STS_MIDTERM-REVIEWER.pdf

ELISE LACANLALE INF-248 MIDTERM EXAM REVIEWER SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY 1. HISTORICAL Middle ANTECENDENTS IN THE  increase of new inventions, COURSE OF S&T...

ELISE LACANLALE INF-248 MIDTERM EXAM REVIEWER SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY 1. HISTORICAL Middle ANTECENDENTS IN THE  increase of new inventions, COURSE OF S&T  introduction of innovations  emergence of scientific thinking and method INTRODUCTION TO STS Modern Tilapia Sex Reversal Technology  faster production of goods  By Dr. Rafael Guerrero  more efficient means of transportation  interdisciplinary field  faster and easier means to communicate and  examines and reflects on science and compute technology's impacts ANCIENT PERIOD  used Methyl testosterone to convert tilapia fishes into males The start of early civilization that also gave rise to the major advancement of science and technology. RFID Tags on Lipstick Packaging Cuneiform  By Kevin Ashton  opportunity to compare science, technology,  The invention of the first writing system is one of the Sumerians' main contributions. and society with each other  A device that makes use of word  appreciate how science and technology contribute to the latest knowledge or representations and triangular symbols information construction. Ancient Wheel Manila Bay Dolomite Beach  Developed by Sumerians  Risk assessment and promotion of research-  Carts & battle chariots based solutions  Pottery HISTORY IN STS  Agriculture (animal traction, irrigation) Ancient Hieroglyphics  transportation & navigation  Writing system that used symbols  communication established by the Egyptians  record-keeping  Well-preserved as they were carved at pyramid walls and other important structures  mass production of Egyptians  safety and protection Papyrus  architecture  Egyptian discovery of paper or papyrus  Papyrus - a plant in Egypt that grew abundantly along the river Nile Watermills Microscope  Considered one of the greatest contributions  In earlier years, Zacharias Janssen was of the Greek civilization to the world able to create the first compound microscope, led by the principles used for  Widely used in agriculture with only the need the invention of eyeglasses. to use flowing water Telescope Newspaper  The telescope's invention, an optical  One of the Romans' greatest contributions is instrument that helps to view distant newspaper objects, has been of great benefit to  The first articles, known as gazettes, navigators published people's reports of the Roman War Weapon (Gun Powder) Empire.  Around 850 A.D., Chinese alchemists Shadoof accidentally invented the gunpowder.  Hand-operated device used for lifting water  The invention of gunpowder has allowed  An early tool invented and used by ancient advanced warfare such as fiery arrows, Egyptians cannons, and grenades. Antikythera Mechanism Mechanical Clock  Devised by Greeks; used to predict  The development of mechanical clock astronomical position (position of planets, helped the people in accurately keeping the position of sun and moons, etc.) and eclipses track of time. for calendar and astrological purposes Jiaozi Aeolipile  Paper money was first used by Chinese in  “wind ball” 17th century.  A steamed powered turbine which spun when the water container at its center was MODERN AGE heated, thus making it practically the first rudimentary steam engine The demands of the booming world population during the nineteenth century onwards: - Communication MIDDLE AGES - Food Processing The start of the Middle Ages was marred by massive - Medicine and health invasions and migrations; wars were prevalent Pasteurization during this time.  French biologist, microbiologist, and chemist Printing Press Louis Pasteur developed pasteurization,  Johann Gutenberg managed to invent the the method of heating dairy products to printing press after the Chinese invented destroy harmful bacteria, that caused them woodblock printing, a more efficient method to spoil more easily of printing using a cast type. Handwashing Heavy Plough  Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis was a  Developed to cut a long soil slice and turn it Hungarian gynecologist who is known as a upside down, burying the surface residue, pioneer of antiseptic procedures. conserving moisture, aerating the soil and Semmelweis discovered that the incidence of killing weeds. puerperal fever could be drastically cut by the use of hand disinfection in obstetrical clinics. Vaccination  Edward Jenner inoculated James Phipps  Doctrina Christiana is the first printed with cowpox, a virus similar to smallpox, to book in the Philippines, and was also trigger immunity. written in Tagalog using the Baybayin script. Petroleum Refinery  Animal oils production could not keep up with the demand.  Petroleum currently is widely used, among others, in powering automobiles, factories, and power plants. Telephone  Alexander Graham Bell's telephone development was one of the most significant developments at the time. Engine Powered Airplane  Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright are credited for designing and successfully  A bamboo bow inscribed with Hanuno’o operating the first engine-powered aircraft. characters of Mangyans in Mindoro.  