STS1-LESSON-1-1 (2) PDF - Science, Technology, and Society

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY Ms. Christine Joy A. De Sena, RPm  In 20, 50, or 100 years, what do you think the future will look like? LESSON 1: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN WHICH SOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS CHANGED THE COURSE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY  LEARNING OUTCOMES The students wil...

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY Ms. Christine Joy A. De Sena, RPm  In 20, 50, or 100 years, what do you think the future will look like? LESSON 1: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN WHICH SOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS CHANGED THE COURSE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY  LEARNING OUTCOMES The students will be able to: 1. Recognize science and technology and its association; 2. Describe the historical development of science and technology during Ancient, Middle, and Modern Ages and its significance to the society SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Science, Technology and Society (STS), also referred to as science and technology studies, is the study of how social, political, and cultural values affect scientific research and technological innovation, and how these, in turn, affect society. STS scholars are interested in a variety of problems including the relationships between scientific and technological innovations and society, and the directions and risks of science and technology. The field of STS is related to history and philosophy of science although with a much broader emphasis on social aspects of science and technology.  SCIENCE Science is an organized and dynamic inquiry (following scientific method) Science is a human activity; scientist Science is a social enterprise; people, knowledge, skills, facilities, apparatuses, and technologies  TECHNOLOGY Technology is a material product as result of scientific inquiry. Technology is the application of knowledge in solving scientific and practical problem that will help humans to survive and improve his life. Technology is a complex system of knowledge, skills, methods, tools, materials and resources applied and allocated to the development, operation, and production of a new and improved product, process, or services. Humans (Homo sapiens) are an ingenious people who dreamed up and created some amazing and far-out things. it is from the moment someone bashed a rock on the ground to make the first sharp-edged tool, to the debut of the wheel, to the development of Mars rovers and the progression of Internet where several key advancements stand out as particularly revolutionary. HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING PRE-HISTORIC TIMES STONE AGE Ancient humans were able to discover and invent tools from stones: flint, chert, basalt, and sandstones. They develop tools gradually from single to all-purpose tools to a collection of varied and highly specialized types of tools, each designed to serve a specific function: cutting, shopping, scraping, and sawing. STONE AGE Stone tools were shaped or chipped (flaking) into: flakes, blades, hand axes, spears, darts, arrows, and other projectile weapons: wood, bone, shell, antler, and other materials. Many important inventions appeared, such as needles and thread, skin clothing, the harpoon, the spear thrower, and special fishing equipment. STONE AGE Fire was the most important discovery and invention of man in the stone age. The use of fire led to various ways of preparing and cooking food and inventions of suitable food containers and utensils. BRONZE AGE The period marked with the beginning of mining and metallurgy. Bronze denotes the first period in which metal was used, man begun smelting copper and alloying with tin or arsenic to make bronze tools and weapons: swords, axes, plows, locks, and chariot. BRONZE AGE Bronze was harder and more durable that other materials available at the time, thus providing Bronze Age civilizations to gain a technological advantage. IRON AGE The period of time when the dominant tool making material was iron. Iron age technology is characterized by the production of tools and weaponry using ferrous (contains iron) metallurgy or iron working. IRON AGE This distinctive dark metal brought significant changes to daily life in ancient society from the way people grew crops to the way they fought wars. In those days, this iron metal made life a lot easier. Humans had settled into small village life, toiling the soil with iron farming tools, such as sickles and plough tips, made the process more efficient and allowed farmers to exploit tougher soils and try new crop. HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING ANCIENT TIMES  TIGRIS- NILE YANGTZE EUPHRATES RIVER RIVER RIVER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT: SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION Cuneiform, which consists of pictograms or drawings representing actual things. Clay Tablet, contains Sumerian historical information and culture. Potter’s Wheel, as a means of practical method for moving heavy objects from one place to another. First Astronomers Building foundations of logic, mathematics, engineering, architecture, agriculture, transportation, and medicine. Sexagesimal System Systematized technique of farming SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT: BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION Hammurabi Law, serves as rule and standards which maintain a period of stability in this region. Hanging Gardens of Babylon Isthar Gate Irrigation System of canals flanked by earthen dikes System of bookkeeping, double entry accounting, drew up multiplication and division tables, and making calculations using geometry make accurate predictions of solar and lunar eclipses and other astronomical phenomenon. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT: EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION Learned to heat metal ore (copper, gold, bronze) and made weapons, pottery, and utensils First people to learn how to make glass (glass- blowing) such as glass jars and glass beads They wrote with ink and brushes made of papyrus reeds Hieroglyphics Mastered the art and science of embalming the dead Created calendar (29 1/2 days, Divide the day in 24 hours) Astronomy (disappearance of star Sirius) Pyramids SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT: EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION Agriculture (extensive Irrigation, wheat and barley) Houses made of sun dried mud bricks Geometry, Engineering, Architecture, and Labor Management Ship building and construction of canals, dikes, and ditches Raised ducks, geese, pigs, goats, cattle, and sheep Manufactured soap, oils, perfumes, and eye make-up SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT: CRETAN (MINOAN) CIVILIZATION Mercantile people engaged in overseas trade of tin, alloyed of tin with copper, exporter of wine, oil, jewelry, and highly crafted works Built the first major navy ship in the world Carved statues, ceramics, frescoes, jewels, and inscription which revealed knowledge of mathematics, engineering, architecture Drainage system, public halls, courtyards, and religious shrines Polyculture Healthy Diet SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT: GREEK CIVILIZATION Olympic Games Astrolabe, used to make astronomical measurements and location Theatre, Water Clock, Greek Fire, levers, crane, watermill, catapult Surveying and Mathematics Philosophers: Hippocrates, Father of Medicine Aristotle, Father of Biology Archimedes, Laws of the Lever Theophrastus, Father of Plant Science Arch: An important part of a building in early Persia SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT: ROMAN CIVILIZATION Water power and water mill Exploited wood and coal Aqueducts: to supply water, dams, bridges, and ampitheater Astronomy, Astrology, Geography, and other sciences Glassblowing Techniques (window glass, hanging glass oil lamps, and other objects) HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING MEDIEVAL TIMES HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING MEDIEVAL TIMES Medieval times, Middle Ages, and Dark Ages: 500 - 1500 AD Fall of Roman Empire to rise of Ottoman Empire Agricultural Innovations: Heavy wheeled plough, three-field crop rotation system, horse collar, stirrup, horseshoe, artesian well, and wheelbarrow Military Technology (Armor: Used for protecting the body. Bow: Used for hunting and as weapon) Vertical windmills, spectacles, mirros, mechanical clocks, hourglass, watermills, spinning wheels, furnace Oxford and Cambridge Universities: Theology, medicine, and law HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING MEDIEVAL TIMES 14th century: Black Death It brought sudden end to previous period of massive scientific change The plague killed 25-50% of the people in Europe Quarantine Technique was established (40-day period) Introduced by Republic of Ragusa HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING RENAISSANCE TIMES HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING RENAISSANCE TIMES Time of Creativity and Rebirth of cultural and intellectual pursuits Golden Age of Art, Literature, Science, Geography, Astronomy, Chemistry, physics, mathematics, manufacturing, anatomy, and engineering Printing Press by Johann Gutenberg, it began printing the Bible in every language Invention of Newspaper Innovations and improvements on: mining and metallurgy, nautical compass, mariner’s astrolabe, firearms, musket (muzzle-loaded long gun) HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING RENAISSANCE TIMES Alchemy refers to transformation of base substances and to discover a cure for disease and extending life Medicine: increase in experimental investigations, principally in the field of dissection and body examination Andreas Vesalius, who described anatomy of the brain and other organs gave birth to Neurology William Harvey, provided refined and complex description of circulatory system and few effective drugs HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING MODERN TIMES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION Scientific Revolution, the appearance of modern science during early modern period Enlightenment or Age of Reason Scientific revolution led to the inventions of microscope, barometer (measures air pressure), thermometer, and telescope. These instruments helped in the creation of new intellectual knowledge such as magnetism, electricity, Heliocentric theory, elliptical orbit of celestial body, discovery of planets and moons. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION The Scientific Revolution gave emphasis on the following theories: Heliocentric Theory of Nicolaus Copernicus The planets travel around the Sun in elliptical orbits, one focus of the ellipse being occupied by the Sun of Kepler A planet moves in its orbit in such a manner that a line drawn from the planet to the Sun always sweeps out equal areas in equal times of Kepler The square of a period in which a planet orbits the sun is proportional to the cube of its mean distance from the sun of Kepler SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION The Scientific Revolution gave emphasis on the following theories: There are innumerable stars invisible to the naked eye, sunspots, phases of Venus and Moons of Jupiter of Galileo The observation of minute living things that cannot be seen by naked eye of leeuwenhoek SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION The Scientific Revolution gave emphasis on the following theories: Law of Inertia, an object at rest stays at rest unless acted upon by an outside force Law of Acceleration, Acceleration of an object depends on two things, force and mass. Law of Interaction, For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. Law of Universal Gravitation, very object in the universe attracts every other object with a force proportional to their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Key Inventions: Energy and the power of wind and water Steam power and Steam Engine (Watt Steam Engine) Discovery of Petroleum and natural gases Internal combustion engine (Diesel) Development of Electricity Agriculture Technology Textile (Fabrics and Cotton) Overland roads were improved Manufacturing of Chemicals (Sulphuric Acid removes rust) Metallurgy (Charcoal) SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Key Inventions: Machine Tools Invention of cement (mixture of clay and limestone) Glass Making: Cylinder blown sheet (Window panes) Discovery of atomic nucleus in 1911 Development of biochemistry and molecular biology (DNA) Modern Medicine (penicillin, insulin) Astronomy (Milky Way, First human on space: 1961) SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 20TH CENTURY Key Inventions: Electronics Industry (Computer, Laptop, Cellphone) Communication devices (radio, intercoms, television, headphones, microphones, laser) Airplane by Wright Brothers Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Internet (