Scientific Evolution of Technology PDF

Women THE EMERGENCE OF TECHNOLOGY ○ stayed close to the camp, often close to a body of water. - makes difficult and complicated tasks ○ They looked after the children easier...

Women THE EMERGENCE OF TECHNOLOGY ○ stayed close to the camp, often close to a body of water. - makes difficult and complicated tasks ○ They looked after the children easier and searched nearby woods and - Developments in this field are not just meadows for berries, nuts, and products of one time thought process. grains - Brought about by gradual improvements to earlier works from different time Everyone worked to find food. periods. Some scientists believe that equity existed between Paleolithic men and HISTORICAL TRANSITIONS women. THE HUMAN ORIGINS This means that a man and a woman 6 – 2 mil yrs ago worked together to find food for themselves and their children thus the HUMAN REVOLUTION emergence of the first families ★ refers to the remarkable and sudden emergence of language, consciousness TOOLS MADE BY HUMANS and culture in our species, Homo sapiens sapiens - Technology tools and methods to perform tasks were first used by Historians call the early period of human Paleolithic people. history as the Stone Age. - Before this time, sticks, stones, and tree First humans emerged from Africa, and branches served as tools. lived simultaneously with other hominid - Later, people made devices from a hard species stone called flint Large complex brains provided the capacity to make and use tools. Flint ★ hard, sedimentary crystalline form of the mineral quartz PALEOLITHIC AGE ★ learned that by hitting flint 2 mil yrs ago – 8000 BC with another hard stone, the flint would flake into pieces. ★ Old stone age ★ These pieces had very sharp edges that ★ Earliest period could be used for cutting. - Over time, Paleolithic people made SURVIVING THE PALEOLITHIC AGE better, more complex tools. - Spears, bows and arrows made killing Nomadic group of people. large animals easier Traveled in groups, or bands, of about 20 or 30 members. Spears & fish hooks Paleolithic people hunted buffalo, bison, ★ increased the number of fish caught. wild goats, reindeer, and other animals, depending on where they lived. Sharp-edged tools Gathered wild nuts, berries, fruits, wild ★ cut up plants and dig roots. grains, and green plants. Fished along rivers and coastal areas. Scraping tools ★ clean animal hides, which they used for DESIGNATION OF TASKS clothing and shelter. - Men - hunting - Women - gathering - By the end of the Paleolithic Age, people were making smaller and sharper tools. PALEO DIET ★ Caveman diet Needles ★ heavy on protein and low in carbs ★ made from animal ★ Current research indicates that ⅔ of the bones to make nets and energy was derived from animal sources. baskets and to sew hides together for clothing.  DOMESTICATION Paleolithic humans learned to make their ★ the process of taming large animals and own shelters keeping it as a pet or on a farm. People constructed tents and huts of ★ Resulted in a dramatic increase in social animal skins, brush, and wood inequality. COLD CLIMATES ○ some people made shelters from ★ Headed by a charismatic leader of tribal ice and snow. groups. Many lived in caves They are also the first to use fire FIRE - Warmth - Cook food - Meat smoked by fire could be stored GENERATING FIRE: Certain stone, iron pyrite, gave off - The growth of agriculture made sparks when struck against another rock permanent houses possible. - Mud brick houses and stilt-houses settlements were also common. ANIMAL SKIN ★ The clothing of the Neolithic humans Reliance upon the foods produced from cultivated lands. Encouraged the growth of settlements. Production of surplus crop yields COMMUNICATION & ARTS GROWTH OF AGRICULTURE ★ Development of spoken language. ★ The spoken language of early people Surpluses could be stored and traded. was constantly growing and changing. Agricultural life afforded securities. ★ Transfer of knowledge Sedentary farming populations grew faster than nomadic Cave paintings ★ Found all around the world. ★ Crushed yellow, black, and red rocks and TECHNOLOGY combined them with animal fat to make their paints. - An array of Neolithic artifacts, including ★ Used twigs and their fingertips to apply bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and these paints to the rock walls. polishing tools. - Neolithic stone artifacts are by definition polished. NEOLITHIC AGE 10,200 BC – 4500-2000 