GE-STS 2024-2025 Past Paper

GE-STS Mr. Charles Magat Luisa Marie Gadie | 1 Sem | 2024-2025 st BSIT – 21C Science, Technology and Society reporting – mastery (module 90%, new...

GE-STS Mr. Charles Magat Luisa Marie Gadie | 1 Sem | 2024-2025 st BSIT – 21C Science, Technology and Society reporting – mastery (module 90%, new tech 10%) can use laptop color coding – PINK (quiz, index, periodical test) Module 1-2: Historical Antecedents in which Social Consideration Changed the Course of Science and Technology Science  A systematized body of knowledge that deals with the study of matter that is done through experimentation in order to come up with a conclusion.  A formal activity that creates and accumulates knowledge by directly confronting the natural world.  The Scientific Method – Observing, Identify the problem, Hypothesis (wild guess, alternative answer), Experimentation (test the hypothesis), Conclusion. Major Fields of Science 1. Social Science – the study of human society and human behavior  History – study of past event (old records, evidences), how history function  Psychology – study of mind and behavior, how they act individual and in groups  Sociology – study of social life, social change and the social causes and consequences of human behavior, big picture of human life  Demography – statistical study of human populations (death & birth rate) 2. Abstract Science – involves theoretical models and concepts rather than direct observation.  Computer Science  Geometry  Logistics  Mathematics  Logic – a science and art of correct thinking. derived from the Greek word “logos” which means study, reason or discourse. it is a science because it is a systematized body of logical truths and principles governing correct thinking.  Philosophy – study of theoretical basis Ethics – what is of value Metaphysics – what is real Aesthetics – what is beauty Epistemology – how do we know 1  GE-STS Mr. Charles Magat Luisa Marie Gadie | 1 Sem | 2024-2025 st BSIT – 21C Logic – how do we reason Political Philosophy – how should societies be governed 3. Natural Science  Physics/Physical – study of matter, energ and the interaction between them  Biology Technology  Applied Science - refers to intangible technique and know-how process. (historical and culture context)  Technology is found everywhere. (geographical context)  It is the use of scientific knowledge for the production, improvement, distribution of goods and services, as well as the satisfaction of other material needs.  The core activity of technology is technological innovation Society  It makes use of science to come up with better technology in order for its people to live in accordance with their necessities.  Interrelationship and Dynamics between Science and Technology 1. Science cannot develop without the required technology infrastructue needed for reseach and development. 2. Technlogy cannot advance without continuing inputs fom science (reseach and development) 3. Experience and practice are also valuable sources of technology Importance of Science and Technology Increase the country’s economic strength productivity Increase the scope and efficancy of medical care in this century Science and Technology Historical Antecedents Ancient Times (3800B.C. – A.D. 1200 in the old world) I. Sumerian Civilization the earliest form of civilization Cuneiform (alphabets) metallurgy II. Babylonian Civilization (3500 B.C. – 500 B.C.) The Tower of Babel/Babylonians – high tower, had different language popularized the Bronze Age era good in terms of architecture design pi as 3, modern estimate is 22/7 or 3.142 2  GE-STS Mr. Charles Magat Luisa Marie Gadie | 1 Sem | 2024-2025 st BSIT – 21C III. Egyptian Civilization Great Pyramid of Giza – a part of the seven ancient wonders In honor of King Khu Fu IV. Cretan (Minoan) Civilization V. Greek Civilization (1100 B.C. – 1300 B.C.) The Parthenon – in honor of Goddess Athena VI. Persian Civilization VII. Roman Civilization VIII. Arabic/Islam Civlization The Peruvian Canal – recognized as a World Heritage Site IX. Chinese Civilization Olmec Civilization Olmec Structure Giant/Colossal Heads made by Native Olmec Tribe located at New Zealand Neolithic Revolution farm and havest the critical transition that resulted in the birth of agriculture Chinese Lunar Calendar Abacus and Fireworks The Bronze Seated Buddha Thailand, Southeast Asia Sundials World's oldest known sundial came from Egypt 2 Wheel Mesopotamia Chariot 1st form of Chariot Middle Ages/Medieval  known as the “very great depression”  Cold War happened where Europe has no economy  popularized by certain technology  Printing Press – made by the most famous person, Johannes Gutenberg at 1395-1468 (14th Century) Renaissance  revival/rebirth to economy of Europe Scientific Revolution 3 GE-STS Mr. Charles Magat Luisa Marie Gadie | 1 Sem | 2024-2025 st BSIT – 21C Age of Industrialization 1st Industrial Revolution (1765)  the emergence of mechanization, a process that replaced agriculture with industry as the foundations of the economic structure of society.  