STS Exam Notes PDF

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Summary

These notes cover the fundamentals of Science, Technology, and Society, or STS. The content includes the definition of science, technology, and society, as well as the history and impact of these fields on society. The information also includes details on significant contributors to science, technology, and societal development.

Full Transcript

LESSON 1 \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- STS - SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY *...

LESSON 1 \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- STS - SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY **- STS** - studies how science and technology influence society, both positively and negatively. \- It is an interdisciplinary field drawing from history, philosophy, anthropology, and sociology. **- What is Science?:** \- Derived from the **Latin word \"scientia,\"** meaning **knowledge.** \- Science involves observation and experimentation to understand the natural world. \- It\'s a systematic body of knowledge acquired through research. \- Theories, principles, and laws arise from the study of facts and relationships in nature. **\-- KNOWLEDGE GAINED THROUGH OBSERVATION AND EXPERIMENTATION** **- What is Technology?:** \- Comes from **Greek: \"techne\" (skills, craftsmanship)** and **"logos\" (reason, discourse).** \- Technology refers **to techniques and methods created to solve problems or make life easier.** \- It is applied knowledge---using scientific breakthroughs to create tools or processes. **- USE OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE TO MAKE SOMETHING USEFUL** \- \*Relationship between Science and Technology\*: \- \*Science\* explores for the sake of knowledge. \- \*Technology\* uses scientific knowledge to develop useful applications. \- Science often leads to technological innovations, and technology allows for further scientific advancements. **SCIENCE -- PURPOSE OF KNOWING** **TECHNOLOGY - USE OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE TO MAKE SOMETHING USEFUL** \- \*Comparison of Science and Technology\*: \- \*Science\*: \- Focuses on \*discovering natural laws\*. \- Aims to \*expand knowledge\*. \- Requires organized experimentation. \- \*Technology\*: \- Focuses on \*applying scientific knowledge\*. \- Aims to develop techniques and \*solve real-world problems\*. \- \*Role of Science and Technology\*: \- Profoundly impacts \*economic development\* and the way people live, connect, and communicate. \- Can \*improve lives\*, especially in developing countries (e.g., cancer therapy, genetic engineering). \- Key drivers of societal development. **- What is Society?:** \- Originates from the **Latin word \"societas\" meaning "association or companionship".** \- Refers to groups of people involved in persistent social interaction, sharing geography, politics, and culture. \- Effects of Science and Technology on Society \- Science and technology **can improve living conditions and advance \*education, ethics, and justice\*.** \- They enable cultural development and societal growth. \- However, society also influences the direction and application of scientific research. \- Relationship Between Science, Technology, and Society: \- Society **promotes technological advancement and research.** \- Technology **shapes social behavior.** \- Science and technology continuously interact and evolve with societal needs. LESSON 2 \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--\ \ \ **- \*\*Immediate Concerns of Early Humans\*\*: (F , C , T , P , S)** \- Food Security (Agriculture) \- Communication and Record Keeping \- Transportation and Navigation \- Physical Security (Warfare) \- Spirituality and General Well-being **MESOAMERICA --** map of modern North , Central and South America **- \*\*Mesoamerican Civilizations\*\*: ( M I A)** \- **\*\*Maya (250--900 CE)\*\*:** \- Advanced in **astronomy, predicting eclipses, and using two calendar systems**. \- Developed hydraulic systems, rubber production, writing (hieroglyphics), and mathematical concepts like zero. \- \*\*Image\*\*: \*\"Mayan Pyramid for Astronomical Observations\"\* \*Purpose\*: **Shows how the Maya used astronomy in religious structures for observations**. **- \*\*Inca (1200--1533 CE)\*\*:** \- Stone roads, earthquake-resistant buildings, irrigation, and the first suspension bridge. \- Quipu (knotted ropes for record-keeping) and prized textiles. \- \*\*Image\*\*: \*\"Inca Suspension Bridge\"\* \*Purpose**\*: Highlights Incan engineering with their first suspension bridges.** **- \*\*Aztec (1325--1521 CE)\*\*:** \- Innovations like **mandatory education, chocolate, anti-spasmodic medicine, and the canoe.** \- \*\*Image\*\*: \*\"Aztec Chinampa (Floating Gardens)\"\* \*Purpose\*: Illustrates their agricultural innovation of creating floating gardens for crop cultivation. **- \*\*Science in Asia\*\*:** **- \*\*India\*\*:** \- Known for metallurgy **(high-quality iron and steel), medicine, astronomy, and mathematics.** **- \*\*China\*\*:** \- Major inventions: **compass, paper, gunpowder, printing tools, seismological detectors**. \- Contributions to bridge designs, astronomy, and traditional medicine. \- \*\*Image\*\*: \*\"Chinese Compass\"\* \*Purpose\*: Demonstrates China's crucial invention in navigation. **- \*\*Science in the Middle East\*\*:** \- Muslim scientists emphasized experimental methods. **- \*\*Ibn al- Haytham\*\*: Father of Optics.** \- Refinements in the number system (decimal notation) and advancements in chemistry. \- **\*\*Ibn Sina\*\*: Pioneered experimental medicine and clinical trials.\ ** **He is from the Middle East and wrote notable works used as standard medicine texts, especially containing the contagious nature of infection.**\ **Answer:** *Ibn Sina (Avicenna)*. He was a Persian polymath who wrote *The Canon of Medicine*, which became a reference for medical knowledge in the medieval world. \- \*\*Science in Africa\*\*: \- **Egyptian civilization contributed to astronomy, mathematics (geometry), and medicine.