Science, Technology, and Society (STS) PDF

GENERAL CONCEPTS AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS ANCIENT PERIOD Sumerian Wheel DEFINITIONS Potter’s Wheel (3500 BC...

GENERAL CONCEPTS AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS ANCIENT PERIOD Sumerian Wheel DEFINITIONS Potter’s Wheel (3500 BC) Paper Science Shadoof or Shaduf- Egyptian’s irrigation tool ⮚ scientia (L) meaning knowledge ANTIKYTHERA MECHANISM ⮚ Systematic and methodical activity of building and ⮚ ancient (150-100 BC) world’s analog computer organizing knowledge about how the universe behaves orrery through observation, experimentation or both (astrology) ⮚ found in 1902 in Antikythera, Greece Technology AEOLIPILE / HERO’S ENGINE ⮚ techne (G) meaning art, skill or cunning of hand ⮚demonstrated by Hero of Alexandria (1st ⮚ the application of scientific knowledge, laws, and century AD) principles to produce services, materials, tools, and machines aimed at solving real-world problems MIDDLE AGES HEAVY PLOUGH Science, Technology, and Society ⮚ Higher agricultural yields from clay soil ⮚ combines the previously independent and older cultivation (Northern Europe) disciplines: history, philosophy, and sociology of science GUN POWDER ⮚ to prepare students to respond critically, reflectively, ⮚Advanced warfare after explosive invention (“fire and proactively to the challenges posed by science and potion”by Chinese alchemists, 850 AD) technology in the contemporary world MECHANICAL CLOCK ⮚ applies methods drawn from history, philosophy, and ⮚Medieval mechanical clock in Prague, Czech sociology to study the nature of S&T and ultimately judge Republic S&T value in the society SPINNING WHEEL ⮚ prepare humans to better confront the moral, ethical, ⮚Transforms fiber into thread or yarn, 10-100x and existential dilemmas brought by the continued faster (by Indians, 6-11th century AD) developments in S&T MODERN AGES Ten emerging ethical dilemmas and policy issues in COMPOUND MICROSCOPE S&T listed in 2018 ⮚by Dutch spectacle maker Zacharias Janssen 1595 by the John J. Reilly Center for Science, Technology, TELESCOPE and Values of the University of the Notre Dame ⮚invented by Galileo Galilei who made important astronomical discoveries 1. HELIX- a digital app store designed to read JACQUARD LOOM genomes ⮚Simplifies manufacturing of textile with complex design 2. BLESSU-2 AND PEPPER-1st robot priest and using punched cards (by French weaver Joseph Marie monk (BU-2 and Pepper) Jacquard) 3. EMOTION-SENSING FACIAL RECOGNITION- ENGINE-POWERED AIRPLANE Rana el Kaliouby is the CEO and cofounder of ⮚The Wright brothers designed and successfully Affectiva. operated the 1 st engine-powered aircraft(Wilbur and 4. RANSOMWARE- a way of holding data hostage Orville) through hacking and requiring a ransom to be TELEVISION paid ⮚by Scottish engineer John Logie Baird 5. TEXTALYZER a device that analyzes whether a televised objects in outline in 1924 driver was using his or her phone during an recognizable human faces in 1925 accident moving objects in 1926 6. SOCIAL CREDIT SYSTEM a system of scoring colored images in 1928 citizens through their actions by placing them under constant surveillance Inventions by Filipino Scientists 7. GOOGLE CLIPS a hands-free camera that lets her user capture every moment effortlessly ERYTHROMYCIN BY ABELARDO AGUILAR 8. SENTENCING SOFTWARE a mysterious algorithm designed to aid courts in sentencing ⮚ from Streptomyces erythreus decisions ⮚ credited to a US company, Eli Lilli Co. 9. FRIENDBOT an app that stores the deceased’s digital MEDICAL INCUBATOR BY DR. FE DEL MUNDO 10. footprint so one can still “chat”with them 11. CITIZEN APP an app that notifies users of ⮚originally invented improvised incubator ongoing crimes or major events in a specific area ⮚ world-renowned Filipino pediatrician and national scientist Historical Antecedents of S&T  ⮚1 st woman admitted to Harvard University’s School of PACES OF SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS Medicine ⮚founded the 1st pediatric hospital in the Philippines 1. Normal Science (Children’s Memorial Hospital in 1957) Stepwise progression towards a better understanding of nature. MOLE REMOVER BY ROLANDO DELA CRUZ Establishing knowledge. ⮚painless and scarless procedure using the product Science advances by advancing in the directions made of cashew nut extracts predicted by existing theories. ⮚gold medal in the International Invention, Innovation, Self-evident truths during times of normal science. Industrial Design, and Technology Exhibition in KL, Malaysia in 2000 2. Puzzle-solving Science (revolutionary science) Trigger a scientific revolution as scientist struggle to BANANA KETCHUP BY MARIA OROSA explain these anomalies and develop a new theory to ⮚Filipino Food Tech invented banana ketchup at the incorporate them into the existing body of knowledge. backdrop of WWII It’s an entire worldview in which it exists and all implications that come with it. Intellectual Revolutions ( Paradigm Shifts) When enough significant anomalies have occurred Paradigm – a set