Historical Antecedents in Science and Technology PDF

GEC 1: SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY with different culture and orientations. CONFLICTS were common especially if different groups struggled to CHAPTER I contr...

GEC 1: SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY with different culture and orientations. CONFLICTS were common especially if different groups struggled to CHAPTER I control vital resources. Stronger nations tended to invade HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN THE COURSE OF weaker ones so they could take much needed resources. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY As such, the development of weapons and armors for security and protection was considered a majue ANCIENT TIMES schirvenest In the ancient times, people were concerned with A primary challenge they faced was the transportation and navigation, communication and CONSERVATION OF LIFE. The early people might record- keeping, mass production, security and have been successful in harnessing the rich resources protection, as well as health, aesthetics, and architecture. that the world could provide, but their survival posed a great problem. Different illnesses and discases, both TRANSPORTATION was significant during that natural and man-made, hampered the full potential of a time because people were trying to go places and human being. Given this predicament, science and discover new horizons. They travelled to search for food technology played a major role in the discovery of cures and find better locations for their settlements. They also to, if not the prevention of, illnesses. travelled to trade their surplus goods in exchange for things that they lacked. NAVIGATION assisted them in Moreover, in order to integrate their needs for their journeys to unfamiliar and strange areas in the better transportation, establishment of structures for world. It allowed them to return home after they protection from human attacks and natural disasters, and discovered new places or completed an important trade construction of bigger and stronger infrastructures with another group of people. people ventured into what is now known as the FIELD OF ENGINEERING. The development in this field COMMUNICATION was also essential in their allowed humans to build structures that would address endeavors to discover and occupy new places. They their specific needs and wants. Some of the structures needed a way to communicate with the natives of the built doring the ancient times still exist today and areas they visited so as to facilitate trade and prevent continually aw people. possible conflicts. RECORD-KEEPING was also important since they needed to remember the places they The DEVELOPMENT IN ENGINEERING also had been to and document the trades they made with ushered in the introduction of architecture. Others might each other. It was also vital to keep records of their see architecture as a mere style, bor during the ancient history and culture so they could establish their identities times, elaborats architectural designs were signs of as they tried to relate with other cultures and technological advancement of a particulat civilization. In civilizations. the generations to come, architecture would be considered a status symbol among nations of how The increase in size and number of nations advanced their technology is. It may also establish the connoted increased demand for food and other basic identity of a nation. necessities. This condition also implied that people must be able to produce food at a given time and space since The people were not contented on beautifying only resources were getting scarcer as more people struggled their infrastructures and surroundings. Being able to to share the basic necessities. The people thus needed a prolong life with the mass production of food and form of technology that would enable them to increase advancement of medical technology, as well as raise the food supplies and other survival needs without them quality of life by making complicated and difficult tasks travelling more or working harder. easier, humans later on developed the technology to improve how they look. They discovered that people WEAPONS AND ARMORS were important as looked more visually presentable and appealing by well in the discovery of new places or the establishment adding some features and decorations in their body. of new alliances with other tribes. At that time, there was always a risk of conflict when people met others With all these in mind, one can conclude that the 1 developments in science and technology, aside from Another engineering and architectural feat of the affecting the lives of the people, were the results of Sumerians is the Great Ziggurat of Ur. THE many prior antecedents. Out of necessity, people in ZIGGURAT, also called the MOUNTAIN OF GOD, ancient times were able to discover and invent things was built in the same manner that they constructed the that would impact the lives of the modern people. City of Uruk. Without much building materials, the structure was constructed using sun- baked bricks. The following discussions will tackle the different major technological advancements during the ancient The ziggurat served as the sacred place of their times, which include some of the achievements of the chief god, where only their priests were allowed to enter. early civilizations such as the SUMERIANS, The temple