BC ★ First agricultural revolution ★ The wide-scale transition from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to one of agriculture and settlement. ★ The Neolithic was a period in the Neolithic grinding stone development of human technology NEOLITHIC SOCIETY ★ During the Neolithic age, people lived in small tribes composed of families. Neolithic sickle 2. EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION 3100 BC – 332 BC - Paper or papyrus - Ink - Hieroglyphics - Cosmetics and Wig - Water Clock/Clepsydra 3. CHINESE CIVILIZATION - Skilled manufacturers of a range of other 1600 BC – 221 BC types of stone tools and ornaments, including projectile points, beads, and - Silk statues. - Tea Production - Great wall of China Polished stone axe - Gunpowder ★ For forest clearance in a large scale. RISE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS ★ Emergence of science and technology on diverse usage ○ Transportation and navigation ○ Communication 4. GREEK CIVILIZATION ○ Weapons and armors 800 BC – 140 BC ○ Conservation of life ○ Engineering - Alarm clock ○ Architecture - Water mill 1. SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION 4500 BC – 1900 BC ★ CUNEIFORM 5. ROMAN CIVILIZATION ○ handwriting 753 BC – 476 BC - Uruk City - Newspaper - Irrigation and Dikes - Bound Books or - Sailboats Codex - Wheel - Roman Architecture - The Plow - Roman Numerals 6. THE MIDDLE “DARK” AGES 476 BC – 1400s ★ MIDDLE AGES ○ Term for western Europe during the Postclassical Era (A.P. World History’s 3rd time period. ○ Dark Ages  COTTON GIN - Fall of roman empire 476 BC – 1400s ★ Increased productivity of removing seed from cotton. The WEST ★ Invented by Eli Whitney ★ Western Europe, but later included America PROBLEMS THAT AROSE - Lack of a central government - Widespread diseases (plagues) - Long religious wars - Little to no access to education - Slow technological or cultural - The advancement of the textile industry development was a key development in the Industrial Revolution. TECHNOLOGY FACTORY SYSTEM Printing Press ★ Large gains in productivity also occurred Microscope in spinning and weaving of textile Telescope ★ The first that employed the factory War weapons system. ★ The use of machines and an 7. THE RENAISSANCE "assembly-line" approach 14th – 17th CENTURY STEAM ENGINE - the bridge between the middle ages and ★ Created by James Watt modern history that started as a cultural ★ First truly reliable steam engine (1775) movement in Italy, it later spread ★ Made locomotives and many of the towards the rest of Europe. textile machines possible. COAL MINING ★ process of extracting coal from the ground. ★ Coal is valued for its energy content MODERN HISTORY & INDUSTRIAL ★ Industrialization increased the demand REVOLUTION significantly 1700s – 1900s INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION PERIOD - The substitution of coal for charcoal 1870s – 1900s greatly lowered the fuel cost of iron production. Period the industry changed - The charcoal powered steam engine dramatically enabled a large increase in iron Lasting impact on the economies of the production. world and the lives of the person. Introduction of inventions that made the life of people easier  INVENTION OF MACHINE TOOLS AGRICULTURAL MACHINES ★ 1730 screw cutting lathe ★ Joseph Foljambe's Rotherham plough was the first commercially successful iron plough. cylinder boring machine milling machine Threshing machine ○ invented by Andrew Meikle in 1784 ○ displaced hand threshing with a flail, a laborious job that took about one-quarter of agricultural labor. CHEMISTRY ★ The large-scale production of chemicals was an important development during the Industrial Revolution. Sulphuric acid Tin can ○ Production pioneered by the ○ The humble tin can was patented Englishman John Roebuck in by a British merchant Peter 1746. Durand in 1810. ○ It would have an incalculable ★ Production for fertilizers, detergents, impact on food preservation and dyes, explosives, drugs and other transportation right up to the chemicals. present day. ★ Germany took world leadership in the John Hall & Bryan Dorking chemical industry during the industrial opened the very first commercial industry. canning factory in England in 1813 ★ Aspiring chemists flocked to German universities during the period INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE CEMENT ★ Jean Lenoir invented the internal ★ 1824 combustion engine in 1858. ★ Joseph Aspdin, a British bricklayer ★ is a heat engine turned builder, patented a chemical ★ combustion of a fuel occurs with an process for making Portland cement. oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion ★ This process involves: chamber that is an integral part of the ○ sintering a mixture of clay and working fluid flow circuit. limestone to about 1,400 °C ★ Eventually used in mass transportation. (2,552 °F), ○ then grinding it into a fine powder which is then mixed with water, sand and gravel to produce concrete. ELECTRICITY THE ANTHROPOCENE ★ The development of electricity as a Present source of power had been done by an international collection of scientists The era in which human activity has been the including Benjamin Franklin, dominant influence on climate and the Alessandro Volta, and Michael Faraday. environment. AUTOMOBILE ★ ANTHROPOCENE ★ Henry Ford ○ Term used by scientists in the ○ By far one of the most imperative Soviet Union as early as 1960s inventors of the Industrial ○ refer to the Quaternary, the Revolution. most recent geological period. ★ It enabled people to go wherever they wanted, whenever they wanted. Paul J. Crutzen ★ The automobile modernize the The term was widely popularized in 2000 transportation industry entirely. by this atmospheric chemist regards the influence of human behavior CAMERA on Earth's atmosphere in recent ★ 1814 centuries as so significant as to ★ Joseph Nicéphore Niépce constitute a new geological time ○ First person to ever take a photograph. TELEPHONE ★ 1876 ★ Alexander Graham Bell ○ Created the telephone ★ The telephone further improved communications and eventually led to the various communications devices used today. Phonograph Issues during this period ○ 1877 ○ Thomas Edison Created the phonograph INVENTIONS THAT CAUSED ISSUES ○ Prior to the creation of the phonograph the only option for NUCLEAR WEAPONS entertainment was for live ★ July 16, 1945 musicians or actors to perform. ○ first nuclear weapon detonated in ○ This allowed people to listen to New Mexico music anywhere. ★ Warfares have left their mark on geology. AIRPLANE ★ 1903 FOSSIL FUELS ★ Brothers Orville & Wilbur Wright ★ Burning fossil fuels marks the ★ Within a few decades, planes had Anthropocene age. changed the face of personal and ★ Current rates of carbon emission are business travel and had dramatically thought to be higher than at any time in altered warfare. the last 65 million years. Carbon emissions  ★ Disrupting how layers of rock are laid down, which will be detectable thousands of years in the future. FERTILIZERS ★ Our attempts to feed an increasing population will leave clear indicators, too. Global carbon emissions from fossil fuels (1900–2014) ★ Levels of nitrogen N and phosphorus P in soils have doubled in the last century PLASTIC USE because of our increased use of ★ Initially developed in the 1900s, have fertilizers. grown rapidly since the 1950s, and we ★ We produce 23.5 million tons of now produce 500 million tons a year. phosphorus P a year. ★ Sediments containing plastics will be a ★ Human activity had the biggest impact clear sign of the Anthropocene. on the nitrogen cycle for 2.5 billion years. GLOBAL WARMING ★ Unusually rapid increase in Earth’s average surface temperature over the past century primarily due to the greenhouse gases released as people burn fossil fuels. ★ Rate of temperature increase has nearly doubled in the last 50 years. ★ Average global sea levels are higher than at any point in the past 115,000 CHANGED GEOLOGY years and are rising rapidly, which may ★ Every time we destroy a patch of also be detectable in future. rainforest, this changes the future of Earth’s geology. 6th MASS EXTINCTION ★ We have transformed more than 50 % of ★ The moment of extinction is generally Earth’s land area for our own purposes. considered to be the death of the last ○ Deforestation individual of the species. ○ Farming ★ Mass extinctions sparked by massive ○ Drilling global changes mark the Anthropocene ○ Mining period. ○ Landfills ○ dam building ○ coastal reclamation ★ are all having widespread effects on sedimentary processes. THE DARK SIDE OF TECHNOLOGY ★ Technology is a mostly positive endeavor, except for some troubling and unnerving possibilities Michio Kaku refers to as “wildcards.” ★ The unanticipated uses of technology and science threaten to turn happy futuristic dreams into nightmares. “There are dangers, but only dangers if people dont understand where technology is taking us.” – michio kaku