used water and steam to mechanize production  Bessemer Steel Processing uses metal and steam machine to build industry (1801-1899) 19th century 2nd Industrial Revolution (1870)  new technological advancements initiated the emergence of a new source pg energy: electicity, gas and oil  the second used electricity energy to create mass production  Carl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler created cars (1885) named Mercedes-Benz  Sirius Ship sailed for 19 days (1838) through the English Channel and then across the Atlantic Ocean 3rd Industrial Revolution (1969)  the emergence of new source of energy (nuclear) and this revolution witnessed the rise of electronics  the third used electronics and information technology to automate production Industry 4.0  the emergence of the internet  merging technology that blurs the lines between the physical, digital and biological spheres to completely uproot industries all over the world Apple Computer Design Evolution  Apple was popularized by Steve Jobs Dalton’s Atomic Theory  John Dalton (1766-1844)  An atom is the smallest particle of an element Periodic Table of Elements  Dmitri Mendeleev (1884-1907), a Russian inventor The Discovery of Radium and Pollonium  Marie Curie (1902) became the first scientist to obtain two novel prize  Can be used to in treatment of cancer (radiation theraphy) “radio-active” ✓ 1st Woman of the Degree in Physics ✓ 1st Woman to Graduate in France ✓ 1st Woman to Obtain a Nobel Prize ✓ 1st Woman to Obtain a Chair at the Sorbonne 4 GE-STS Mr. Charles Magat Luisa Marie Gadie | 1 Sem | 2024-2025 st BSIT – 21C Information Age  began around the 1970s and is still going on today.  also known as the Computer Age, Digital Age, or New Media Age. This era brought about a time period in which people could access information and knowledge easily  One of Steve Jobs’ most significant contributions to the Information Age was the introduction of the MAC/Macintosh Computer (1984). Module 2: Intellectual Revolutions that Defined Society 2 World Views System different perspectives of people 1. Geocentrism – “earth is the center of the universe”  Claudius Ptolemy (lived 85AD-165 AD) – most influential gegrapher and astronomer at the time  Aristotle – most influential philosopher 2. Heliocentrism – “sun is the center of solar system”  Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543) - a priest and mathematician Paradigm Shift  happens where scientific activity and experimentation begins to contadict premises that experts previously considered unshakable.  a phenomenon explored by Thomas Kuhn, is not just a small modification to an existing scientific theory. rather, it completely changes the scientific theory itself and radically alters the way in which it seeks to understand reality. History of Technology The Engineers and Scientists that created the birth in technology  Egyptians – Smelting Copper, Bronze Age, Pyramids, Hero of Alexandria, Plow  Chinese – Great Wall, Abacus, Paper (made by Cai Lun, 100 AD), Moveable Type, Gunpowder, Mechanical Clock (1st – Sung Water Clock), Compass  Greeks – Architecture, Ptolemy, Aristotle Renaissance The Engineers and Scientist that led to a “rebirth” in technology  Leonardo daVinci – wrote backwards, inventions (Siege Defenses, War Sycthe, Multi-Barrel Gun, Ornithopter, Tank, Helicopter, Airplane Wing) “Tell me if anything is ever done” 5 GE-STS Mr. Charles Magat Luisa Marie Gadie | 1 Sem | 2024-2025 st BSIT – 21C  Nicholas Copernicus – heliocentric universe  Eudoxus – created the first model of the geocentric universe (crystalline spheres)  Galileo Galilei – Physics (Isochronous motion, Parabolic motion, Inertia [Newton]), Thermometer, Galilean Telescope (moon, jupiter, saturn, milky way), Ecclesiatic trial “Here, a simple tube and two lenses had made a rod for beating the Aristotelian”  Charles Darwin – Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection (adopt environment, changes), “survival of the fittest”  