Historical Antecedent of Science and Technology PDF

 Introduced in the early 19th century by Christian Jurgensen Thomsen, an archaeologist and a curator of the National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, This system was originally formulated to classify artifacts in the possession of the museum based on the materials to which they were made of. This...

 Introduced in the early 19th century by Christian Jurgensen Thomsen, an archaeologist and a curator of the National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, This system was originally formulated to classify artifacts in the possession of the museum based on the materials to which they were made of. This gave birth to the three chronologically successive prehistorical periods, namely Stone, Bronze and Iron Ages, whose dating is very approximate (Murray, 2007 Mesolithic Period Late Paleolithic to early Neolithic period was later on termed as Mesolithic by John Allen Brown in 1892. These Stone periods are based mainly on technological advancement and not on actual date ranges, (Pettitt & White, 2013). 1. PALAEOLITHIC ("Old Stone") known to be the longest phase of human history began approximately two million years ago and ended between 40,000 to 10,000 years ago. when humans were suggested to evolve from an ape- like creature to a true Homo sapiens. hunter-gatherers who used to hunt wild animals and 'harvest wild plants for survival. tools made of stones, flints, bones and even antlers people used to live in small bands and were either nomadic or semi- nomadic This period of early human development was further given three successive divisions, namely: 1. Lower 2. Middle 3. Upper Palaeolithic periods, each representing a distinguishable cultural feature. - marked the age of human evolution - was characterized by the development of simple tools. Stone choppers believed to be made more than a million year ago by one of our earliest ancestors, Australopithecus, In addition, 100,000- to 600,000-year old stone tools made by our Homo erectus ancestors such as those discovered from various African, Asian and European sites. tools being used in hunting and food gathering were either of core or flake types.  Neanderthal man, who existed 40,000-100,000 years ago. were cavemen known to use fire, stone tools of flake types for hunting, bone implements such as needles for sewing body coverings made of animal furs and skins.  evidence of painting the dead before burial also suggested the religious practice during this period.   Homo sapiens groups was dominated This period was known for  communal hunting  extensive fishing  supernatural beliefs  cloth sewing  Sculpture  painting  making personal ornaments out of bones, horns and ivory.  The first manmade dwellings called pit houses tools were discovered including flint and obsidian projectile points and blades and other highly refined weapons. It was during this period as well when Palaeolithicart arose after cave walls were decorated with carvings and paintings 2. MESOLITHIC PERIOD Occurring between the end of Palaeolithic period and the beginning of Neolithic period, Mesolithic period involved the gradual change in the way humans lived that could be attributed to the retreat of glaciers and growth of forests and deserts in different parts of the world  People began to learn fishing along rivers and lake shores, make pottery and use bow  There was also a gradual transition from food gathering to agriculture or food production. They made use of stone tools known as microliths which were comparatively smaller and more delicate than those of Palaeoliths 3. NEOLITHIC PERIOD- "New Stone Age" Period agriculture. - by wide domestication of plants (e.g. rice, corn, beans, etc.) - animals (e.g. goats, cattles, sheeps, pigs, etc.),  use of stone tools, and pottery and weaving in numerous settled villages. Agriculture continued to expand across most of the inhabited regions of the world giving rise to a variety of urban civilizations. The end of this period waş marked by the introduction of metal tools in these cultures.  BRONZE AGE (3000 BC-1200BC) tools and weapons were already widely made with copper or bronze.  This was achieved through metal extraction from ore (a process known as smelting) and melting and pouring it into a mold for shaping. Smelting was originally done with copper, a soft metal.  Sumerians of Mesopotamia discovered a harder and stronger one by blending copper and tin (bronze).This technological knowledge then slowly moved from place to place. It began in Southwest Asia and radiated in different parts of the world. It took a thousand years before it covered the entire mainland Eurasia (Poroszlai, 1999).  