showcases not only the claborate and BABYLONIANS, AND EGYPTIANS. It will continue intricate Sumerian architecture but also the remarkable to describe the gradual application of knowledge up to technology used to build it. As such, even until today, the contemporary time. people still enjoy and marvel at the preserved Great Ziggurat of Ur. SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION IRRIGATION AND DIKES Sumeria is located on the southern most tip of ancient Mesopotamia. Sumerians are known for their As population increased, so did the demand for high degree of cooperation with one another and their food. The Sumerians were challenged to mass produce desire for great things. They are not contented with the food items but the elements in the environment seemed basic things that life can offer. This desire pushed them uncooperative. to develop many things connected with science and technology. It was difficult to get water from the rivers, thus they could not maintain farmlands, Some groups had CUNEIFORM scarce water supply, while others had problems with flooding caused by the river. As a solution to this One of the major contributions of the Sumerians is dilemma, the Sumerians created dikes and irrigation the development of the first writing system known as canals to bring water to farmlands and at the same time cuneiform. It is a system that utilizes word pictures and control the flooding of the rivers. This method was triangular symbols which are carved on clay using considered as one of the world's most beneficial wedge instruments and then left to dry. Cuneiform engineering works. Through the dikes and canals, the allowed the Sumerians to keep records of things with Sumerians were able to enjoy year-long farming and great historical value or their everyday life. harvesting, which increased their food production. URUK CITY SAILBOATS Another important contribution of the Sumerians is Another challenge to the Sumerians was the City of Uruk. It is a great wonder not only because it transportation, At that time, the wheel was not yet is considered to be the first true city in the world but invented; the main mode of transportation was through also for the way it was erected. There were no building waterways such as rivers and seas. Boats were used to stones in the location of this city and lumber was limited, carry large quantities of products and were able to cover making the construction a big challenge. The Sumerians large distances. However, they wanted to discover were able to build the city using only mud or clay from faraway lands to settle since the population was getting the river, which they mixed with reeds, producing sun- larger, and boats were not enough to accommodate more baked bricks a true engineering feat. They used the people and products. They needed a mode of bricks to make houses that protected them from the transportation that did not require much human resource. harsh weather and to build a wall around the city that Some sources attribute to the Sumerians the invention of prevented wild animals and neighboring raiders from sailboats to address their increasing demands. Sailboats entering. were essential in transportation and trading as well as in THE GREAT ZIGGURAT OF UR fostering culture, information, and technology. 2 WHEEL gardens that contained several species of plants, trees, and vines. According to legends, the great Babylonian In the latter part of their history, the Sumerians King Nebuchadnezzar II built the gardens for his wife, were able to invent the wheel since the specialized tools Queen Amytis. However, no physical evidence has been needed to create it were already available. The first found to prove the existence of the Hanging Gardens of wheels were not made for transportation but for farm Babylon. Its exact location is also unknown. Since time work and food processes. With the use of the wheel and immemorial, people have been debating about the axle, mass production was made easier. Farmers were existence of the said mythical place. Many said it was able to mill grains with less effort in less time. just a product of the creative imagination of the great THE PLOW King because it lacked documentation or archaeological evidence. On the other hand, if it really existed, it must Another farm technology invented by the have been destroyed by war, erosion, or an earthquake. Mesopotamians is the plow. Humans evolved from True or not, hearing the stories and description of the being food gatherers to farm cultivators. However, place would be enough to inspire awe to anyone. One farmers needed a technology which would enable them can imagine the thick greenery decorated by beautiful to dig the ground where seeds would be planted. The flowers coming from different places in the garden and plow was invented to dig the earth in a faster pace. As complicated design of the infrastructure. If the stories the plow breaks the ground, the farmer would just drop were true, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon may be the seeds and farm work would already be done. With considered as one of the greatest engineering and this tool, farmers could cultivate larger parcels of land architectural achievements of the world that is almost faster, enabling them to mass produce food without impossible to replicate. taking so much effort and time. EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION ROADS Another early civilization