Strategies-for-Enhancement-in-Food-Production.pdf

Strategies for Enhancement of Food Production © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Key Takeaways Agriculture 1 2 Dairy Farm Management 3 4 Poultry Farm Management © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Sheep and Goat Management 7 8 Apiculture Cattle Breeds and Breeding 5 6 Animal Breeding...

Strategies for Enhancement of Food Production © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Key Takeaways Agriculture 1 2 Dairy Farm Management 3 4 Poultry Farm Management © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Sheep and Goat Management 7 8 Apiculture Cattle Breeds and Breeding 5 6 Animal Breeding Animal Husbandry 9 Control Breeding Experiments Key Takeaways 10 Plant Breeding 12 13 Plant Breeding for Resistance to Insect Pests Plant Breeding for Improved Food Quality 16 17 Summary © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Plant Breeding for Disease Resistance 14 15 Single Cell Protein Fishery Plant Tissue Culture Agriculture A practice of cultivating plants and livestock. Components of agriculture Animal husbandry Plant breeding Wi © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Animal Husbandry India and China have 70% of the world's livestock population But they contribute just 25% of livestock product yield globally Animal husbandry A branch of agriculture concerned with breeding, caring and raising livestock © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Livestock : Domesticated animals, raised for use or profit Examples : Buffaloes, cows, pigs, horses, cattle, sheep, camels, goats, poultry farming and fisheries Domesticated for: Food - milk, meat, honey and egg Clothing - silk, wool etc. Labour - pulling, carrying load ploughing Management of Farms and Farm Animals Food Shelter Proper nutrition to the animal Health Regular veterinary care © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Food Shelter Health Controlled breeding Hygienic and appropriate shelter to the animal Controlled breeding Newer breeding techniques could be very helpful Dairy Farm Management Management of animals for milk and its products for human consumption Dairy farm animals For milk Cow For moving groups from one location to another Shephard dog Buffalo For barns free from rodents Goat © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Sheep Cat Dairy Farm Management Different kinds of milk products Cream Curd Butter milk Ghee Condensed milk Cheese Powdered milk © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Prepared by churning milk. Fat layer skimmed from top of the milk Milk fermented due to the bacterial activities Left over liquid after removal of butter 100 % fat prepared after heating the butter Concentrated milk, with or without sugar Coagulated milk protein ‘casein’ with fat and water Powder form of milk Dairy Farm Management Process and systems (To increase yield and improve quality of milk) 01 02 Selection of breed Housing © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved 03 Feed 04 Cleanliness 05 Inspections Dairy Farm Management Process and systems (To increase yield and improve quality of milk) 01 High milk yielding female Disease resistant male Selection of breed High milk yielding and disease resistant breed © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Dairy Farm Management Process and systems (To increase yield and improve quality of milk) 02 Cattle needs to be : well looked for Housing 03 Feed © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved housed well provided with adequate water disease free environment Cattle feeding carried out scientifically Focus on good quality and quantity of fodder Feed provided are : ○ Roughage with high fiber content (includes fodder, silage, hay and straw) ○ Concentrate with high nutrient value (includes cereals, millets, forage crops , oil cake, oil seeds and animal by-products) Dairy Farm Management Process and systems (To increase yield and improve quality of milk) 04 Cleanliness 05 Inspections © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Regular cleaning of cattle Cleanliness and hygiene of cattle and handlers while ○ milking ○ storage ○ transport of the milk and its products Ensure housing, feeding and cleanliness measures are taken Regular inspections Proper record keeping Record keeping helps to ○ identify ○ rectify problems Mandatory visits of veterinary doctors Cattle Breeds and Breeding Tolerance to climatic conditions Lactation period Desired traits of a parent for cattle breeding High yield of produce (milk/ meat) Resistance to diseases Proper age of reproduction Good health General appearance © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Cattle Breeds and Breeding Cow vs Buffalo © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Milk yield Fat content Disease resistance Low Low Lesser High High Greater Cattle Breeds and Breeding Milch breeds Groups of cattle breeds Draught breed General utility breed © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Cows - good in milk production Bullocks - poor quality e.g., Gir, Sahiwal , Red Sindhi, Deoni etc Bullocks - good for working Cows - poor milk producers e.g., Malvi, Nagori, Hallikar, Kangayam Cows - good milk producers Bullocks - good draught animals e.g., Haryana, Ongole, Kankrej, Tharparkar Cattle Breeds and Breeding Murrah Buffalo breeds Bhadawari Jersey Jaffarabadi Holstein-Friesian Surti Ayrshire Mehsana Brown Swiss Nagpuri © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Cattle exotic breed Bacterial diseases 01 Anthrax Caused by Bacillus anthracis Contagious and affects cattle, sheep, buffaloes, horses and goats Spreads through contaminated food, water and pastures Prevention Vaccination and antiserum Viral diseases 01 Rinderpest or cattle plague Prevention 02 Mastitis Inflammation of udder in dry cows Due to Corynebacterium pyogenes © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Caused by Rinderpest Virus Highly contagious Spreads rapidly by direct contact with infected animals Through contaminated food, water, workers, clothes and by flies Vaccination Poultry Farm Management Rearing of domestic fowls (birds) called poultry, for their eggs and meat Poultry Chicken Turkey Duck Use Meat © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Eggs Goose Poultry Farm Management Important components 01 02 03 Selection of breed Proper and safe farm Proper feed and water © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved 04 Proper hygiene and health care 05 Regular inspection Poultry Farm Management Broilers Layers Breeders © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Grown for meat purposes e.g., Plymouth rock Female fowls raised for egg production e.g., White leghorn Produce eggs that is fertilized to produce layer/broiler stock Poultry Farm Management American (Plymouth rock) Australia (Australorp) Classification of chicken Busra Chittagong Asiatic (Brahma) Mediterranean (Leghorn) © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Aseel Kadaknath Ghaghus Indigenous breed Poultry Diseases Ranikhet and bird flu Viral Pullorum and fowl cholera Bacterial Poultry Diseases Protozoan Coccidiosis (Bloody diarrhoea) © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Vitamin E deficiency Encephalomalacia Sheep and Goat Management Goat Reared for ○ meat ○ milk ○ hair ○ skin © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Sheep Reared for ○ wool ○ skin ○ meat Animal Breeding Selective mating of animals to produce offspring with desired qualities Improved growth rate Increased production of milk, meat, egg, wool, etc. Superior quality of milk, meat, eggs, wool, etc. Improved resistance to various diseases Increased productive life and acceptable reproduction rate © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Animal Breeding Breed is a group of animals related by descent and similar in most characters Methods of animal breeding Inbreeding Out-breeding Mating closely related animals Out-crossing © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Cross-breeding Mating unrelated animals Interspecific hybridisation Inbreeding Mating of superior male and superior female (closely related) of the same breed for 4-6 generations Superior male and female among their progeny are also identified and mated Increases homozygosity Helps in accumulation of superior genes and elimination of less desired genes On continued inbreeding, recessive genes accumulate leading to inbreeding depression Reduces fertility and productivity Cow which produces more milk per lactation gives good quality of milk © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Bull with Strong immunity Vigour Virility Out-breeding Out-breeding No common ancestors for at least 4 - 6 generations Breeding of the unrelated animals of Same/ different breed or different species © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Overcomes Below average productivity Lower milk production Slow growth rate in beef cattle, etc. Out-crossing Mating unrelated animals within the same breed Offspring is known as out-cross Best breeding method for animals that are below average milk productivity Single outcross overcomes inbreeding depression © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Cross-breeding Superior males of one breed are mated with superior females of another breed X Bikaneri ewes Hissar = Merino rams Hisardale Cross- breeding allows the desirable qualities of two different breeds to be combined Used for increased commercial production Inbred to develop new and stable breeds Hisardale produce brilliant white wool in large quantity © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Interspecific Hybridization Mating of animals from two different but related species The sterile offspring is called an interspecific hybrid Made for economic or fundamental scientific purposes only Equus asinus Equus caballus = X Donkey © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Horse Mule Controlled Breeding Experiments Artificial insemination It is a method where semen is introduced into selected female animal manually. Improves quality and quantity of animal and its produce Sperms can be used immediately or frozen Liquid nitrogen ( -196℃) is used in the process of cryopreservation © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Controlled Breeding Experiments Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology (MOET) Step 1: Hormone therapy FSH induces multiple follicular maturation and super ovulation in cow ovaries when induced Production of 6-8 eggs per estrus cycle instead of one is called superovulation Step 2: Fertilization The cow is either mated with elite buffalo or artificially inseminated The eggs are fertilized inside the body. © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Cow Ovary Ovary FSH causes follicle maturation 2 Cell stage 8 Cell stage 32 Cell stage Controlled Breeding