IRON AGE (1500 BC - 450AD) Iron Age, tools are made of iron. smelting pits made sufficient advancement to produce higher temperatures that could smelt iron ore (Reardon, 2011). Iron age diffused in different regions slowly to North Africa, and then to sub-Saharan Africa China’s Agriculture and Economy Farming largely began in Huang Ho and Yangtze Rivers. Large-scale silk production started. Bronze production became more sophisticated. Science 2500 B.C. Physics Motion is caused by force and stops by obstruction. Convex and concave mirrors give virtua and an inverted image, Weight is force. Studies on magnetism arose. Astronomy Calendars with 365 and 1/4 days in a year were developed. a Astronomy Circle was divided into 365 and 4 degrees. Stars, planets, comets, meteors and eclipses were catalogued and Various models of the universe were presented. Mathematics Numbers were expressed in decimals. Knowledge on determining square roots was introduced.  Sliding calipers were widely used in artisan works. Solutions on cubic, quadratic and intermediate  equations were presented.  Medical Biology Diseases were believed to be caused by excess of: heat, cold, light darkness, wind and rain. Exercise, water therapy and wine anesthesia were usually - prescribed by physicians to patients. Diagnoses involved observations, auscultation, questioning and pulse counting. Acupuncture began to effectively cure the most known body illnesses. China’s Technology 1. Paper 2. Seismograph 3. Animal harness 4. Water-power 5. Mechanical clock 6. Hydraulic engineering works Include waterway controls, irrigation and tax grain transport 7. Wheel barrow 8. Gun powder, guns and cannon 9. Printing press 10. Magnetic compass and stern-post rudder Made of loadstones, a naturally occurring magnetic iron Europe’s Economy Feudal system fully developed in Europe and had defined its economic history. It depended on local agricultural and handicraft production and was characterized by having the following hierarchical ranks in the society: Peasant Lord Lay or clerical Overlords Kings and bishops Pope or emperor The Church provided the intellectual and administrative expression of the feudal system. Europe’s Education Cathedral schools, which then became universities, were established to address the societal need for intellectual advancement. Some of these universities arose in the following European areas:  Paris (1160)  Oxford (1167)  Cambridge (1209)  Padua (1221)  St. Andrew (1410)  Napples (1224) Salamanca (1227)  Prague (1347)  Vienna (1367) Europe’s Technology The major discoveries and inventions in Europe during the middle ages:  1.Horse-collar for ploughing and for wagon; 2.Clock/watch- European development to mechanical clock 3. Magnetic compass- showed direction for European mariners 4. Water-mill and windmill- used a rotary motion converted to reciprocal motion to generate power. 5. Lenses with spectacles- Helped in optical studies by aiding in focusing light rays in magnification. 6. Gunpowder and cannon- Originally from China; aided in various military activities 7. Paper and printing- writing materials and book production Europe’s Medicine Superstition and dogmatism flourished. Diagnosis was generally limited for urine inspection. Medical therapy involved magic, prayer, charms, faith healing There was poor hygiene and sanitation in general. use of different herbs.  India’s Science Information on diseases and drugs, and astronomical bodies were gathered A year was divided into 12 months with a total of 360 days.  Knowledge on solving square root and linear equations and the use of zero and decimal place values was practiced. Medicine was naturally based and not supernatural,  in which diagnoe were based on symptoms and appearance. Metallurgy was developed. This was thrives as per three groups: 1.Mayan-ancient natives of America 2. Aztec-Pre-Columbian Indians of Mexico 3. Incas-Pre-Columbian of Peru  Mayan Civilization Infrastructure 1. Pyramids made of lime stones. 2. houses were made of poles and leaves of palms. 3. Large sculptures served for recording of significant Mayan events. Economy 1. Cocoa beans were used as monetary units.  Astronomy 1. Mayans used decimal notations with zero represented by an oval shape, while other numbers with dots and dashes. 2. Mayan solar calendar was developed consisting of 365 days in a year, comprising 18 months of 20 days. 3. Position of heavenly bodies were observed and recorded  Aztec Civilization Infrastructure 1. High temples were built for their deities. 2. Decimal notations were used, in which zero was similarly represented by an oval shape and other numbers by dots and dashes. 3. A Solar calendar was developed with 365 days of a total of 18 months.  Incas Civilization Agriculture 1. Farming was practiced in terraced field with canals for irrigation. 2. Chili and avocado were widely cultivated. 