famous for its legacy is In order to facilitate faster and easier travel, the the Egyptian civilization located in North Africa. Many Sumerians developed the first roads. With this work, the stories tell about the engineering feats of the Egyptians flow of traffic became faster and more organized. They especially regarding the infrastructures established by made the roads with the same technology they used in the pharaohs. Aside from engineering technology, the making the sun-baked bricks that they laid down on the Egyptians have contributed other practical things that ground. They later poured bitumen, a black sticky the world now considers as essential. It is thus safe to substance similar to asphalt, to smoothen the roads. The say that the pyramids are not the only contribution of the invention of roads was very useful especially during the Egyptian civilization to the modern world. rainy season when traveling in soft and muddy roads proved to be too difficult. PAPER OR PAPYRUS BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION One of the earlier contributions of Egyptian civilization was the paper or papyrus. Although Egypt Babylonian civilization emerged near the Tigris and was not the first to develop a system of writing, they Euphrates Rivers. The Babylonians were great builders, were able to make writing easier for the world. Before engineers, and architects. One of their major the Egyptian innovation, clay tablets were used. contributions is the hanging gardens of Babylon, one of However, safe-keeping and transporting them were a the seven wonders of the ancient world. major problem. Clay tablets were very fragile, heavy, and delicate to handle. So, bringing them to places was a HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON major challenge. Hence, the Egyptian invention of the paper or papyrus was a welcome development. Papyrus Today, people can only marvel at the beauty of the was a plant that grew abundantly along the Nile River in famous Hanging Gardens of Babylon from stories of Egypt. They were able to process the plant in order to historians and paintings that portray the place. It was produce thin sheets on which one could write down said to be a structure is made up of layers upon layers of 3 things. Since papyrus was lighter and thinner than clay by mixing soot or malachite with mineral galena. tablets, it was easy to carry and store. The sheets were Egyptians also believed that a person wearing make-up also less breakable as compared to clay tablets. This was protected from evil and that beauty was a sign of invention was a major accomplishment in Egyptian holiness. At present, the cosmetic industry is a booming record-keeping and communications. People then were multibillion industry. able to send letters or correspondences anywhere in the world since the pieces of paper were very light that they WIG could be carried and delivered by birds. Moreover, Another cosmetic invention of ancient Egyptians is record-keeping was no longer a problem since the wig, At present, wigs are used to enhance the documents would not take huge storage spaces. appearance of people who are balding or those who want Therefore, it was easier to keep them away from raiders to try new hair trends. Meanwhile, during the ancient who often destroyed records of the nations they invaded. Egyptian times, wigs were worn for health and wellness INK rather than for aesthetic purposes. The wigs were used to protect the shaved heads of the wealthy Egyptians from When the Egyptians invented the papyrus or the the harmful rays of the sun. Wearing a wig was better paper, engraving ceased to be used in writing. As a than putting on a scarf or any other head cover since 2 result, the Egyptians invented ink by combining soot wig allowed heat to escape. Moreover, it was considered with different chemicals to produce inks of different cleaner than natural hair because it prevented the colors. The ink must withstand the elements of nature accumulation of head lice. since it was used to record history, culture, and codified laws. It must also be tamper-proof so that people could WATER CLOCK/CLEPSYDRA not simply tinker with those written down by authorities. Another important ancient Egyptian contribution is the water clock. This device utilizes gravity that affects the flow of water from one vessel to the other. The HIEROGLYPHICS amount of water (or its height, depending on the method used) remaining in the device determines how much Like the Sumerians, the Egyptians also developed a time has elapsed since it is full. In the process, time is system of writing using symbols, known as measured. The water clock was widely used as a hieroglyphics. Although some say that hieroglyphics timekeeping device during the ancient times. was adapted from the early writing system established in Mesopotamia as a result of trade between civilizations, GREEK CIVILIZATION the Egyptians believed that this writing system was provided to them by their gods. This form of writing can Greece is an archipelago in the southeastern part of still be seen today and remains to be as famous as the Europe. Known as the birthplace of western philosophy, pyramids where they were found. Hieroglyphics was the some of the major achievements of the Greeks include in language that tells the modern world of the history and -depth works on philosophy and mathematics. More than culture of the ancient Egyptians. Their records