Experiments Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology (MOET) Step 3: Mating    Embryos (of 8-32 cell staged) are nonsurgically removed from the cow. These embryos are ○ implanted into uterus of the surrogate cows ○ grow and develop into babies in the surrogate cow Embryos develop into offspring of desired quality same as genetic parents © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Repeat Step 1 - 3   8-32 cell stage embryos Genetic mother is ready for next round of superovulation This technique has been successful in cattlesheep, rabbits, buffaloes, mares, etc. Surrogate cows 32 cell stage Multiple eggs Controlled Breeding Experiments Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology (MOET) Up to 3000 cows can be fertilised by the semen of one bull Advantages Frozen semen can be stored and transported Economical, with high rate of successful fertilisation © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Apiculture Care and management of honeybees for honey and beeswax Apis indica (Indian bee) In India, this is the most common which is found in the wild  Bees are the pollinators (entomophily) for crops like sunflower, Brassica, apple, pear etc.  Increases pollination efficiency and improves the yield of honey. Artificial beehive is an artificial structure, generally consists if wooden boxes to house a bee nest © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Apiculture Knowledge of bees and their habits Suitable location for keeping beehives Important points for the success of beekeeping Management of beehives during different season Proper handling and collection of honey and beeswax Catching and rearing of bees © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Apiculture Social organisation of honeybee (Polymorphic) Queen honeybee Drone honeybee Worker honeybee  Larger  Smaller than queen  Smallest  One queen per hive  ~200-300 per hive  Maximum in numbers  Diploid, fertile female  Haploid, fertile male  Diploid, sterile female  Lays both fertilised and unfertilized eggs  Fertilises the queen’s eggs   Developed parthenogenetically from unfertilised eggs Housekeeping, feeding the queen, drones and larvae, collecting the pollen and nectar, and making the wax  Feeds on royal jelly © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Apiculture Honey and Beeswax Honey  Obtained from honeycomb  Used in cosmetics and polishes Beeswax  Tonic, laxative and sweetening agent  Has water, minerals, vitamins, levulose, glucose, sucrose and dextrin.  High nutritive value © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Fishery It is the industrial practice of catching, processing and selling of aquatic animals There are broadly 2 types of fishes based on their habitat: Marine fishes Hilsa Sardine © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Freshwater fishes Pomfret Catla Rohu Singhara Fishery Aquaculture Pisciculture Farming of flora and fauna in water bodies Farming of only fish in water bodies Blue revolution  Increase in productivity from fisheries and aquaculture, both inland and marine, resulted in this revolution. Culture fishery Capture fishery Raising of fishes in tanks and ponds Method of catching fish without actually raising them © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Plant Breeding      Traditional farming methods could not fulfil the needs of exponentially growing population To produce enough food and to be a self-dependent in terms of food-grain production led to agricultural revolution known as green revolution. Green revolution consists of a set of initiatives that helped revolutionize agriculture and increase production of food crops Methods used in traditional farming were replaced by modern technology such as ○ natural manure was replaced with synthetic fertilisers and pesticides to increase yield Green revolution was dependent to a large extent on plant breeding techniques for development of high-yielding and disease resistant varieties in wheat, rice, maize, etc. © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Plant Breeding It is the purposeful manipulation of plant species to create desired plant types that are better suited for cultivation, give better yields and are disease resistant. List of characters to incorporate into crop plants Pest resistant Improved quality Disease resistant Tolerant to environmental stress Better yield Crop : Wheat © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved  Improved quality of a crop plant includes: ○ Yield ○ Pest resistant ○ Disease resistance ○ Tolerance to environmental issues (salinity, extreme temperatures, drought) Breeding a New Genetic Variety Following steps are performed to develop a new genetic variety : Selection and testing of superior recombinants Evaluation and selection of parents 1 Collection of variability © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved 2 3 Cross hybridisation among the selected parents 4 5 Testing, release and commercialisation of new cultivars Breeding a New Genetic Variety Collection of variability The first step is to collect, evaluate characteristics and preserve different wild varieties, species and relatives of all the cultivated species  In many crops, pre-existing genetic variability is available in the wild varieties of the crop. Variety 1 Variety 2 Variety 3 Variety 4 The entire collection (of plants/seeds) having all the diverse alleles for all genes in a given crop is called germplasm collection.  It includes all the diverse alleles.  