of overarching and interconnected against a current paradigm, the scientific discipline is at a assumptions about the nature of reality (Maykut and state of CRISIS. Moorehouse 1994). New paradigm is formed gaining new followers and intellectual battle. Theory – a well-substantiated explanation of an aspect of A change from one paradigm to another –scientific the natural world that can incorporate laws, hypothesis, revolution or paradigm shift and facts (AMNH, n.d.). Revolution – a radical change in the established order. THOMAS KHUN’S PARADIGM SHIFT Thomas Samuel Khun (1922-1926) American Historian “most influential philosopher of science in 20th century” Book: The structure of scientific revolutions Argued about the paradigms in scientific research. Questioned the traditional conception of scientific progress as gradual, cumulative acquisition of knowledge based on rational experimentations. Book published: 1962 Copernican Revolution Describe the process and result of a change in basic assumptions within the ruling theory of Cosmology: the move from a geocentric to science. heliocentric view of solar system. A shift in the paradigm alters the fundamental concepts Paradigm Shift: Earth moves around the sun and not vice underlying research. versa Extended to other disciplines like Political science, Accepted by Galileo Galilei economics, sociology, and management. Capped by Isaac Newton a century later  People made use of writing to facilitate trading. Banaue Rice Terraces One of the sophisticated products of Filipino engineering. Showed the innovative & ingenious way of natives to establish an elaborate farming system Colonial Period SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD Formal education was established Scientific institutions were founded 1. University of San Carlos Lamarck’s theory: Oldest school in the Philippines (Aug. 1, 1595) Long neck of the giraffe Spanish Jesuits (old name: Colegio de San Ildefonso) A result of the animal stretching its neck to reach leaves Patron Saint: St. Charles Borromeo high up on trees. 2. University of Santo Tomas Replaced by Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Oldest school existing university in Asia (April 28, The discovery of central dogma. 1611) Dominican School (old name: Catholic University of DNA -RNA- Protein the Philippines) Patron Saint: Thomas Aquinas Information flows unidirectionally from gene to protein to the phenotype. AMERICAN PERIOD ❑ Scientific revolutions concern the replacement of an Cebu Normal University old paradigm by a new incommensurable one. One of the oldest provincial normal school (1902). ❑ New theory is incorporated into the older framework to June 8, 1925 – Opening of Cebu Normal School. make it more universal. Cebu state college to Cebu Normal University (June 27, ❑ Universe is endless and in constant expansion, the 1998). Republic Act 8688 signed by Pres. Fidel V. complexity of life itself is also expanding infinitely. Ramos Science & Technology in Nation Building Bureau of Science Was established as the primary research center until INDIGENOUS SCIENCE World War II. Inclined towards agriculture, food processing, forestry, “It is the original knowledge of local communities in medicine, and pharmacy. studying natural phenomena based on observations Not much given to industrial technology due to free produce product, attitudes, and scientific in processes in trade policy accordance with the culture and location of the community.” – (Suarmika et al., 2020) Post-Colonial Period 3 dimensions of Indigenous Science: FERDINAND E. MARCOS 1. local wisdom contains element of scientific attitude 2. local wisdom is a scientific product He amended the 1973 Philippine Constitution XV 3. local wisdom as a scientific process. Section 9. He declared that the advancement of Science and Technology shall have priority in the Predicting weather conditions and seasons using national development. knowledge in observing animals’ behavior and Mandated Dept. of Education and Culture celestial bodies (now DepEd) to promote science courses in Herbal medicine public schools Food preservation Established Philippine Science Community Preserving and selecting good seeds for planting (now DOST) in 1968 Building local irrigation system Established PTRI, PNRI, NFA, PCAANRRD, Producing wines and juices from tropical fruits PAGASA, PNOC, PBI, IRRI, BPI, BFP, NAST, PSHS PRE-SPANISH PERIOD Babayin (Former name: Alibata)- Philippine alphabet system  DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CORAZON AQUINO Excellence, Relevance, Cooperation and National Science and Technology Authority Cost-effectiveness renamed DOST. The circles symbolize unit particles, the building blocks S&T sector to be represented in the cabinet to of nature which are the subject and substance of science play an integral role in the country’s sustainable and technology. economic recovery and growth. It gives an illusion of movement signifying progress DOST’s Science and Technology Master Plan through Science and Technology. aimed to update the production sector, improve