Their pioneering success marked an age of powered flights and paved the way for modern aircraft technology. Calculator  The invention of modern calculators not only paved the way for simpler arithmetical calculations but also created more complicated processing machines.  The phases of the Moon “Buan” serve as time markers. KEYPOINT  The Sunrise and Sunset determine the start and end of the day. One of the STS’ main objectives is to examine the  The Ifugao Manomnoman was the tribe’s impacts of the scientific and technological advances designated timekeeper. throughout history on the dominant cultural, political, and economic contexts.  Ancient Filipinos already knew how to farm before the arrival of the Spaniards.  Balangay and Karakoa are pre-colonial ships in the Philippines. 2. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD  Healing practices and rituals performed by Babaylans or Albularyos often used medicinal plants.  Weaving is a part of our early history.  Our ancestors were experts in mining.   The Banaue Rice Terraces is a proof that  Colegio de La Inmaculada, Concepcion early Filipinos are great engineers and de La Concordia – provided education for agriculturists. women focusing on prayers, obedience, and household chores. SPANISH OCCUPATION ERA The Rise of Parish Schools in the Philippines  Colegio de San Ignacio – first school for boys  Universidad de Santo Tomas – offered higher learning at the time  Colegio de Santa Potenciana – first school for girls  Ateneo Municipal de Manila – became a prominent center for higher learning during this era, including UST.  Beaterio de Santa Catalina de Siena  Manila Observatory in the old location of Ateneo in Padre Faura – instrumental in conducting astronomical observations.  Colegio de Santa Isabel Economic and Labor Systems  Galleon Trade in the Philippines – connected Philippines with Mexico and Spain, facilitating the exchange in goods. National Research Council of the Philippines (NRCP) – provided a platform for Filipino scientists  Polo Y Servicios – indigenous Filipinos to collaborate on research projects. focused into labor under the system, such as building infrastructures.  Encomienda System – the system that allowed Spaniards and Landlords to collect POST-COMMONWEALTH ERA taxes and goods from the indigenous Science and Technology Agenda for National population. Development (STAND) – was established on 1993,  Paoay Church in Ilocos Norte – one of the among its priorities were: significant products of the system.  Exporting winners identified by the DTI  Domestic needs identified by the President’s Council for Countryside Development  Support industries; and  Coconut industry development Republic Act No. 8439  DOST Magna Carta for Scientists, Engineers, researchers, and other Science and Technology Personnel in the  Suez Canal 1869 – connected Europe and Government Asia, making travelling faster.  Incentive system to provide additional  Ilustrados – Filipinos that studied in Europe, benefits to S&T employees in the Philippines. like Jose Rizal and Graciano Lopez Jaena. Republic Act No. 7687 AMERICAN PERIOD  Science and Technology Scholarship Law of 1994  The Thomasites – first public-school  Provided scholarships to talented and teachers during the American Period, teaching Science, Mathematics, and English. deserving students whose families’ socio- economic status does not exceed the set cut- Their mission is to educate the Filipino youth off values of certain indicators. and introduce them to American culture and values.  Philippine Normal School, 1901 – where Filipino teachers were taught in the time. FILIPINO CONTRIBUTIONS TO S&T Bureau of Government Laboratories (DOST) Dr. Fe Del Mundo Formerly known as Laboratorio Municipal de Ciudad  Pediatrician, a distinguished scholar, de Manila, first institute in charge of biochemical humanitarian studies. Evolved through time as:  Fe Del Mundo Medical Center, also known as Children Medical Center – first pediatric  Bureau of Science hospital in the Philippines  Institute of Science (IS)  First Woman Pediatrician to be admitted to  Institute of Science & Technology (IST) Harvard Medical School  National Science Board (NSB)  First Woman to be awarded National  National Science Development Board Scientist of the Philippines (NSDB)  Invented the Bamboo Incubator  National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA)  Department of Science and Technology (DOST) in 1987. Maria Orosa 3. PARADIGM SHIFTS &  Chemist, pharmacist, food scientist, SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION humanitarian, and a freedom fighter and a war heroine from Batangas. PARADIGM SHIFT  Known for the following inventions:  Banana ketchup  The deeper process of change—where old  Darak or Tikitiki cookies (made of rice ways of doing things are replaced by new, bran, to address Beriberi) and more effective approaches.  Soyalac (powdered soybeans)  Scientific knowledge is not static, it is  Pineapple vinegar continuously evolving.  