Lamarck – principle of use and disuse  Sigmund Freud – Father of Psychoanalysis, a Philosopher and Doctor Science The engineers and scientists that laid to the scientific principles of today  Isaac Newton - Gravitational Law, Principia (Modern Mechanics, Celestial Mechanics, Laws of the Universe) 6 GE-STS Mr. Charles Magat Luisa Marie Gadie | 1 Sem | 2024-2025 st BSIT – 21C Industry The engineers and scientist that powered the world through the industrial revolution  1784 – 1.0 mechanization, steam power, weaving loom  1870 – 2.0 mass production, assembly line, electrcal energy  1969 – 3.0 automation, computers and electronics  Today – 4.0 cyber physical systems, internet of things, network  James Watt – Steam Engine, Savery and Newcommen, Atmosphereic Engine, Steam Distribution, Double Acting, Micrometer (1772) Module 3: Science and Technology and Nation Building The Depatment of Scence and Technology (DOST)  is the primary in science and technology body in the country responsible for providing central direction, leadership and coodination of all scientific and technological activities, and of formulating polices, programs and projects to support national development. Milestone/History  1958 – Congress passed a law establishing the National Science Development Board (NSDB) upon the recommendation of Dr. Frank Co Tui, who was tasked to survey the state of Science and Technology in the Philippines under the Carlos P. Garcia administration.  1982 – The National Science Development Board (NSDB) was revamped and became the National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA). It was accorded broader policy-making and program-implementing functions.  1987 – NSTA was elevated to cabinet level and became the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) in response to increase demands for Science and Technology intervention in national development. Mandates of CHED R.A 7722 – Higher education act of 1994 R.A 8292 – higher educaion modernization act of 1997  promote quality education ensure that education shall be accessible to all  ensure and protect academic freedom for the continuing intellectual growth the advancement of learning and research the development of responsible and effective leadership the education of hiigh level professionals and the enrichment of historical and cultural heritage 7 GE-STS Mr. Charles Magat Luisa Marie Gadie | 1 Sem | 2024-2025 st BSIT – 21C Agencies 1. National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) 2. Technology Application and Promotion Institute (TAPI) ✓ Promote – TAPI promotes and introduces new Philppine inventions and technologies, ensuring they reach the market and are utilized by businesses and consumers. ✓ Support – TAPI offers financial and technical assistance to Flpino inventors, researchers and startups, including patent protection to protect their ideas. 3. Philippine Science Heritage Center (PSHC) ✓ R.A 1907 promotes public highly education about Philippine’s scientific achievements through exhibits and display through exhibit ✓ History – The heritage preservaton program aims to preserve the history of philippine science and technology, showcasing the contribution of filipino scientist and inventors. ✓ Inspiration – engages the public, especially students, through interactive displays and educational workshops, inspiring future generations to pursue career in science and technology ✓ Achievement – the career acknowledges and honors the significant contributions of Filipino scientists and technologists through special exhibitions and events. ✓ Resource – the PSHC is a hub for students, educators and researcher, and the general public to explore the history and advancement of scence and technology in the Phlippines. 4. Philippine Council of Health and Research Development (PCHRD) 5. Science and Technology Information Institute (STII) ✓ Manage – manages and siddeminates science and technology iinformation to the public, researchers, and policy-makers through publishing journals, newsletters and other promotional materials. ✓ Operate – operates a speciallized library and digital archiving services, ensurinig access to scientific and technical resources for researches and professionals. ✓ Promotes – promotes science communication through educational materiials, events and media campaigns to enhance public understanding and awareness of science and technology 6. Department of Health (DOH) ✓ Create – create health policies and regulations that integrate scientific research and technological advancement for public health improvement. 