were well coliseums and the Olympics, the Greek civilization has -preserved since they was carved at the walls of contributed much to the world especially in the fields of pyramids and other important Egyptians structures. science and technology. COSMETICS ALARM CLOCK The Egyptians also invented the use of cosmetics. One of the most utilized gadgets today that was Although cosmetics in the modern times are used to invented by the ancient Greeks is the alarm clock. improve and highlight the facial features of a person, Although the alarm clock during that time did not their function in ancient Egypt was for both health and resemble the present-day alarm clock, the purpose was aesthetic reasons. Egyptians wore Kohl around the eyes just the same to tell an individual when to stop or when to prevent and even cure eye diseases. Kohl was created to start. The ancient Greek's alarm clocks used large complicated mechanisms to time the alarm. They made 4 use of water (or sometimes small stones or sand) that longer-lasting. With the papyrus pages bound together dropped into drums which sounded the alarm. Plato was and covered by animal skin, the ancient Roman Empire believed to have utilized an alarm clock to signal the was able to produce the first books or codex. start of his lecture. His version used four water vessels lined up vertically. The upper vessel supplied the water ROMAN ARCHITECTURE which dropped to the vessel below it, which was set to Roman architecture is one of the most visual be filled in a given time. After it was full, water was contributions of the ancient Roman Empire to the world. siphoned off at a faster rate into the third vessel which Roman architecture was considered a continuation of would cause the expulsion of contained air, creating a Greek architecture, hence, the resemblance. However, whistling noise. Afterwards, this vessel would empty Roman architecture was still regarded as pioneering towards the bottom vessel for storage and reuse. since the Romans were able to adapt new building and WATER MILL engineering technology on architectural designs established in the past. In this manner, they were able to Watermills were also considered as one of the most preserve great and elaborate architectural designs important contributions of the Greek civilization to the because they could produce sturdier and stronger world. They were commonly used in agricultural infrastructures. The Romans were also able to creatively processes like milling of grains which was a necessary redesign old architectural patterns to adapt to the new form of food processing during that time. Because trends at that time. This development in the field of milling was made possible by the use of watermills, the metal or stone tablets and then publicly displayed. When mass production of rice, cereals, flours, and the like paper was invented, it became easier for the Romans to became common. Watermills were considered better "publish" matters that needed the attention of the Roman than mills powered by farm animals because they citizens. In fact, with the advent of paper, minutes of the required less effort and time to operate since the farmer proceedings of the Roman senate were done in did not have to raise animals. They only required access shorthand. These documents were edited and published to rivers or flowing water where a mechanism of a large on the same day that they were recorded. This way, the wheel with small "buckets" of water attached to it could Romans enjoyed easy access to government information be installed. the same way we benefit from present-day newspapers. ROMAN CIVILIZATION BOUND BOOKS OR CODEX The Roman Empire was perceived to be the With the invention of paper, it became easier for strongest political and social entity in the west. It was civilizations to write down everything that happened in considered to be the cradle of politics and governance their time. Record-keeping was much easier since paper during that period. Because the Roman Empire was so did not easily break, was lightweight, and did not large, other civilizations looked up to it as their model in occupy much space. As a result, civilizations became terms of legislation and codified laws. Aside from their fond of record-keeping, especially documenting contributions in politics, a lot of discoveries and historical events and newly legislated laws. Aside from inventions still relevant today can be attributed to the Romans writing down information about history and Roman Empire. politics, literature also changed form from clay tablets to parchments of paper. According to sources, Julius NEWSPAPER Caesar started the tradition of stacking up papyrus to One of the major contributions of the Romans is the form pages of a book. Later on, they were able to newspaper. The first newspapers, known as gazettes, provide covers engineering and architecture was fully contained announcements of the Roman Empire to the supported and funded by the Roman government so they people. Made before the invention of paper, these were able to implement major projects such as large gazettes were engraved in to protect the papyrus. The churches (cathedrals and basilicas), aqueducts, earlier covers were made of wax but were later on coliseums, amphitheaters, and even residential houses. replaced by animal skin which proved to be stronger and The quality of these majestic Roman structures can be 5 seen by the way they withstood