3. Clothes from llama and alpaca wools were made. Astronomy 1. Decimal system of counting was used. 2. A calendar of 365 days was developed. This period refers to the great scientific intellectual achievements that led to radical changes in scientific Inquiries. 1. Universe Model (by Nicholas Copernicus)- Heliocentric - This suggests that the distance from the sun determines the arrangement of planets and starts Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn and Stars. 2. Law of Planetary Motion (by Johannes Kepler) This states that all planets revolve around the sun in elliptic circular orbits; and that closer planets to the sun move faster than the others 3. Work of Motion (by Galileo Galilei) This involves the discovery of the relations among distance, acceleration and the law of inertia using a new scientific approach as a. Definition of concepts b. Expression of the relationship of concepts c. Giving precise hypothesis d. Deduction of consequences from hypothesis e. Experimentation to test the consequences f. Analysis in terms of abstract and ideal situation 4. Law of Motion (by Isaac Newton) a. IstLaw of Motion (Law of Inertia) -It states that an object at rest will remain at rest and a moving object will remain moving with the same speed and direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. b. 2nd Law of Motion -It states that acceleration is produced when a force acts on a mass. c. 3rd law of motion (Action and reaction) In every action there is equal and opposite reaction. This Industrial Revolution generally covers the complex technological innovations that led to the substitution of machines and inanimate power for human skill and human and animal forces, respectively. Product and Invention Description Classification Fly shuttle Spinning machine for Water-frame weaving speed Textile Rude power Strong spun thread for ward loom For mechanized weaving operations For separation of cotton Cotton gin from seeds Product and Description Invention Classification Use of coke for iron Non-malleability smelting For cheaper and faster BlustFurnace smelting of iron iron Coal, iron smelting and steel For maintenance of low PuddlingFurnace temperature Manufacturing For construction of iron cylinder methods bridge and ship Open-heart process Finer steel Product and Invention Description Classification Mile long Marked the beginning of canal- Canal building era in England Could travel a 20-mile long Steam boat distance Transportation Macadamizing More durable model of roads Could pull 8 coal wagons at 5 Puffing Billy mph Steam locomotive with steam Could run at a speed of 29 mph blast Steam ship Was able to cross the Atlantic Product and Invention Description Classification For sending or receiving Electric messages telegraph For long-distance communication wire and Communicati on Telephone radio signals Radio For wireless communication using electromagnetic waves Product and Invention Description Classification Gas lighting Lighting by burning gas Bunsen Uses gas and air for an burner intensely hotflame Lightning Electric light Made used of bulb lightning Product and Classification Invention Description Foreven spacing of seeds in Seed drill soils Marling For increased soil fertility Agriculture practice Stock Widely adopted by the breeding agricultural sector During this era, the connection between science and technology was very minimal. This gradually shifted to developmental stage during the 19th century when science, technology and industry united at a common ground and cause. Signilicantscientifie advances during this period are summarized as follows:  Physics Charles-Augustine de Coloumb- Law on electrostatic interaction and frictional electrostatic  instrumentation Alessandro Volta -Cell or battery Hans  Christian Oersted -Idea that electricity generates magnetism Andre-Marie Ampere- Ampere's Law to tell how electric current produces magnetism Paul  Erman -Made first measurement of earth's magnetism  Michael Faraday -Magnetism generates electricity James Maxwell - Unification theory of electricity and magnetism Heinrich Hertz -Discovery, detection and production of radio waves Wilhelm Roentgen- Discovery of X-rays Chemistry Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit - First mercury thermometer  Benjamin Franklin -Distinguished negative and positive charges Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier- Made  chemistry a science; performed combustion experiments Henry Cavendish -Idea that oxygen  combustion produces water Chemistry  John Dalton- Atomic theory Joseph John Thomson- Discovery of electron  Auguste Laurent and Charles Gerhardt and others- Discovery of new elements  Auguste Laurent and Charles Gerhardt -Pioneered organic chemistry BIOLOGY Robert Hooke -Discovery of cell Anton van Leeuwenhoek -Observation and discovery of microorganisms Carolus