medical investigation that significantly advances the medical field through his anatomical and  physiological discoveries ○ Odometer ◆ The romans developed a device that is used to measure the distance of roads and mark the milestone. Medieval Period Often referred to as the Dark Age and lasted for round 5 centuries. While the time is most known for pictures of Knights in combat, the advancements that emerged as a result of these problems were key milestones in the advancement of science and technology. From 476 to 1600 AD, mankind made a significant advances in domains like health, agriculture, and economy Technological Advancement ○ Agriculture ◆ Farming was the backbone of the economy. ◆ Farmers primarily depended on field laborers or animals, especially oxen, to plow their fields. However, during the medieval period, the migration of large populations into central Europe led to a transformation in agricultural practices, enabling more efficient land cultivation. ◆ Due to higher demand for food to sustain the population and continuous inflation, they began to use horses because of their higher stamina and strength. ◆ Moreover, they produced horse collars for easier farming. This marked the beginning of a technological transformation in agriculture. ○ Development of Clock ◆ Time was primarily inaccessible during this era, identified solely by the ringing of church bells and the moving of shadows. This shifted with the development of the mechanical clock. ◆ The first invention to predict time was sundials. It is common in Medieval Islam, as their shadows from the sun indicated when it was time to do the midday and afternoon prayers. ◆ Hourglass, its flowing sand showing the passage of time, became a powerful symbol for Europeans, reminding them of lifeʼs short and temporary nature. ◆ Water clock, it worked by having water flow into a vertical tank, and the rising water level showed the time of day. Like mechanical  clocks, it uses dials and gears, but they were less accurate than mechanical clocks. ○ Advancement in Printing ◆ The first movable type printing technology was invented in China by the inventor Bi Sheng but it spread was largely confined to East Asia. It was around 1450 that Johannes Gutenberg made the movable-type printing press. ◆ His inventions and innovations in casting the type based on Matrix and hand mold allowed for much faster and economical printing. The printing press was so important because it is one of the key factors that fostered the Renaissance. Scientific Advancement ○ Blindness was common in Islamic regions and seen as a major disability. Before real eye research began, people followed treatments from as far back as the 5th century BCE, recommended by Hippocrates. ○ The first important research on eye diseases started in the 800s with the doctor Hunayn ibn Ishaq, who shared early knowledge about the eye. But full cure for blindness was still out of reach. ○ Couching procedure was introduced in 13th century, it was to address cataracts, which involved shifting the damaged lens with tools. It has a 40% success rate, it frequently failed due to complications like infections and glaucoma. ○ It was considered the best available treatment at the time. They were crucial steps in treating blindness and enabling individuals to remain active members of society. Modern Times Technological Advancement ○ Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) ◆ Application in everyday life (ex. voice assistants, facial recognitions, autonomous, vehicles) ○ Information and Communication Technology (ICT) ◆ the rise of the internet, 5G, social media, and their effects on global connectivity. ◆ Good impacts on education, business, and entertainment ○ Robotics and Automation ◆ Use in manufacturing, healthcare (robotic surgeries), logistics, and space exploration.  ◆ The impact on jobs and economies. ○ Nanotechnology ◆ Applications in Medicine (targeted drug delivery), electronics, and materials science. ○ Renewable Energy ◆ International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): publishes reports and statistics on the global transitions to renewable energy. Impacts of Science and Technology on Society ○ Have greatly shaped society by transforming how we live, work, communicate, and think. They have in influenced our values and ideologies, improving life in areas like education, justice, and culture. ○ Enhanced transportation and communication, enabling large-scale domestic and international trade. ○ Profoundly shaped social values and institutions in modern societies. As advancements continues, their impact on areas like culture, ethics, and governance grows stronger, influencing societal changes and restructuring socio-economic dynamics. The new trajectory of scientific and technological development has accelerated innovations that impact life in many diverse dimension, such as the energy, health, communication, and space enterprises. Biotechnology, cybersecurity, renewable energy, and artificial intelligence are some of these sectors that offer much promise for developing the world, streamlining efficiency, and offering effective solutions to problems. Science and Technology in the Philippines A mix of indigenous, colonial influences, and global advances has impacted the development of Science and Technology in the PH First Republic ○ Oct. 19, 1898, Universidad Literaria De Filipinas was established as a secular state-supported institutions for higher learning. ○ Sep. 29, 1899, University was able to hold graduation exercises in Tarlac when degrees in medicine and law were awarded. American Regime ○ Advancement in Science and Technology was rapid because of simultaneous government encouragement and support for an extensive public education system. ○ 1901, Medical schools was established and later absorbed into the university of the philippines.  ○ 1910, The American colonial government encouraged young men and women to get higher professional educations ○ Between 1903 and 1912, the philippine commission introduced science subjects and industrial and vocational education into the philippine school system but they found that industrial and vocational courses were very unpopular with the Filipinos. ◆ Basic and applied research in the medical, agricultural, and related sciences received much greater government support during this regime than did industrial research. ○ 1917, Act. No. 2076 or Private School Act ○ 1925, Bureau of Public Works out of 190 engineers, 174 were Filipinos ○ 1934, NCRP was first organized by the Governor General, its initial funding came from the Department of Agriculture and Commerce. ◆ In the field of Medicine, the Philippine Commission provided for as many scholarships as there were regularly organized provinces in the Islands. Contributions ○ Health Sector ◆ In 2007, Department of Science and Technology - The Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (DOST-PCHRD) collaborated with the university of the Philippines - Manila and Diliman to create a multi-component device that helped hundreds of Filipinos nationwide, The RXBOX. ○ Agriculture Sector ◆ Th Philippines is pushing more commercial activity in irrigation and water resource management, post-harvest facilities, cold chain facilities, big data analysis, digital and precision agriculture, seed and crop protection solutions, accurate weather forecasting, drone technology, and renewable energy source, among others. ○ Industrial Sector ◆ Infrastructure development improved public services, particularly in the healthcare, education, and utilities sectors. Modernized water, sanitation, and energy systems have improved living conditions, especially in cities.