time and the harsh boiling water over crushed or shredded dried tea leaves. elements of the environment. Today, people of the world It was believed that the first tea was drunk by a Chinese still enjoy these marvels. These structures are proofs of emperor. Tea production was developed when an ancient Roman technology. unknown Chinese inventor created a machine that was able to shred tea leaves into strips. This machine was ROMAN NUMERALS done using a wheel-based mechanism with sharp edges Although other number systems had already been attached to a wooden or ceramic pot. Because of this established before the Roman numeral, these old invention, the Chinese were able to increase their systems could not keep up with high calculation production of tea and trade with other nations. China requirements due to the increasing rate of thus became known for its tea exports aside from its silk communication and trade among nations. Since the products. Tea production developed by the ancient Roman Empire was expanding, it had to deal with many Chinese may have resulted in making tea as one of the nations to maintain its power. For this reason, the most popular beverages in the world today. Romans devised their own number system specifically GREAT WALL OF CHINA to address the need for a standard counting method that would meet their increasing communication and trade Once considered the only man-made structure that concerns. Although the Roman numeral is no longer could be seen from outer space, the Great Wall of China widely used today due to its inherent limitations, quite a is said to be the largest and most extensive infrastructure number of enthusiasts would still use it over other more that the nation built. It was constructed to keep out popular number systems, like the Hindu-Arabic system, foreign invaders and control the borders of China. Made due to its aesthetic and historical value. with stone, brick, wood, earth, and other materials, it showcased the extent of Chinese engineering technology CHINESE CIVILIZATION at that time. The structure was so massive and strong The Chinese civilization is considered to be the that it was said to have literally divided China from the oldest civilization in Asia, if not the world. Also known rest of the world. The wall's construction put the nation as the middle kingdom, China is located on the far east among the powerful civilizations during the ancient of Asia. It was famous among other ancient civilizations times. It was the pride of their land and their crowning because of its silk trade. Not a great amount was written glory. Today, with some sections already in ruins, the about ancient China partly due to its distance from the Great Wall still continues to be a world attraction due to other civilizations. Despite its less popular status among its historical significance and architectural grandeur. the early civilizations, one cannot discredit the GUNPOWDER significant contributions of Chinese civilization to the world. The gunpowder is one of the most interesting inventions in China. Originally, it was developed by SILK Chinese alchemists who aimed to achieve immortality. One of the things that connected Far East China to They mixed charcoal, sulfur, and potassium nitrate, but the world is silk. Although silk is naturally produced by instead of creating an elixir of life, they accidentally silk worms, the Chinese were the ones who developed invented a black powder that could actually generate the technology to harvest the silk and process it to large amounts of heat and gas in an instant. Ironically, produce paper and clothing. Silk production resulted in instead of prolonging life, gunpowder is widely used to the creation of a product for trade. The silk trade opened propel bullets from guns and cannons which cause China to the outside world, making way for cultural, countless deaths. In fact, gunpowder-propelled weapons economic, and scientific exchanges. It bridged the gap are preferred by raiders who plan to attack at a distance. between the western world and the middle kingdom. The same weapons are also used to dissipate any attempts of invasion. On the other hand, gunpowder is TEA PRODUCTION also used in fireworks during important celebrations in China. Tea is a beverage produced by pouring hot or 6 MEDIEVAL/MIDDLE AGES TELESCOPE The start of the middle ages was marred by massive Since the Middle Ages was also known as the Age invasions and migrations. Wars were prevalent during of Exploration, the need for nautical inventions was high. this time. As such, great technology was needed in the Considering the vast and empty oceans that separated fields of weaponry, navigation, mass food and farm lands, ship captains needed to see far and wide for them production, and health. The wars have resulted in to navigate or to avoid dangers at sea. The invention of population decline, but during the latter part of the the telescope, an optical instrument that helps in the period, there was a significant rise in population. Trade observation of remote objects, was a great help for and commerce among nations increased, which resulted navigators during this time. Together with the telescope, in greater demands for transportation technology. Some the invention of the compass, oars, and rudders made sea of the most innovative minds came from this period. travelling easier and safer (Helden, 1989). PRINTING PRESS WAR WEAPONS After the Chinese