Example: The wild variety along with the various types of wheat crops, together comprise the germplasm collection.  © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Variety 5 Figure showing different varieties of a plant Breeding a New Genetic Variety Evaluation and selection of parents  From the different varieties of crops, two varieties are selected that have the desirable traits.  Example: ○ high fibre content ○ resistance to mildew disease  These selected plants are grown in fields (multiplied).  Pure lines are created wherever desirable and possible. High fibre content Resistant to mildew Figure showing selected varieties that have desirable traits. © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Breeding a New Genetic Variety Cross hybridisation among the selected parents  Parents are cross hybridised to produce offspring.  These offspring are genetic combinations of the desired characters in one plant.  Example: The pollen from male plant with high fibre content is transferred to the female plant which is resistant to mildew High fibre content Resistant to mildew Figure showing selected varieties that have desirable traits. © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Breeding a New Genetic Variety Selection and testing of superior recombinants Cross pollination leads to the production of progeny with different characters. Parents :  The progeny with the desirable traits of both parents is selected.  This is a very important and tedious process.  These plants are selfpollinated for generations until it becomes pure line (i.e., the characters do not segregate in the offspring). X High fibre content Resistant to mildew F1 Generation High fibre content High fibre & resistant to mildew content High fibre content Resistant to mildew Figure showing progeny with different characters © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Breeding a New Genetic Variety Testing, release and commercialisation of new cultivars  The next step is to evaluate the hybrid crops (superior recombinants).  The evaluation is done in research fields. These crops are grown to test their performance under: ○ ideal irrigation ○ fertiliser ○ other crop management practices Different crop management practices Comparison of the new variety against a reference variety is the final test. Reference variety is generally the best available local variety in terms of quality and cost. © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved High Yielding Varieties Semi- dwarf wheat   Rice Kalyan Sona and Sonalika ○ Resistant to wheat rust (fungal disease) ○ Short stature ○ Short maturity duration As a result of green revolution, wheat production increased from 11 million tonnes to 75 million tonnes. IR-8, [developed at International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Philippines] – a dwarf and high yielding variety ○ Later, a better yielding variety - Jaya  Taichung Native-1 (from Taiwan) – a semi dwarf and disease-resistant ○ Later, a better yielding variety - Ratna 100 Rice 60 40 Wheat 20 0 © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved  80 1960 Jaya and Ratna  Cultivated all over wheat belt of India such as Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar. Yield (tonnes)  Wheat Years 2000 As a result, rice production increased from 35 million tonnes to 89.5 million tonnes. High Yielding Varieties Sugarcane   Saccharum barberi was grown in north India ○ with poor sugar content and yield Saccharum officinarum was grown in south India ○ thicker stems ○ high sugar content ○ does not grow in north India Millet  Millets grow in arid regions  They include maize, jowar, bajra, finger millet, etc.  Hybrid maize, jowar and bajra were successfully developed in India.  Hybrid breeding have led to the development of ○ high yielding varieties ○ resistant to water stress Saccharum barberi x Saccharum officinarum Thick Stem High sugar content Hybrid variety © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved High yield Ability to grow in North India Hybrid maize, jowar and bajra Methods of Plant Breeding Conventional breeding and mutational breeding techniques are used to develop disease resistant crops. Conventional breeding Plant breeding Mutation breeding can be applied to the following Disease resistance © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Insect resistance Improved food quality Conventional Breeding Following steps are performed for conventional breeding : Hybridisation of selected parents, 1 Screening germplasm for resistance sources © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved 2 Testing of the evaluated hybrids 3 Selection and evaluation of the hybrids 4 5 Release of new varieties Conventional Breeding Following are the examples of few disease resistant crop varieties developed Crop Variety Resistance to diseases Wheat Himgiri Leaf and stripe rust, hill bunt Brassica Pusa Swarnim (Karan rai) White rust Cauliflower Pusa Shubra, Pusa Snowball K-1 Black rot and Curl blight black rot Cowpea Pusa Komal Bacterial blight Pusa Sadabahar Chilli mosaic virus, Tobacco mosaic virus Leaf curl Chilli © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Conventional Breeding Limitations Probability of obtaining desired combination of genes is low in hybrid crop Time consuming Tedious process Limited number of disease resistance genes are present and identified in the various crop varieties and wild relatives Limited availability of disease resistance genes Time consuming and tedious process Low probability of desirable combination © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Mutation  Mutation leads to alteration of DNA sequences.  