8 GE-STS Mr. Charles Magat Luisa Marie Gadie | 1 Sem | 2024-2025 st BSIT – 21C 7. Technical Education and Skills Center (TESDA) ✓ R.A 7796 or TESDA law – signed into law by Fidel V. Ramos ✓ offer technical training, develop skilled work force and support employment through skills certification and life long learning. focuses on skill development ✓ tasked to both manage and supervised the Philippine Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) ✓ Secretary Jose Villanueva 8. International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) ✓ Fond and Rockefeller foundations with support from the Philippine government (Los Baños, Laguna) ✓ to improve rice production, advance rice science, support farmers and promote sustainable farming practices to enhance global food security 9. Congressional Commission on Science, Technology and Engineering (COMSTE) – legislative arm of science and technology (pass laws) 10. Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) – monitor price, quality check, business permits and busiiness registration 11. Commission on Higher Education (CHED) 12. The National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) Science and Technology in Philippine Nation Building  Many other capabilities of S&T become even more important for all countries in addressing national and international development issues and in coping with the increasing need for societal services in sustaining a strong nation.  The Philippine government, as early as 1980s, prioritized the initiatives on promoting the role of S&T in the national development. The declarations in the 1987 constitution, Article XIV acknowledges the significant role of Science and Technology. Section 10. Science and technology are essential for the state and that the State shall provide priority to research and development (R&D), invention, innovation and their utilization and to support indigenous, appropriate, and self-reliant scientific and technological capabilities. 9 GE-STS Mr. Charles Magat Luisa Marie Gadie | 1 Sem | 2024-2025 st BSIT – 21C SECTION 11. The Congress may provide for incentives, including tax deductions, to encourage private participation in programs of basic and applied scientific research. Scholarships, grants-in-aid, or other forms of incentives shall be provided to deserving science students, researchers, scientists, inventors, technologists, and specially gifted citizens. SECTION 12. The State shall regulate the transfer and promote the adaptation of technology from all sources for the national benefit. It shall encourage the widest participation of private groups, local governments, and community-based organizations in the generation and utilization of science and technology. SECTION 13. The State shall protect and secure the exclusive rights of scientists, inventors, artists, and other gifted citizens to their intellectual property and creations, particularly when beneficial to the people, for such period as may be provided by law. ✓ The DOST prepared the Harmonized National R&D Agenda (HNRDA) 2017-2022 to ensure that results of S&T endeavors are geared towards and are utilized in areas of maximum economic and social benefit for the people. AmBisyon Natin 2040 ✓ Malasakit ✓ Pagbabago ✓ Kaunlaran Module 4: The Human Flourishing in Terms of Science & Technology Human Being Human Flourishing – we are endowed with innate abilities and characteristics that let him sustain his function and to survive in the given environment. (guided with values and virtues) 10 GE-STS Mr. Charles Magat Luisa Marie Gadie | 1 Sem | 2024-2025 st BSIT – 21C Understanding of Human Flourishing: Philosophical Point Of View A. Aristotle’s POV  each man has a purpose and that the function of one’s life is to attain that purpose. human beings have a natural desire and capacity to know and understand the truth, to pursue moral excellence, and to instantiate their ideals in the world through action.  These actions are geared towards one’s proper and desired end – flourishing, happiness or eudaimonias  eudaimonia – greek word “eu – good” and “daemon – spirit” “the state of having good indwelling spirit” refers to the right actions as those that results in the well-being of an invidual B. Epicurus’s POV (341-270 BCE)  a greek philosopher who contradicted the metaphysical philosophers.  he believes that balance and temperance were what creatted spce for happiness.  