developed woodblock printing, Since wars were widespread during the Middle Johann Gutenberg was able to invent the printing press, Ages, great development in the weaponry technology a more reliable way of printing using a cast type. He also occurred. All sides must develop weaponries not utilized wooden machines that extracted juices from only as offensive tools but also as defensive instruments. fruits, attached to them a metal impression of the letters, For open-area battles, people developed cross bows and and pressed firmly the cast metal into a piece of paper, long bows so that they could attack the enemies at long which then made an exact impression on paper. ranges, keeping themselves safe with the protection of walls and fortresses. Additionally, in close- range hand- This general invention soon evolved to be the to-hand combat, soldiers should wear something to mechanical printing press which was eventually used all protect themselves, a need addressed by the creation of over the world. The printing press was invented to iron body armors. However, body armors were heavy address the need for publishing books that would spread and limited their movements. The problem was information to many people at a faster rate. This eventually solved by the invention of the chainmail. invention also made works accessible to individuals who could not even write (Streissguth, 1997). MODERN TIMES MICROSCOPE The booming world population during the nineteenth century onwards demanded that more goods Another invention in the Middle Ages is the be produced at a faster rate. People needed efficient microscope. Growing populations caused massive means of transportation to trade more goods and cover a migration and urbanization during the period. More and larger distance. Machines that required animals to more people transferred to polluted and populated urban operate must thus be upgraded. Faster and casier means areas which resulted in more people getting sick and to communicate and compute should be developed to needing medical attention. To develop the proper establish connections between and among nations. All medicines for illnesses, experts must understand the these needs resulted in the development of industries. sickness through an investigation. Thus, they needed a However, due to massive industrialization, the modern device that could magnify things invisible to the eve. times again faced more complicated problems. Food Guided by the principles used for the invention of processing and medicine posed some of the bigger eyeglasses in earlier years, Zacharias Janssen was able challenges since health was of great concern. to develop the first compound microscope. With this device, people were able to observe organisms that were PASTEURIZATION normally unseen by the naked eye. The microscope was key in discovering new means in preventing and curing As people were able to develop better means of various illnesses (Davidson, 2015). production to meet the needs of the population, food preservation and food safety became an issue. The 7 challenge to keep manufactured food from deteriorating already been developed, circumstances in the modern was greater for dairy products, especially milk, since times required a faster way to compute more they usually spoiled faster. These goods needed to be complicated equations. Computing devices must also be consumed almost immediately after production or they easy to carry since they would be utilized on a day-to- would cause illness like diphtheria, food poisoning, and day basis. The creation of modern calculators did not typhoid fever. Since transporting these products would only pave the way for easier arithmetic calculations, but also take time, it would be impossible to trade them. also resulted in the development of more complex Louis Pasteur, a French biologist, microbiologist, and processing machines like the computer. chemist, found a way to solve the problem. He invented pasteurization, the process of heating dairy products to PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS kill the harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster. Despite being considered a developing country, the Through this process, milk could be stored and Philippines also contributes to the global advancement consumed for a longer period. It also prevented illnesses of science and technology. It is quite remarkable to note caused by harmful bacteria (Macalester College, 2010). the ingenuity of the Filipinos despite the lack in Other contributions of Pasteur to science, technology, resources. The Philippines is known to be one of the and medicine included his works on molecular most vulnerable countries in terms of natural disasters. asymmetry, fermentation, and vaccination. Many of the discoveries and inventions made by the PETROLEUM REFINERY Filipinos were therefore built from indigenous materials or created to adapt to the harsh tropical environment. The modern times demanded better means of powering homes and transportation. At first, people used SALT LAMP animal oils for generating light to illuminate their homes. One of the major needs in the Philippines, as a However, the production of animal oils could not keep developing nation, is electrification. Electricity powers up with the demand. Faced with this concern, Samuel M. various types of machines, including light sources. In Kier was able to invent kerosene by refining petroleum. many