It changes the genotype and thus phenotype.  The characters obtained through mutations are not found originally in the organism. Causes Physical Agents Example : Radiation like UV rays and X-rays © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Chemical Agents Biological Agents Example : Cigarette compounds, Benzoyl peroxide Example : Viruses and bacteria Mutation Breeding Mutational breeding is a when mutations are  induced artificially using chemicals or radiations (like gamma rays) on selected crop varieties that have desirable characters.  selected  use the plants that have the desirable character as a source in breeding Example: ○ In Mung bean and powdery mildew, resistance to yellow mosaic virus were induced by mutations. Examples are : © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Mexican wheat Improved variety Sonora 64 Sharbati Sonora Lerma Rojo 64 Pusa Lerma Plant Breeding for Disease Resistance Breeding and developing disease resistant cultivars  enhances food production  reduce the dependence on use of fungicides and bactericides Plant Diseases © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Fungal Brown rust of wheat Red rot of sugarcane Late blight of potato Bacterial Black rot of crucifers Viral Tobacco mosaic Turnip mosaic Plant Breeding for Resistance to Insect Pests Major cause for large scale destruction of crop plant and crop produce is insect and pest infestation Insect resistance © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Morphological Hair- like structures on leaves of cotton plants help in resisting attacks from jassids wheat crop provide resistance against cereal leaf beetle Physiological In cotton plants characteristics like: nectar less flowers smooth leaves do not attract bollworms Biochemical Following characteristics in maize leads to resistance to maize stem borers : high aspartic acid low nitrogen low sugar content Plant Breeding for Resistance to Insect Pests Following steps are performed to obtain varieties resistant to insect pests: Hybridisation of selected parents 1 Screening germplasm for resistance sources © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved 2 Testing of the evaluated hybrids 3 Selection and evaluation of the hybrids 4 5 Release of new varieties Plant Breeding for Resistance to Insect Pests Following are few examples of insect resistant crop varieties developed Crop Variety Resistance to insects Brassica Pusa Gaurav Aphids Flat bean Pusa Sem 2, Pusa Sem 3 Jassids, aphids and fruit borer Okra (bhindi) Pusa Sawani, Pusa A-4 Shoot and fruit borer © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Plant Breeding for Improved Food Quality Presently, around 840 million individuals in the world don’t get ○ adequate food ○ nutritional requirement Diet lacks essential micronutrients like iron, vitamin A, iodine and zinc which has serious repercussions ○ risk of disease ○ reduced lifespan ○ reduced mental abilities Approximately 3 billion people suffer from hidden hunger ○ economically weak, unable to purchase enough food ○ consume nutrient deficient food which also causes hidden hunger © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Diet lacking essential micronutrients Diet Vitamin A Iron 3 Billion 38% approx Zinc Iodine Plant Breeding for Improved Food Quality Biofortification Biofortification is the process of breeding crops with high levels of vitamins and minerals, or higher protein and healthier fats. It is a great way to improve the nutritional aspect of food and hence public health. Protein content and quality 4 major objectives Oil content and quality Vitamin content Micronutrient and mineral content © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Plant Breeding for Improved Food Quality Biofortification : Protein content and quality Hybrid maize: 2 X amount of essential amino acids i.e., lysine and tryptophan can be developed Wheat variety: was used as donor to cultivate new protein rich variety i.e., Atlas 66 Protein fortified Cassava and Sorghum can also be developed © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved 2 × 2 × Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) developed protein rich beans TRP LYS Maize Protein Protein rich variety Broad beans Hyacinth/Lablab beans French beans Garden peas Atlas 66 Sorghum Cassava Plant Breeding for Improved Food Quality Biofortification : Vitamin content Vitamin A enriched rice was developed and named as golden rice. Vit A Golden rice © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) developed Vitamin A rich Spinach Pumpkin Carrot Vitamin C rich Bitter gourd Tomato Mustard Bathua Plant Breeding for Improved Food Quality Biofortification : Micronutrient and mineral content Iron fortified rice was developed with over 5 times the iron content 5× Iron and calcium enriched Zinc enriched crops Fe Spinach Wheat Bathua Rice Maize Iron fortified rice Rice © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Beans Single Cell Protein Cells from microorganisms such as bacteria, yeasts, filamentous algae are treated and used as food Bacteria Spirulina Can be grown easily on materials like wastewater from potato processing plants (containing starch), straw, molasses, animal manure and even sewage. © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Methylophilus