research activities, and develop infrastructures for the S&T sector DOST Secretary: Renato Solidum Jr. FIDEL RAMOS 1st few years of his administration 1992-1995 were characterized by economic boom, technological development, political stability and efficient delivery of basic needs to the people (Asian Tiger). Established Doctors to the Bario Program Mandated laws and statutes related to S&T sector Incentives were given to people who played significant roles in the S&T sector JOSEPH EJERCITO ESTRADA Signed legislation RA 8749 known as Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999. RA 8792 Electronics Commerce Act of 2000 GLORIA MACAPAGAL ARROYO Her term was dubbed as the Golden Age of Science and Technology Numerous laws (AFMech) and projects thatconcern both the environment and Science to push technology as a tool to increase the country’s economic level and help increase the productivity from STI and help benefit the poorpeople. Coined term Filipinnovation – Philippines as an innovation hub in Asia. \ BENIGNO “NOYNOY” AQUINO III Improve the Weather forcasting system of PAG-ASA (Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration). Conferred 4 new national scientists. RODRIGO ROA DUTERTE Prioritized S&T sector; 6x R&D budget DOST to put R&D results into commercialization to gain new intellectual properties Philippine Space Technology Program launched Diwata-2 in 2018 FERDINAND MARCOS JR. Conferred the order of national scientiston Dr. Carmencita Padilla (clinical genetist) last Aug. 31, 2023.  DR. JUAN SALCEDO, JR. First national scientist of the Philippines Awarded: 1978 Field of specialization: Nutrition and Public Health Started with Bataan Experiment – rice enhancement by thiamine and other nutrients including iron can solve beri-beri Published scientific papers in biochemistry, health, and nutrition. Medical educator and dean of the UE- Medical college DR. CARMENCITA D. PADILLA 42nd National Scientist Awarded: Aug. 31, 2023 Clinical Geneticist – establishing PGC Notable studies contribution: 1. Prevalence and cost-benefits analysis of a national program for newborn screening to prevent mental retardation and death from certain congenital disorders detectable at birth. Provided basis for RA no. 9288 (Newborn screening act of 2004). 2. lobbied RA no. 10747 (Rare disease act of 2016). 3. Established Philippine Genome Center TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPED BY DOST: Topic :4 Technology as a Way of Revealing OVICIDALLARVICIDAL (OL) TRAP TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPED BY DOST: GENAMPLIFYTM COVID-19 RT-PCR DETECTION KIT Technology Generator: Manila HealthTek, Inc. Project Leader: Ms. Joyce Ann Santos Funded by DOST-PCHRD Developed by 15 Filipino scientist from PGC and collaboration with UP Manila – National Institute of Health Locally-made real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction kit 1) Technology is a means to an end. - technology is an instrument in getting things done. National Scientist of the Philippines 2) Technology is a human activity. Order of National Scientists of the Philippines (ONS) – - the production or invention of technological equipment, highest award to Filipino Scientists. tools and machines, the products and inventions, and the Created by Pres. Ferdinand Marcos Sr. through PD purpose and functions they serve are what define Nos.1003 and 1003A technology. First induction 1978 Nomination & Selection: ▪ Heidegger envisioned technology as a way of revealing NAST recommend not more than ten scientist to the - a mode of bringing forth. president. ▪ Bringing forth can be understood through a Benefits: philosophical concept, poiesis, which refers to the act of Medallion and Citation bringing something out of concealment. Financial Grant ▪ By bringing something out of concealment, the truth of Monthly life pension, medical benefits, and place of that is something revealed. honor ▪ The truth is understood through Greek concept State funeral as heroes of the country. aletheia, which is translated as disclosure or truth. Technology as Poiesis ▪ There is unparalled wisdom gained only when humans Poesis- Bringing Forth can pause, think, and question what is around them. ▪ Humans are consumed by technology when they are ▪ Heidegger posited that both primitive crafts and modern caught up in enframing and fail to pay attention to the technology are revealing. intricacies of technology, the brilliance of the purpose of ▪ However, modern technology is revealing not in the humankind, and the genius of humans to bring forth the sense of bringing forth or poeisis. truth. ▪ Modern technology ‘challenges’ nature from extracting ▪ Humans need to take a step back and reassess who something from it and transforming, storing, and they were, who they are, and who they are becoming distributing it. during technology today. ▪ Modern technology’s way of revealing as a way of challenging forth because it makes people think Topic: 5 The Good Life how to do things faster, more effectively, and with less effort. Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics and the Good ▪ It prompts people into dominating and enframing the earth’s natural resources. Life Eudaimonia: The Ultimate Good Enframing as Modern Technology Eudaimonia: Uniquely Human Arête and Human Happiness The way of revealing of modern technology is a process of enframing as exemplified in human’s desire to control Nicomachean Ethics everything including nature. ▪ Everyone is in pursuit of the good life 1) Enframing by calculative thinking ▪ We do certain things that makes ushappy and content humans desire to put an order to nature to better ▪ The definition of a good life varies from one person to understand and control it another ▪ In Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle wrote the following 2) Enframing by meditative thinking line: humans allow nature to reveal itself to them without “All human activities aim at some good. Every art and the use of force or violence human inquiry, and similarly every action and pursuit, is thought to aim at some good; and for this reason, the ▪ Enframing is a way of ordering (or framing) nature to good has been rightly declared as that at which all things better manipulate it. aim”. ▪ Destining refers to the role humans take as instruments of technology through enframing; humans are challenged Aristotle explained that every action aims at some good. forth to reveal what is real and carries with it the danger 1) instrumental good: good as a means of achieving of misconstruction or misinterpretation. something good 2) intrinsic good: good in itself The Dangers of Technology EUDAIMONIA ▪ The dangers of technology lie in how humans let Human flourishing; a contented state of being happy and themselves be consumed by it. healtht and prosperous ▪ Although humans are looped into the cycle of bringing forth or challenging forth, it is our responsibility to ▪ The good life is characterized by happiness that springs recognize how we become instruments of technology from living and doing well (eudaimonia; eu=good, ▪ Recognizing the dangers of technology requires critical monia=spirit) and reflective thinking on its use ▪ Eudaimonia means happiness/welfare or human flourishing/prosperity Art as the Saving Power ▪ Eudaimonia is what defines the good life ▪ Pleasure, wealth, fame and honor are not ultimate good ▪ Heidegger proposed art as the saving power and the way out of enframing "If wealth was the secret to happiness, then the rich ▪ Art is an act of mind (techne) that protected and had would be dancing on the streets, but only poor kids do great power over the truth that. ▪ Art encourages people to think less from a calculative standpoint but instead inspires meditative thinking If power ensured security, then officials and politicians would walk unguarded, but those who live simply are the Questioning as the Piety of Thought ones who have the soundest sleep. The closer we come to the danger, the more brightly do If beauty and fame brought ideal relationships, then the ways into the saving power begin to shine and the celebrities would have the best marriages. more questioning we become. For questioning is the piety of thought (Heidegger. 1977, p. 19) Live simply, walk humbly, love genuinely and life will become easy & meaningful.  Human rights-based approach to science, technology, Remember, all blessings are from the Almighty so and development focus on protecting the well-being and recognize them and HIM!" upholding the dignity of the human person Eudaimonia: Uniquely Human Unique to humans for it is a uniquely human function S. ROMI MUKHERJEE ON HUMAN ▪ Aristotle’s notion of tripartite soul below illustrates a RIGHTS-BASED APPROACH nested hierarchy of functions and activities of the soul ▪ Humans have rational soul capable of theoretical and It seeks to place a concern for human rights at the heart practical functions of how the international community engages with urgent ▪ Only humans are capable of a life guided by reason global challenges. The UN Development Programme ▪ Thus, happiness is a uniquely human function for it can characterizes this approach as one that ‘leads to better only be achieved through a rationally directed life and more sustainable outcomes by analyzing and addressing the inequalities, discriminatory practices and unjust power relations which are often at the heart of Arete- Excellence of any kind, moral virtue development problems. It puts the international human rights international human rights entitlements and claims Arête & Human Happiness of the people (the right-holders) and the corresponding obligations of the state (the duty-bearer) in the center of ▪ Eudaimonia is only possible by the national development debate, and it clarifies the living a life of virtue purpose of capacity development.’ ▪ Two types of virtue 1) Intellectual virtue or virtue of thought HUMAN RIGHTS-BASED APPROACH is achieved through education, time, and experience Identifies science as “a socially organized human key intellectual virtues are wisdom and understanding activity which is value-laden and shaped by organizational structures and procedures” – 2) Moral virtue Mukherjee (2012) or virtue of character Requires an answer to whether governments and other is achieved through habitual practice stakeholders can craft and implement science and key moral values are generosity, temperance, and technology policies that “ensure safety, health and courage livelihoods; include people’s needs and priorities in development and environmental strategies; ensure Both intellectual and moral virtue should be in they participate in decision-making that affects their accordance with reason to achieve Eudaimonia lives and resources.” ▪ Indifference with these virtues (for reasons that are only Mukherjee listed some of the most important for one’s convenience, pleasure, satisfaction) leads documents that center on a human rights- humans away from eudaimonia based approach to science, development, and ▪ A virtue is ruined by any excess and deficiency in how technology, and their key principles one lives and acts. This human rights-based approach “can form ▪ The good life in the sense of eudaimonia is the state of the very heart of sustainable futures” (Mukherjee. being happy, 2012) healthy, and prosperous in the way one thinks, lives, and acts ▪ The good life is happiness (eudaimonia) brought about by living a virtuous life (Arête) ▪ The onward progress of S&T guided by virtue or ethical standards is also the movement towards the good life that will allow us to flourish in life. Topic 6:When Technology and Humanity Cross Human-rights based approach to science, technology, and development Humans vs. Robots Why the future does not need us UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Human rights are critical factors in one’s journey toward Eudaimonia or The Good Life in the face of scientific and technological advancement  how to process, read, think further, or put things in context As the internet gets more intelligent, we are in danger of becoming less so WHY THE FUTURE DOES NOT NEED US? In Apr 2000, William Nelson Joy, an American computer scientist and chief scientist of Sun Microsystems, wrote Why the future doesn’t need us? Joy explained that 21st century technologies (genetics, nanotechnology, and robotics) are becoming powerful that they can potentially bring about new classes of accidents, threats, and abuses These dangers are even more pressing because they do not require large facilities or even rare raw materials – knowledge alone will make them potentially harmful to humans cited the ability of nanobots to self-replicate, which could quickly get out of control cautioned humans against overdependence on machines; if machines are given the capacity to decide on their own, it will be impossible to predict how they might behave in the future; in this case, the fate of human race will be at the mercy of machines concerned that computers will eventually become more intelligent than humans, thus ushering societies into dystopian vision, such as robot rebellions Joy drew from Kaczynski’s book, where Kaczynski described the unintended consequences of the design and use of technology are clearly related to Murphy’s Law: Anything that can go wrong will go HUMAN RIGHTS wrong. Kaczynski argued further that overreliance on should be integral to the journey toward the ultimate antibiotics led to the great paradox of emerging good antibiotic-resistant strains of dangerous bacteria should guide humans not only to flourish as The introduction of DTT to combat malaria mosquitoes individual members of the society, but also to assist each only gave rise to malaria parasites with MDR genes other in flourishing collectively as a society may function as the ‘golden mean,’ particularly by Critics dismissed Joy’s article for deliberately presenting protecting the weak, poor, and vulnerable from the information in an imprecise manner that obscures the deficiencies and excesses of science and technology larger picture or state of things John Seely Brown and Paul Dugid (2001) criticized HUMANS VS. ROBOTS Joy’s failure to consider social factors and only deliberately focused on one part of the larger picture in with the development of artificial intelligence, robots their article A Response to Bill Joy and the may also eventually act and decide like humans Doom-and-Gloom Technofuturists use of AI in business analytics is gaining ground in a Other critics go as far as accusing Joy of being a business process outsourcing (BPO) industry in the neo-Luddite, Philippines someone who rejects new technologies and shows investors and business people find as a sure return of technophobic learnings investment on the use of business analytics provided by AI With the help of AI, decisions now arise from sophisticated statistical analyses made from a massive data as machines and robots' approach having a human-like nature, humans may also have the tendency to become machine-like humans begin to function more like automatons since many of the things people need are available with just the touch and swipe of the fingertips People accept what Google spews out and forget