rural areas in the country, activities would cease Kerosene was later on referred to as the "illuminating when it gets dark. It also becomes more dangerous to oil" because it was used at first to provide lighting to travel. Filipinos have resorted to using candles and homes. After some time, it was applied for heating kerosene lamps but they carry certain risks as they are purposes. The development of kerosene established the fire hazards. Solar power is also a welcome development petroleum refinery industry (Skrabec, 2010). At present, but like rechargeable batteries, solar panels are too petroleum is widely used in powering automobiles, expensive for ordinary Filipinos. Fortunately, a young factories, and power plants, among others. Filipina inventor named Aisa Mijeno was able to invent TELEPHONE a lighting system that utilizes a material abundant in the Philippines- saltwater. She invented the Sustainable The more people got connected by trade and Alternative Lighting (SALt) lamp, an environment- exploration, the more they needed a way to easily friendly light source that runs on saltwater. The SALt maintain these connections and communicate with each lamp is safer as it poses no risk of fire and emits no toxic other in real time. Governments likewise needed some gases. Aside from people who live in coastal areas, it kind of communication system which would allow them may also benefit those from far-flung barrios because to administer their states well. Important day-to-day they can make their own saltwater by mixing two decisions must be discussed and addressed at the fastest tablespoons of salt and a glass of tap water. time possible. Thus, the development of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell was one of the most SALAMANDER AMPHIBIOUS TRICYCLE important inventions at that time. It has become ordinary for Filipinos to convert CALCULATOR transport vehicles into something more useful. An example is the conversion of American military jeeps Although an earlier version of the calculator had used in World War II into jeepneys. Another Filipino 8 innovation is the addition of a sidecar to a motorcycle, Institute (DOST-ITDI) was able to introduce the transforming it into a tricycle to accommodate more Mosquito Ovicidal/ Larvicidal Trap System, also known passengers. as OL Trap. This trap system is made of natural ingredients that are lethal to mosquitos but safe for During the rainy season, flooding is a common humans and the environment. occurrence in many areas in the country. Tricycles find it very difficult to traverse the streets. To remedy the E-JEEPNEY issue, H2O Technologies headed by Dominic N. Chung and Lamberto Armada, together with Chief Designer A major innovation that changed the transportation Victor "Atoy" Llave, was able to invent the Salamander, industry in the Philippines was the development of the an amphibious tricycle that can cross not only flooded jeepney. This iconic public utility vehicle was built streets but also rivers and lakes. It may also be utilized using the military jeeps left by the Americans after to travel from island to island. Since the Philippines is World War II. The chassis and the body of the military an archipelago, the Salamander is a useful invention that jeeps were extended to accommodate more load and has a lot of potential. passengers. Because of its usefulness, the jeepney dominated Philippine streets and is considered as the MEDICAL INCUBATOR primary mode of transportation of most Filipinos. However, the diesel- powered jeepney produces large A common problem in the Philippines is the high quantities of black smoke, and is usually a major mortality rate of newborn babies. One reason for this contributor of noise pollution due to its primitive problem in the 20th century was the lack of available exhaust system. To counter these disadvantages, the incubators especially in far-flung rural areas due to lack electric jeepney (eJeepney) was developed. This modern of resources and electricity. Dr. Fe del Mundo, a Filipino type of transportation utilizes electricity instead of the pediatrician and the first Asian woman admitted into more expensive diesel. It is environment-friendly since Harvard Medical School, devised a medical incubator it does not emit any smoke and noise. made from indigenous and cheap materials which did not run on electricity. Dr. del Mundo's incubator was made by placing a native laundry basket inside a bigger one. Hot water bottles were inserted between the baskets to provide warmth and a makeshift hood to allow oxygen circulation. Its main purpose was to maintain conditions suitable for a newborn, usually a pre-term baby. Other breakthroughs in Philippine medicine attributed to Dr. del Mundo include her works on the immunization and treatment of jaundice and the BRAT diet for curing diarrhea. MOSQUITO OVICIDAL/LARVICIDAL TRAP SYSTEM Dengue, a mosquito-borne viral illness, is endemic in tropical and subtropical areas, including the Philippines. This virus is usually transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquito, rampant during the rainy season. Insecticides were previously used to kill the species. However, recent studies show that insecticide resistance has evolved in some mosquito populations. Likewise, using insecticides is harmful not only to humans but also to the environment. In 2010, the Department of Science and Technology-Industrial Technology Development 9