a materialist philosopher who believed in the pursuit of siimple pleasures, the avoidance of pain and living a life free from anxiety C. Nietzsche’s POV  Friedrich Nitzsche (1844-1900) was a German philosopher and cultural critic who published intensively in the 1870s and 1880s  Happiness could be a “constant state of well-being”, but for him, happiness is an “ideal state of laziness” Some Views on Technology 1. Aristotelianism  Technology – a means to an end  It is the organizing of techniques in order to meet the demand that is being posed by humans  Technology will be judged as either good or bad 2. Technological Pessimism – negative output  The Philosophy of Jacques Ellul – a french philosopher  wrote “The Technological Society” – arguments: technological process ✓ has a price ✓ creates more problems ✓ creates damaginig effects ✓ creates unpredictable damaging effects 11 GE-STS Mr. Charles Magat Luisa Marie Gadie | 1 Sem | 2024-2025 st BSIT – 21C  Technology as a way of life  Holds technology is progressive and beneficial in many ways, it is also doubtful in many ways  Chad A. Haag says “technology is pricy”  (technological process) ✓ has a price ✓ creates more problems ✓ creates damaginig effects ✓ creates unpredictable damaging effects 3. Technological Optimism  Alleviate and provide solutions using technology fixes technology  Technocrats – technology is the supreme authority 4. Existentalism  Martin Heidegger (1896-1996) – Father of Existentialism  examined the two usual definitons of technology ✓ means to an end ✓ a human activity  “Selection that we have to make”  Heidegger arrived at a discussion of causality which to himi in reality involves four ways that leads for something to exist or to be “caused” Aristotle’s 4 Causes 1. Causa Materialis/Efficient Cause – “what is it made of?” 2. Causa Formalis/Formal Cause – “what shape or design defines it”” 3. Causa Finalis/Final Cause – “what is the purpose of the object?” 4. Causa Effeciens/Efficient Cause – “who made it?” The Mode of Revealing in Modern Technology 1. Unlock and expose – nature will not reveal itself unless challenge is upon it 2. Stock piles for future use – as technology is a means of an end, it aims to meet future demands Module 5: When technology and humanity cross Humanity  Latin word “humanistas” which means “human nature, kindness”  Humanity comprises all the humans, also refer to the kind of feelings human frequently for each other 12  GE-STS Mr. Charles Magat Luisa Marie Gadie | 1 Sem | 2024-2025 st BSIT – 21C Advantages, Disadvantages and limitations of technology I. Importance of Technology to Humanity  Signifance of technology in our daily lives and how much of an impact it has on all facets of lines II. Advantages of Technology to Humanity 1. Life has become easy through science and technlogy (vehicles, stove) 2. Travelling has become faster than before 3. Communication becames easier, faster and cheaper (postals, letter) 4. Innovations in technology increased the standard of living 5. Using various technology man become advanced (artifical technology) 6. The impossible have become possible (medicines) 7. S&T changed the difficult tasks to be easy and comfortable to man (helps in everyday life) 8. Life has become calm and steady III. Disadvantages of Technology to Humanity 1. Human had misused the technology and used in damaging purpose (exploit information) 2. Doing illegal things 3. Generating bad consequence on childrens 4. Terrorists use it to their destructive purpose 5. Many harmful diseases are created due to development of atomic energy and atom bomb 6. Vibration can cause heart disease and brain disease 7. Modern technology like nuclear energy have not only affected man but it also affected plants and other creatures 8. Natural beauty is decreasing due to the development of modern technology (urbanized) IV. Limitations of Technology to Humanity 1. The laws of physics 2. The laws of software 3. The challenge of algorithms 4. The difficulty of distribution 5. The problems of design 6. The problems of functionality 7. The importance of organization 8. The impact of economics 9. The influence of politics 13 GE-STS Mr. Charles Magat Luisa Marie Gadie | 1 Sem | 2024-2025 st BSIT – 21C Ethical Dillemas The ethical dillemas and polict issues for 2015 are:  Real-time satellite surveillance video  Astronaut bioethics (of colonizing Mars)  Wearable technology  State-sponsored hacktivism and "soft war"  Enhanced pathogens  Non-lethal weapons  Robot swarms  Artifical life forms  Resilient social-ecological systems  Brain-to-brain interfaces 14