Linnaeus -Introduced binonmial nomenclature of classifying species Mary Anning -Discovered first Ichthyosaur fossils  Georges Cuvier -Founded comparative anatomy as a science  Robert Brown -Discovered cell nucleus Crawford Long -Biology Use of ether in surgical operations  Wilhelmn Wundt -Introduction of experimental psychology Charles Darwin -Theory of evolution; presented in his book Origin of Species Louis Pasteur -Vaccine against rabies Daniel Hale Williams - Performed the first open heart Surgery Martinus Beijerinck- Discovered first known virus During the 20th century, science and technology had structurally and methodologically changed. A number of scientific theories were introduced and had influenced technological works in this century. The following summarizes the significant advances in scientific knowledge during the 20th century. PHYSICS Albert Einstein -Theory of Relativity  Ernest Rutherford- Discovery of proton Wolfgahg Pauli - Principle on arrangement of electrons in an atom Werner Heisenberg -Matrix version of quantum mechanics Uncertainty principle Erwin Shrodinger-wave version of quatum mechanics  Paul Dirac- relativistic quantum mechanics of electrons James Chadwick -Discovery of neutron Otto Hahn -Discovery of nuclear fission John Bardeen -Theory to explain superconductivity Murray Gell-Mann Quark -Heavy subatomic particle classification and Quark concept Karl Alexander, Muller & Johannes Georg Bednorz- Discovery of high temperature conductor  ASTRONOMY Edwin Hubble -Presentation of galaxies as huge aggregation of stars and Idea of the expansion of universe Clyde Tombaugh -Discovery of Pluto  Karl Guthe Jansky- Radio wave discovery from space Georges  Lemaitre - Publication of the original Big Bang Theory Jocelyn Bell Burnell - Discovery of pulsars George Gamow, Ralph Alpher & Robert Herman- New version of the Big Bang Theory  Neil Armstrong & Buzz Aldrin - First walk on the moon Alan  Guth- Inflationary universe theory Fritz Zwicky - Detection of possible dark matter evidence  CHEMISTRY Mikhail Tsvet - Paper chromatography Jaroslav Heyrovsky -Polarography Phoebus Levene -Discovery of deoxyribose  sugars of DNA Neil Bartlett- Idea that noble gases can make compounds  BIOLOGY Hugo de Vries- Idea of occurrence of mutation James Watson & Francis Crick - DNA Structure  Stanley Cohen & Herbert Boy -Beginning of genetic  engineering Martin Cline -Transferring of functional gene between mice Allan Wilson & Russell Higuchi- Production of the first gene cloned from an extinct species  Ian Wilmut- Sheep (named Dolly) cloning using somatic nuclear transfer Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns & Erich von Tschermak-  Rediscovery of the Law of Genetics  Dmitry  Ivanovsky & Martinus Benjerick- Discovery  of viruses Rudolf  Jaenisch -Introduction of DNA into a mouse  EARTH SCIENCE Leon Philippe Teisserệnc de Bort -Discovery of stratosphere Andrija Mohorovicic -Discovery of earth's crust and mantle boundery Alfred Wegener- Continental drift theory Motonori Matuyama – presentation of the reversal of earth's magnetic field every 100 million years Charles Francis Richter -Earthquake intensity scale Harry Hess -Theory of seafloor spreading Walter Alvarez-Idea that dinosaur extinction was caused by the large comet striking of earth BIOTECHNOLOGY biogas biosensor; DNA fingerprinting; gene cloning; COMMUNICATION synthetic skin Am radio; cellular phone; communication satellite; fiber optics DEFENSE ENERGY army tank; biogas; atomic bomb; neon light; neutron bomb; nuclear fusion; tear gas nuclear power plant: nuclear reactor; solar power ENTERTAINMENT animated cartoon film; Betamax video system: cassette tapes: motion picture colored television; sound; compact disc (CD) video cassette; player: video disk: video game; video home system (VHS) INFORMATION AND COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY calculator; computer  floppy disk; internet; laser printer: micro computer; mini computer; pocket calculato MEDICINE Magnetic resonance artificial heart; imaging MRI; artificial kidney: mammography;  blood bank electron pacemaker, microscope, scanning electron fluorescence microscope; bronchoscope; test tube baby hemopump; ultrasound or laser, sonography, Xray TRANSPORTATION airplane diesel locomotive; helicopter; jet engine: jumbo jetliner; spacecraft; monoplane and seaplane; space shuttle,. Transportation supersonic aircraft 1. Describe each of the three stages of the ancient age based on tool development and societal characteristics 2. Differentiate scientific revolution from industrial revolution 3. Enumerate at least three advancement in science and technology during each of the following periods in history. a. Middles ages b. Scientific revolution c. Industrial revolution d. 18thto 19thcentury e. 20thcentury to date