** \- Developed metal tools and fundamental mathematical operations. \- \*\*Technological Eras\*\*: **- \*\*Bronze Age (3500--1200 BCE)\*\*:** \- Innovations: wheel, cuneiform writing, and hieroglyphics. \- \*\*Image\*\*: \*\"Bronze Age Wheel\"\* \*Purpose\*: Represents the early innovation of the wheel, enhancing transportation. **SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTIONS :** **( S , B , A , A , E , C , I ,P ,L C , G , R )** **SUMERIANS** - is known for introducing **the Postal system and the famous epic of Gilgamesh** (wheel ) **BABYLONIAN** - sundial (the earliest type of timekeeping device) , abacus(perform mathematical functions) , calendar (calendar based on the lunar phases) HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON **AKKADIANS / PHOENICIANS -** Glass Blowing **ASSYRIANS --** wooden locks **EGYPTIANS --** pyramid **CHINESE -** Paper Making , Compass **INDU -** stirrups ( for horse) , buttons **PERSIAN --** persian comb , carpet **LYDIAN-** coins **GREEK-** cranes , Body Armor , sculptures **ROMAN -** Body Armor , waterwheel , aqueducts(an important way to get water from one place to another.) **- \*\*Middle Ages\*\*: (5 th - 15 th century)** \- Technological advancements in agriculture, power sources, weapons, and transportation. \- \*\*Image\*\*: \*\"Middle Ages Nautical Tools\"\* \*Purpose\*: Highlights technological innovations in seafaring and navigation during the Middle Ages. **- \*\*Renaissance and Modern Era\*\*:** **- Key developments: printing press, scientific method, industrialization, and the rise of capitalism.** \- \*\*Image\*\*: \*\"Gutenberg Printing Press\"\* \*Purpose\*: Marks the beginning of mass communication and the spread of knowledge. **- \*\*Industrial Revolution (18th--19th Century)\*\*:** \- Key changes: transportation, electricity, and improvements in manufacturing and communication. \- \*\*Image\*\*: \*\"Industrial Revolution Factory\"\* \*Purpose\*: Shows the transition from handmade goods to machine production, symbolizing industrial growth. **SA QUIZ TO SANG LAST\ \ Sumerians -- wheel** **Babylonians - sundial** **Akkadians - glass blowing** **Assyrians -- wooden lock** **Egyptians - pyramid** **Chinese - gun. gun powder** **Indus-stirrups , button** **Persian -- rug , comb** **Lydian-coins** **Greek-cranes , sculptures** **Roman - aqueducts** **Middle easterners -- algebra** **Hindus -- zero** **Phoenicians - alphabet** **Chinese -- printing press** POINTER MA GUWA SA EXAM DAW :\ \ \ To give you Pointers to study for the Prelim Exam, know the following (lightly or not taken up in class but will be asked): He is from the Middle East and wrote notable works used as standard medicine texts especially containing the contagious nature of infection. Who is he? **( Ibn Sina)** What is the medieval precursor of Chemistry?(**Alchemy)** What is the type of medication used to prevent muscle spasms?(**Antipasmodics)** He introduced Trigonometric Functions, tables and Algorithms of Algebra. Who is he? **(Al -- Kwarizmi)** What civilization is known for introducing the Postal system and the famous epic of Gilgamesh?**(Sumerians)** What era is characterized by the rise of mercantilism and capitalism**?(THE EARLY MODERN ERA , 15 th to 18 th centuries)** The Theory of Survival of the Fittest is also credited to Charles Darwin. What is it? **(NATURAL SELECTION)** He introduced the use of zero as a place holder and a decimal digit among the Hindu Arabic; he also suggested that gravity was a force of attraction. Who is he?**(Brahmagupta)** What civilization used hollowed-out tree trunks for use in fishing and navitation?**(Polynesians)** PART 3\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--\ \ **SCIENTIFIC PARADIGM -** is like a set of rules or a way of thinking that people follow to understand or do something. (EX : **Albert Einstein** introduced the theory of **relativity**, which showed that Newton\'s laws don't fully explain motion at very high speeds) **PARADIGM SHIFTS** -- sudden leaps from one paradigm to another (EX: **OLD PARADIGM**: Physical Media CDs , DVDs, **PARADIGM SHIFT :** Platforms like **Spotify**, **Netflix**, and **YouTube** introduced digital streaming. **SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION:** The Scientific Revolution was **a period when new ideas and experiments changed** **how people understood the natural world.** Happened between , (16 th to 18 th century) **(N , I , J , G , R , F , C , S )** **NICOLAS COPERNICUS** : **Copernican Revolution** : a paradigm shift of the worldview from "**geocentric"** (where **earth is the center of the universe**) to "**heliocentric"**(where the **sun is the center of the universe**). ISAAC NEWTON : **NEWTONIAN REVOLUTION** : **the law of universal gravitation\ **\ **-In simple terms, bigger objects (like the Earth) pull harder than smaller ones (like a person), and the closer two objects are, the stronger the pull between them. This is why we stay on the ground and why the Moon orbits the Earth!** -Marked the beginning of new science **JOHANNES KEPLER** **- 3 laws of planetary motion** 1\. \*\*First Law\*\*: Planets orbit the Sun in oval shapes (ellipses). 2\. \*\*Second Law\*\*: Planets move faster when they\'re closer to the Sun and slower when they\'re farther away. 3\. \*\*Third Law\*\*: The farther a planet is from the Sun, the longer it takes to go around it. **GALILEO GALILEI -** physics , laws of gravity and motion , invented telescope and microscope **-MOST SUCCESSFUL SCIENTIST OF THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION** **RENE DESCARTES :** INVENTOR OF DEDUCTIVE REASONING , **one of the greatest mind of** **the scientific revolution** **FRANCIS BACON** -- formalized the concept of scientific method **CHARLES DARWIN --** theory of evolution **SIGMUND FREUD -** father of psychoanalysis , a method for treating mental illness , a theory that explain human behavior

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