Fruit preserves, jams, jellies, and juices (including calamansi juice) DEFINITION  She died during the war. Paradigm Gregorio Zara A set of standards, directions, perspectives, or concepts. It acts as a framework which scientific  Aeronautical Engineer, Physicist, and inquiry and problem-solving takes place. Inventor  Father of Videoconferencing Paradigm Shift  The inventor of two-way videophone  Other inventions include alcohol-fueled Occurs when a dominant paradigm in the field of airplane engine and solar-powered water science is replaced by a new one. heater  A fundamental transformation of our  Zara Effect – law of electrical kinetic understanding of how we approach a resistance particular area of knowledge. Germiniano De Ocampo  These shifts happen when existing paradigms can no longer adequately  Father of Modern Ophthalmology in the explain a certain phenomenon. Philippines  Leads to the adaptation of a new framework  Introduced corneal transplant in PH and that better fits the available evidence. designed corneal dissector  Established the Philippine Eye Bank (1950)  De Ocampo Eye Hospital (1952), the first SIGNIFICAN PARADIGM SHIFTS eye hospital in the country. Ptolemaic and Copernican Theory  Founder and first president of Philippine Ophthalmological Society (1958)  Old belief: Ptolemaic Theory  Geocentric Theory Luz Oliveros-Belardo  This stated that a static Earth is at the center of the Universe.  Pharmaceutical chemist who worked on  Supported Anthropocentrism herbal medicine and plant extracts  Accepted by Catholicism  Extracted 33 new essential oils  New belief: Copernican Theory  Found out that potassium citrate in  Heliocentric Theory lemongrass can potentially treat high blood  This stated that the Sun is the center pressure of the Solar System.  Investigated the anti-cancer properties of  It challenged the biblical scriptures. compounds extracted from periwinkle  Strengthened by the invention of the  Used oleoresin from Apitong as telescope. component for motor fuel  Led to Copernican Revolution. Aristotelian and Newtonian Physics  Old belief: Aristotelian Physics  Model Drift: Something doesn’t fit, but not  Objects will naturally come to rest. really a problem.  Heavenly bodies move in perfect  Example: Child got his mother’s hair circles.  Model Crisis: Unexplainable results built-up  Objects need to be pushed or pulled  Example: Mendel’s Experiment to continue moving.  Paradigm Change: Acceptance and  New belief: Newtonian Physics paradigm change.  Objects have inertia.  Example: Mendelian Genetics  Laws of Motion and Universal Law of  Return to Normal Science: Refining the Gravity apply whether on Earth or in new framework space.  Example: Polygenic traits  Led to Newtonian Revolution. Other Examples in the Current Time Creationism and Darwinian Theory  Old belief: Creationism  God, an omniscient and omnipotent designer, created living things in their current form.  Humans are designed in God’s own image and likeness.  New belief: Darwinian Theory  Organisms evolved to thrive in the 4. SYSTEMS THINKING environment, in a process called Natural Selection. COMPONENTS OF A SYSTEM  Characteristics are inherited from parents.  Elements – parts that make up the system.  Humans evolved from a common  Interconnections – elements in a system ancestor shared with primates. are interdependent, affecting each other and  Led to Darwinian Revolution. influences the system’s behavior.  Purpose – the function of the system. CHANGE IN SCIENCE TRHOUGH TIME SYSTEMS THINKING Khunian Cycle  Big picture thinking  Holistic way of approaching problems or issues  Understanding the relationship of different systems rather than splitting them (analysis). Event Oriented Thinking  Normal Science: Working on an established dominant theory.  Example: Blending Inheritance   Everything can be explained by causal  Feedback chains of events.  Reinforcing Feedback – an effect is  The root causes are the events starting the pushed forward or amplified through chains of cause and effect, such as A and B. time. Systems Thinking  Balancing Feedback – an effect is pushed back to balance the system.  The system’s behavior emerges from the structure of its feedback loops.  The root causes are not individual nodes, BEHAVIOR OVER TIME GRAPHS they are the forces emerging from particular feedback loops.  Behavior – events that change through time; plotted in the Y axis.  Time – units of time (years, hours, days, etc.) Causal Loop Diagram plotted in the X axis.  Variables Linear Increase  Elements or events that increase or decrease through time (quantifiable)  Consistent increase over time  Naming should be neutral (no perceived direction)  Polarity  Points from the cause (input) to the effect (output)  Direct Relationship (+) – both Linear Decrease variables are increasing ↑↑ or decreasing ↓↓  Consistent decrease over time  Inverse Relationship (–) – variables are towards different directions ↑↓ Oscillating Other Examples of Causal Loop Diagram  Alternating between increases and  Trash to Cash Program decreases over time Exponential Growth  Accelerates rapidly, and the slope becomes steeper over time  The Cobra Effect Exponential Decay  Decline starts off slowly, but also accelerates over time KEYPOINTS  Systems Thinking is a holistic approach to understanding issues and problems.  There are two systems thinking tools discussed: Causal Loop Diagrams & Behavior Over Time Graphs.  Causal Loop Diagrams help articulate feedback mechanisms.  Behavior Over Time Graphs allows us to Logarithmic Growth predict trends or patterns through time.  A rapid increase at first until it reaches a limiting factor.