methylotrophus High rate of biomass production and growth, can be expected to produce 25 tonnes of protein. Single Cell Protein Advantages Rich in high quality protein and poor in fat content Helps minimize environmental pollution © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Reduced dependence on agricultural practices Can be produced throughout the year in laboratory Plant Tissue Culture Plant tissue culture : In vitro cultivation of all plant parts in nutrient medium under sterile conditions It is a technique wherein ○ we use plant parts (known as explant) to generate a whole new plant ○ complete sterility i.e., aseptic conditions are maintained. Totipotency : Capacity to generate a whole plant from any cell/explant Plant cells © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Whole new plant Plant Tissue Culture Nutrient media must provide a  carbon source such as sucrose  inorganic salts  vitamins  amino acids  growth regulators like auxins, cytokinins etc. 2. Nutrient media preparation 3.Inoculation Explant is transferred to a nutrient medium in aseptic conditions. Apical shoot tip Leaf Node Stem Root © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved 1. Explant preparation Steps of plant tissue culture 4.Incubation The inoculated plant tissues are incubated for 3-4 weeks, where light, temperature and humidity is maintained. Plant Tissue Culture Micropropagation Propagation of a large number of plants in very short durations through tissue culture Somaclones Micropropagated plants which are genetically identical to the original plant from which they were grown © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Application of Plant Tissue Culture © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved 1 2 Disease free plants Somatic hybrids Application of Plant Tissue Culture Disease free plants The meristematic cells of a plant are generally not affected by viruses © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Plant tissue culture Diseased plants Plant tissue culture Disease free plants Infected area of diseased plant used as a explant Non infected area / Meristematic part of the diseased plant used as a explant Application of Plant Tissue Culture Somatic hybrids Production of hybrids (somatic hybrids) of two distinct plants via fusion of somatic protoplasts is called somatic hybridisation Isolated potato protoplast Isolated tomato protoplast Fusion of isolated protoplasts © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Potato + Tomato = POMATO Summary Components of agriculture Animal husbandry Dairy farming Plant breeding Poultry farming Disease resistance Improve food quality © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Summary Dairy Farm Management Process and systems (to increase yield and improve quality of milk) 01 02 Selection of breed Housing © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved 03 Feed 04 Cleanliness 05 Inspections Summary Tolerance to climatic conditions Lactation period Desired traits of a parent for cattle breeding High yield of produce (milk/ meat) Resistance to diseases Proper age of reproduction Good health General appearance © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Summary Methods of animal breeding Inbreeding Out-breeding Mating closely related animals Out-crossing © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Cross-breeding Mating unrelated animals Interspecific hybridisation Summary Breeding a New Genetic Variety of crop plant Selection and testing of superior recombinants Evaluation and selection of parents 1 Collection of variability © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved 2 3 Cross hybridization among the selected parents 4 5 Testing, release and commercialisation of new cultivars Summary Conventional breeding Methods of plant breeding Mutation breeding can be applied to the following Disease resistance © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Insect resistance Improved food quality Summary Conventional Breeding Following are the examples of few disease resistant crop varieties developed Crop Variety Resistance to diseases Wheat Himgiri Leaf and stripe rust, hill bunt Brassica Pusa Swarnim (Karan rai) White rust Cauliflower Pusa Shubra, Pusa Snowball K-1 Black rot and Curl blight black rot Cowpea Pusa Komal Bacterial blight Pusa Sadabahar Chilli mosaic virus, Tobacco mosaic virus Leaf curl Chilli © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Summary Plant Breeding for Resistance to Insect Pests Following are few examples of insect resistant crop varieties developed Crop Variety Resistance to insects Brassica Pusa Gaurav Aphids Flat bean Pusa Sem 2, Pusa Sem 3 Jassids, aphids and fruit borer Okra (bhindi) Pusa Sawani, Pusa A-4 Shoot and fruit borer © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Summary Biofortification Protein content and quality Single Cell Protein Algae Oil content and quality 4 major objectives Bacteria Vitamin content Micronutrient and mineral content © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved Yeast Summary Plant tissue culture In vitro cultivation of all plant parts in nutrient medium under sterile conditions Micropropagation Propagation of a large number of plants in very short durations through tissue culture Somaclones Micropropagated plants which are genetically identical to the original plant from which they were grown © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved