Arts and Humanities Midterm PDF

COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Cagamutan Norte, Leganes, Iloilo - 5003 Tel. # (033) 396-2291 ; Fax : (033) 5248081 Email Address : [email protected]...

COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Cagamutan Norte, Leganes, Iloilo - 5003 Tel. # (033) 396-2291 ; Fax : (033) 5248081 Email Address : [email protected] COO – FORM 12 SUBJECT TITLE: ARTS AND HUMANITIES INSTRUCTOR: LOUVELLA S. SOMOSA, LPT SUBJECT CODE: HUM2 Topic 1: The Study of Humanities LEARNING OBJECTIVES: At the end of the chapter, the students are expected to; 1. Understand the meaning and importance of arts and familiarize the basic term used in arts and humanities 2. Determine the difference of social studies to humanities. 3. Apply the importance of arts and humanities in a real-life situation and understand about the different mediums of visual arts, sculpture and music 4. Define literature and differentiate the different elements of art 5. Identify the properties and classifications of colors, the uses of art elements and principles of design 6. Understand and appreciate art history and develop a critical and analytical mind and thus to make his own value judgements on the different styles of architecture 7. Appreciate art history, cantilever construction, interior design and styles of architecture. 8. internalize the value of art to mankind to enhance his enjoyment of the arts, after learning its importance to human. 1  COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Cagamutan Norte, Leganes, Iloilo - 5003 Tel. # (033) 396-2291 ; Fax : (033) 5248081 Email Address : [email protected] NOTES: Introduction The term HUMANITIES came from a Latin word humanus meaning human, cultured and refined. Generally, it refers to art, literature, music, architecture, dance and the theatre – areas in which human subjectivity is emphasized and individual expressiveness is dramatized. Therefore, humanities are the records of man’s experiences, his values, his sentiments, his ideals, and his goal. The humanities are ultimately the expressions of man’s feelings and thought. They provide enjoyment and stimulation, particularly when one tries understand and appreciate places. During the renaissance, the word came to refer to the set of disciples taught in the universities, which included grammar, rhetoric, history, literature, music, and philosophy – a body of knowledge aimed to make man a full man – cultured, refined and well-rounded. These developed from the concept which recognized man’s essential worth as a member of society. The humanities are important in the development of the complete social being. Ready to take on his responsibilities in this rapidly changing world and enjoy life. 1.1 Nature and Meaning of Arts ART came from the Latin word” ars” or “artis” which means skills. The arts constitute one of the oldest and most important means of expressions developed by man. Art involves personal experience of an individual accompanied by some intensity of emotion. Art has been created by people at all times; it lives because it is liked and enjoyed. Appreciating a work of art implies an intellectual involvement with what is to be appreciated, be it a painting, a musical composition, a piece of sculpture, a drama or a novel. Art is a product of man’s need to express himself and is not limited to the revelation of emotion alone. The personal and social values of the artist are also manifested and conveyed through the arts. Usually, an artist is endowed with a high degree of sensitivity towards his environment. The discovery of the realities around him becomes the focal point of interest that the artist expresses in his art. 2  COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Cagamutan Norte, Leganes, Iloilo - 5003 Tel. # (033) 396-2291 ; Fax : (033) 5248081 Email Address : [email protected] The great thing about art is that it enables us to express ourselves not only by writing a poem or a story, but also by painting a picture, carving a statue, or composing a piece of music. Nature of Art  Art is Everywhere  Art as Expression and Communication  Art as Creation Art is composed of two sections: Visual Art which comprised of- painting, sculpture and architecture Performing Art which comprised of- music, theater, literature and dance 1.2 Importance of Arts Arts have a particular significance in our lives. They become much part of our daily living as we surround ourselves with beautiful things we like. All the arts that we see and hear have a purpose as well as expression; they occupy some place in our judgment. It is important because it encompasses the all the developmental domains in child development. All arts afford man moments of relaxation and spiritual happiness, which is the reflection of an internal happiness. Arts are powerful means to reform man, to change his deviant behaviour into social order and to overcome his feelings of loneliness, uncertainty, and restlessness. 1.3 Ways of Presenting the Subject 1. Realism- This is the attempt to portray the subject as it is. The artist wants to describe accurately and honestly as possible what is observed through the senses. 3  COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Cagamutan Norte, Leganes, Iloilo - 5003 Tel. # (033) 396-2291 ; Fax : (033) 5248081 Email Address : [email protected] 2. Abstraction- abstract art moves away from showing things as they really are. They ignored the exact form of a real- life object but only the artist’s idea, or his feeing about it. Ways of Presenting Abstract Objects: a. Distortion- when the subject is in misshapen condition, or the regular shape is twisted. B. Elongation- the subject is lengthened, protracted or extended. 4  COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Cagamutan Norte, Leganes, Iloilo - 5003 Tel. # (033) 396-2291 ; Fax : (033) 5248081 Email Address : [email protected] b. Cubism- has an abstract form through the use of a cone, cylinder, or sphere. Forms are showed in its basic geometrical shapes. c. Mangling- subjects or objects are cut, lacerated, mutilated, or hacked with repeated blows. d. Abstract Expressionism- uses large canvasses, and lack of refinement in the applying the paint. It has strong color, heavy impasto, uneven brush strokes, and rough textures. The art departs completely from the subject, from the studied precision, and form any kind of preconceived design. 3. Symbolism- a symbol/sign of something invisible such as an idea or a quality. 4. Fauvism- it is a kind of style or movement in painting that is characterized by a thick pigment. It is usually used to express a feeling of comfort, joy and pleasure through bright color. 5  COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Cagamutan Norte, Leganes, Iloilo - 5003 Tel. # (033) 396-2291 ; Fax : (033) 5248081 Email Address : [email protected] 5. Dadaism- The word “dada” is a French word meaning hobby horse. It embraced elements of art, music, poetry, theatre, dance, and politics. It is a protest movement in the arts was formed in 1916 against the traditional outworn art and evil of society. Dadaism art was playful and highly experimental. 6. Futurism- was an artistic and social movement that originated in Italy in the early 20 th century. It emphasized speed, technology, youth, and violence, and objects such as the car, the airplane, and the industrial city. Subjects are anything that relate to the importance of modernization. 6  COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Cagamutan Norte, Leganes, Iloilo - 5003 Tel. # (033) 396-2291 ; Fax : (033) 5248081 Email Address : [email protected] 7. Surrealism- is an invented world which means “super realism”. Subjects of these kind attempt to show what is inside man’s mins as well as the appearance of his outside world. In other words, surrealism pictures out image in the form of dream. 1.4 The Functions of Art According to Aristotle, every particular substance in the world has an end or “Telos” in Greek, which means purpose. -For him, Telos is intricately linked with function. - For a thing to reach its purpose, it also has to fulfill its function.  Art and Its Social Function One cannot conceive of a society without art, for art is closely related to every aspect of social life. Arts perform a social function when: 1. Influences Social Behavior- it seeks or tends to influence the collective behavior of a people. 2. Display and Celebration- it is created to be seen or used primarily in public situation. EX. The statues of national heroes that graces in parks and plazas are the commemoration -of important personages in our society 3. Social Description- it expresses or describes social or collective aspects of existence as opposed to individual and personal kind of experiences. 7  COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Cagamutan Norte, Leganes, Iloilo - 5003 Tel. # (033) 396-2291 ; Fax : (033) 5248081 Email Address : [email protected]  Art and Its Personal Function Arts are vehicles for the artist’s expression of their feelings and ideas. The arts also ser e as means of expression for us. Like, the therapeutic value of music cannot be ignored. Works of art makes us aware of other ways of thinking, feeling, and imagining that have never occurred to us before.  Art and Its Physical Function The physical function of art can be found in artworks that are crafted in order to serve some physical purpose. Architecture, jewelry-making, interior design all serves physical function 8  COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Cagamutan Norte, Leganes, Iloilo - 5003 Tel. # (033) 396-2291 ; Fax : (033) 5248081 Email Address : [email protected] Topic 2: Importance of Humanities The humanities and the arts are central to all human cultures throughout time. Their study can facilitate deeper intercultural understanding and lay the groundwork for a civically engaged life. They can also prepare you to think critically, act creatively, and succeed in a rapidly changing world. Humanities encourage us to think creatively. It teaches us to reason about being human and to ask questions about our world. 2.1: Difference of Social Studies to Humanities Humanities and social studies deal with human aspect like politics, law, linguistics economics and psychology. One of the major differences between the two is that humanities involve a more critical and analytical approach whereas social sciences deal with more of a scientific approach. 2.2: Areas of Humanities  Archeology  Anthropology  History  Linguistics and Languages  Law and Politics  Literature  Philosophy 2.3: How does art as an expression of one’s self help psychologically? It reduces stress and anxiety and increase self-esteem. Complex emotion such as sadness or anger sometimes cannot be expresses with words. When you are unable to express yourself, but you desire emotional release, making art may help you do it. 2.4: Major Influencers of Art Overview JR is an anonymous French artist who describes himself as a “photograffeur.” He’s a street artist and top art influencer who creates large photographs, often of people, and posts them 9  COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Cagamutan Norte, Leganes, Iloilo - 5003 Tel. # (033) 396-2291 ; Fax : (033) 5248081 Email Address : [email protected] in public areas. He recently created a documentary, “Faces/Places,” with Agnes Varda, a film director known for her work during the French New Wave. Banksy he’s the (in)famous street artist that creates stenciled pieces on public property. Usually, Banksy’s art makes some sort of social, environmental, or political statement. Jennifer Higgie is a top art influencer, writer, and art critic with 25,200 followers on Instagram. Her feed is like an exclusive art history lesson, as she posts work and bios of women artists, many of whom are lesser-known, or worse, forgotten. Adrian Cheng isn’t an artist or critic, but he’s certainly one of the top art influencers. He’s someone who sponsors and supports art, giving him a good deal of influence in the art world. He founded the K11 Art Foundation and the art mall in Hong Kong. Olek is a performer and visual artist known for creating large works of art with yarn and other types of fiber. Often, the top art influencer completely covers or otherwise obscures existing structures with yarn. Shepard Fairey He’s one of the top art influencers and also probably one of the most well- known street artists working today. Some of his signature works include the “Hope” poster of Obama, and “OBEY,” featuring Andre the Giant. Eva Respini the chief curator at the Institute of Contemporary Art in Boston and one of the top art influencers. Like the ICA itself, her feed features a carefully curated selection of contemporary art and commentary on the modern world. Yoko Ono before she got blamed for breaking up the Beatles, yoko ono was and remains a respected performance and visual artist, and a member of the Fluxus group. Today, she’s one of the top art influencers. Manzel Bowman is a digital artist who conjures up Afro-futuristic images. He creates his otherworldly art by fusing together tribal figures with views of the cosmos. In addition to prints, his works are available on clothing and even a Tarot card deck. Assignment: Answer the following. 1. How is beauty in man – made art different from nature? 2. If art communicates, what is communicated by the statue of hero, a painting or a piece of furniture? 3. In what ways does art contribute to the physical, social and spiritual well – being of man? 4. What is the importance of humanities in our lives? 5. What are the functions of art in the context of enhancing your personality? 10  COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Cagamutan Norte, Leganes, Iloilo - 5003 Tel. # (033) 396-2291 ; Fax : (033) 5248081 Email Address : [email protected] Topic 3: Medium and Techniques 3.1. Definition Medium – comes from the Latin word medium, denotes by which an artist communicates his idea. - It is the stuff out which he creates a work of art. - These are the materials which the artist uses to translate his feelings or thought into a beautiful reality. Technique – the manner in which the artist controls his medium to achieve the desired effect. - It is the ability with which he fulfils the technical requirements of his particular work of art. - It has to do with the way he manipulates the work of art and his medium to express his ideas. Primary Classification of Arts  Visual or Space Arts – are those whose mediums can be seen and which occupy space. Classes of Visual or Space Art Dimensional or two - dimensional – arts which include painting, drawing, printmaking, and photography Three – dimensional – arts include sculpture, architecture, landscape, community planning, industrial design, and the crafts like ceramics and furniture-making.  Auditory or Time Arts – are those mediums that can be heard and which are expressed in time. These are the dance, the opera, the drama, and the movies. * Along with the music, these are also known as the performing arts, because each art work grasps the meaning of a significant event or similar sequences consisting chiefly of a series of continuous incidents. 3.2. The Medium of Visual Arts, Sculpture and Music 3.2.1: Medium of Visual Arts  Watercolor – artists’ paint made with a water-soluble binder such as gum Arabic, and thinned with water rather than oil, giving a transparent color. 11  COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Cagamutan Norte, Leganes, Iloilo - 5003 Tel. # (033) 396-2291 ; Fax : (033) 5248081 Email Address : [email protected]  Fresco – this is painting on a moist plaster surface with colors ground in water or a lime water mixture. It must be done quickly because it is an exacting medium - the moment the paint is applied to the surface, it becomes an integral part of the wall.  Tempera – are mineral pigments mixed with egg yolk or egg white or ore. They are often used as binder due to its film forming properties and rapid drying rate. * It is a medium well designed for careful detail.  Pastel – this is a stick of dried paste made of pigments ground with chalk and compounded with gum water.  Encaustic – this is one of the early mediums used by the Egyptians for the painted portrait on mummy cases. This is done by painting with wax colors fixed with heat.  Oil – oil painting is one of the most expensive art activities today because of the prohibitive cost of materials. In oil painting, pigments are mixed with linseed oil and applied to the canvas. * Painting done in oil is glossy and lasts long.  Acrylic – this medium is used popularly by contemporary painters because of the transparency and quick drying characteristics of water color and the flexibility of oil combined. This synthetic paint is mixed with acrylic emulsion as binder for coating the surface of the artwork.  Mosaic – mosaic art is a picture or decoration made of small pieces of inlaid colored stones or glass called “tesserae”, which most often are cut into squares glued on a surface with plaster or cement.  Stained glass – common in Gothic cathedrals and churches. This is made by combining many small pieces of colored glass which are held together by bands of lead. It is also a kind of patchwork.  Tapestry – this is a fabric consisting of a warp upon which colored threads are woven by hand to produce a design, often pictorial and for wall hangings and furniture covering.  Drawing – usually done on paper, using pencil, pen and ink, or charcoal. It is the most fundamental of all skills necessary in the arts.  Bistre – is a brown pigment extracted from the soot of wood, and often used in pen and wash drawings.  Crayons – are pigments bound by wax and compressed into painted sticks used for drawing especially among children in the elementary grades  Charcoal – these are carbonaceous materials obtained by heating wood or other organic substances in the absence of air. Charcoal is used in representing broad masses of light and shadow. Like drawing pencils, soft charcoal produces the darkest value while the darkest produces the lightest tone. 12  COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Cagamutan Norte, Leganes, Iloilo - 5003 Tel. # (033) 396-2291 ; Fax : (033) 5248081 Email Address : [email protected]  Silverpoint – in this medium, the artist has technique of drawing with a silver stylus on specially prepared paper to produce a thin grayish line that was popular during the renaissance period.  Printmaking – a print is anything printed on a surface that is a direct result from a duplicating process. Ordinarily, the painting or graphic image is done in black ink on white paper and becomes the artist’s plate. 3.2.2: Medium of Sculpture Sculpture – is the aesthetic art defined by the technique of modeling. Modelling means the shaping of a single block or mass of material into a tri – dimensional form.  Stone – is the hard substance formed from mineral and earth material. The finish is granular and dull in appearance. These are normally used for gravestones in cemeteries.  Granite – is a granular igneous rock composed of feldspars and quartz, usually combined with other minerals and is quite difficult to chisel. This is good for large works with only few designs. The Egyptians sculptures of Pharaohs were mostly done in granite.  Marble – is limestone in a more or less crystalline state and is capable of taking a high polish, occurring in many varieties. Sculptors have used marble for detailed carving of figures.  Jade – a fine, colorful stone, usually green, and used widely in Ancient China. It is highly esteemed as an ornamental stone for carving and fashioning jewelry.  Ivory – which comes from the main parts of the tusks of elephants, is the hard-white substance used to make carvings and billiard balls.  Metals – include any of a class elementary substance, as gold, silver or copper all of which are crystalline when solid and many of which are characterized by capacity, ductility, conductivity and peculiar luster when freshly fractured. Its main quality is that it can be shaped into any direction or formed under great pressure without breaking.  Bronze – is another by-product of metal consisting of copper and tin with color and is one of the most universally popular metals for sculpture. Bronze as a material is strong, durable and resistant to any atmospheric corrosion. It is best suited for sculptures in open or outdoor places like plazas and parks.  Brass – an alloy of copper and zinc, is not popularly used by artists because of its limitations as a medium. Although it has many practical uses, brass does not rust and it takes a brilliant polish. 13  COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Cagamutan Norte, Leganes, Iloilo - 5003 Tel. # (033) 396-2291 ; Fax : (033) 5248081 Email Address : [email protected]  Copper – is used as a costing medium. This is basically shaped by hammering. It can be fashioned into relief forms. One characteristic of this medium is its resistance to atmospheric corrosion.  Gold and silver – used as casting materials for small objects like medals, coins and pieces of jewelry. Because they are quite expensive, they are used for either personal accessories or religious adornments.  Lead – a bluish-gray metal, I use for casting and forging. With the help of a welding torch iron, it can be worked into a variety of unique and exciting forms.  Plaster – is a composition of lime, sand and water. Plaster is worked on an armature of metal wires and rods in addition to various materials and fibers. This is applied on walls and ceiling and allowed to harden and dry. The medium is used extensively for making manikins, models, molds, architectural decorations and other indoor sculpture.  Clay – is a natural earthy material that has the nature of plasticity when wet, consisting essentially of hydrated silicates of aluminum used for making bricks and ceramics.  Glass – is a medium that is hard, brittle, non-crystalline, more or less transparent substances produced by fusion, usually consisting of mutually dissolved silica and silicates and contains soda and lime. This is used to make beautiful but fragile figurines. It can be molded in various colors and shapes.  Wood – as a medium is perhaps easier to carve than any other mediums available because it can be intricately carved and subjected into a variety of treatment not possible with stone. It is lighter and softer to carve besides having grater tensile strength than stone. Hence, it can be used in long pieces without breaking 3.2.3: Mediums of Music Music is a vocal or instrumental sound (or both) combined in such a way as to produce beauty of form, harmony, and expression of emotion --Stringed Instruments--  Violin – is the smallest of the stringed instruments and has the highest pitch. The cello is much larger than the violin and has longer thicker and heavier strings. The viola and the violin are played by tucking the instruments under the chin of the musicians when they are playing. The cello is bigger than the violin and the viola. It rests on the floor when is played. The large protruding pin at its base holds it firmly on the floor. 14  COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Cagamutan Norte, Leganes, Iloilo - 5003 Tel. # (033) 396-2291 ; Fax : (033) 5248081 Email Address : [email protected]  Double bass - is the longest of the string instruments and has the lowest pitch. The distinguishing feature of the string instruments is that the smallest the size, the higher is pitch; and the larger it is, lower is pitch.  Harp - is one of the oldest string instruments consisting of a triangular frame formed by a sound box, a pillar and a curved neck, and having strings that are stretched between the sound box and the neck and are plucked with fingers.  Guitar - is a stringed musical instrument with along fretted neck, a flat somewhat violin – like body and has six strings which are plucked with the fingers. This is a part of jazz bands and very seldom used in orchestras. --Woodwinds-- o Flute – is a musical instrument consisting of a tube with a series of finger holes or keys in which the wind is directed against a sharp edge. The flute produces a melodious sound, and so it often plays solo parts in orchestral compositions in a concert. o Clarinet – is a woodwind instrument in the form of a cylindrical tube with a single reed attached to its mouthpiece. It has a wide range and usually plays the alto part when the flute plays the melody. o Piccolo – is a small flute, sounding an octave higher than the ordinary flute. o Oboe - is a woodwind instrument having a slender conical body and a double-reed mouthpiece. The tone of the oboe is nasal. o Bassoon - is a larger woodwind instrument of low range with a double tube and a curved metal crook o which a double reed is attached. o Saxophone – is a musical wind instrument consisting of a conical, usually brass tube with keys or valves and a mouthpiece with one reed. This musical instrument is not a regular member of the orchestra. --Brass Instruments--  Trumpet – is a brass instrument with a powerful, penetrating tone consisting of a tub commonly curved once or twice around on itself and having a cup shape, mouthpiece at one end and bell at the other. Because of its piercing tone when played, it is associated with a martial pomp.  Horn – is a wind instrument originally formed from the hallow horn of an animal but now usually made of brass or other metals. It is the most expressive of the brass choir.  Trombone – is a musical wind instrument consisting of a cylindrical metal tube expanding into a bell and bent twice in U-shape, usually equipped with a slide. The sliding U-shape tube 15  COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Cagamutan Norte, Leganes, Iloilo - 5003 Tel. # (033) 396-2291 ; Fax : (033) 5248081 Email Address : [email protected] changes the length of the vibrating column of air inside the tube, so the pitch of its tone is either raised or lowered.  Tuba – is the bass of the brass choir. It is also a valued brass wind instrument having a long range.  *Other brass instrument like the cornet and bugle are played in military and outdoor bands. --Percussion Instruments--  Chimes – is a musical instrument consisting of a set of slabs of metals which produce musical tones when struck.  Glockenspiel – is a musical instrument composed pf a set of a graduated steel bars mounted in a frame and struck with hammers and used especially in bands.  Cymbal – is a concave plate of brass or bronze that produces a sharp, ranging sound when struck played either in pairs, by being struck together, or simply by being struck by a drum stick.  Xylophone – is a musical instrument consisting of a graduated series of wooden bars, usually sounded by striking with small wooden hammers. The marimba is a type of xylophone which originated from Africa. It is associated with lovely exotic dance music.  Kettledrum – is a drum consisting of a hallow hemisphere of brass or copper over which is stretched a skin. --Keyboard Instruments--  Piano – is the most familiar keyboard instrument. It is a musical instrument in which hammers, operated from keyboards, strike upon metal strings. It is used to accompany solo or choral singing.  Harpsichord – is a keyboard instrument, precursor of the piano, in which the strings are plucked by leather or quill points.  Celesta – is another keyboard instrument consisting principally of a set of graduated steel plates struck with hammers. The range of this musical instrument is only one-half that of a piano, but it produces a celestial or heavenly sound.  Organ - is a wind musical instrument consisting of one or more sets of pipes sounded by means of compressed air, played by one or more keyboards and capable of producing a wide range of musical effects. Modern organs today, have no pipes or reeds at all; they produce sounds electronically. 16  COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Cagamutan Norte, Leganes, Iloilo - 5003 Tel. # (033) 396-2291 ; Fax : (033) 5248081 Email Address : [email protected] --Instrumental Group-- Musical instruments are played by performers either singly or in groups various musical instruments including especially the stringed, brass and percussion. The number of instruments may vary according to the requirements of the musical composition. Band - is a musical group, usually employing brass, percussion and woodwind instruments. This is a popular group of musicians performing during town fiestas and parades. Rondalla - as an instrumental grouping in the Philippines is made up mostly of stringed instruments. 3.3. Literature  Fiction – a short story or a novel is presented through narration. The shorts tory writer includes ideas or incidents that contribute to a single effect which he aims to achieve. The existence of complex relationship is presented in a highly condensed portrayal of character and situation.  Novel – is a more extended work which may have more characters in a more complicated situation shown through several chapters. Elements of a Short Story  Plot – is the skeletal structure of the story. It consists of events which are arranged in a meaningful sequence. * An important element of the plot is conflict which is the main character’s struggle with another, unfavorable environmental conditions, or social convections.  Setting – refers to the time and place of the action which provides the background to the vents and the actions of the characters. It also helps create the mood and atmosphere of a story.  Characterization – characters cause the events in the plot, or the incidents. Character traits and qualities of characters are identified through what the author says, what the characters says, what the characters to, what other characters says about them, and juxtaposition with other characters. Style – is the characteristic manner of expression, the habitual manner in which a writer expresses himself. Point of view is how the story is narrated, the vantage points from which the characters, actions and events are seen:  The first-person point of view uses the “I” who narrates the 2vents and describes the characters and the relationships which they have with one another.  The objective point of view lets the reader watch the events as they unfold on a stage. 17  COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Cagamutan Norte, Leganes, Iloilo - 5003 Tel. # (033) 396-2291 ; Fax : (033) 5248081 Email Address : [email protected]  The omniscient point of view gives the reader a chance to know the hidden thoughts, unexpressed feelings and reactions of the characters. Topic 4: Elements and Organization 4.1: Elements of Visual Arts An element of art can only be seen in some medium. This element is independent of the medium. The medium is the physical means through which we can come into contact with a work of art while the elements are its quantities or properties.  LINE. It is the simplest, most ancient, and most universal means for creating visual art. A line is a prolongation of a point. Lines symbolize emotional expression.  VALUE (LIGHT AND DARK). It is the relative degree of lightness and darkness in a graphic work of art or painting. It indicates the degree of luminosity; that is, the presence or absence of light.  LIGHT AND SHADOW (CHIAROSCURO). Light and shadow known as chiaroscuro, from the Italian word for light and dark is different from value. Light and shadow is a means modelling a figure in depth, a means of articulating the form.  FORM. This is the external appearance of a clearly defined area. It is the visual shaped of an object or thing found in nature. Forms are used to described simple objects at determine the structure of these objects.  COLOR. It is the quality of an object or substance with respect to light reflected by it, and usually determined visually by measurement of hue, saturation and brightness of the reflected light. It is series of wave lengths which strike our retina.  TEXTURE. It is the surface treatment of an artistic work in order to give variety and beauty to any of art. They are the smooth and the rough. Variations in texture of objects, buildings and structures help avoid a monotonous effect.  SPACE. It is an art element which is concerned with making all parts functional so that all parts of the work of art will contribute to make the whole a complete work of art. Space exists as an “illusions” in the graphic presentation. In sculpture and architecture, space is present. 4.2: Properties and Classification of Colors 18  COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Cagamutan Norte, Leganes, Iloilo - 5003 Tel. # (033) 396-2291 ; Fax : (033) 5248081 Email Address : [email protected] 4.2.a: Properties of Colors  HUE. This is the particular identity of a color. The principal hues are red, yellow and blue. This is classified into two, warm and cool, when blue is the dominant color.  VALUE. This term is applied to denote the lightness and darkness of the color. Colors can be made darker by making the pigments thicker, adding black, or adding black, or a adding a little of its compliments. Colors can be made lighter by adding water or oil or white.  INTENSITY. This is the term to denote the brightness and dullness of a color. Colors differ in intensity or vividness. Two colors may both be violet, one just as dark as the other, but one may be more intense than the other. Powder blue is a dulled blue; old rose is dulled red. When a hue is found in its most vivid form, it is said to be in full intensity. Hue completely neutralized loses its color and becomes gray. 4.2.b: Classification of Colors The primary colors are red, yellow and blue. These are called primary colors because all other colors are produced by combining any of the two colors. The secondary colors are green, violet and orange. These colors can be produced by mixing any two of the primary colors. The intermediate colors can be produced by mixing equal amounts primary and secondary colors. These colors are yellow-orange, red-orange, red-violet, blue-violet, blue-green and yellow-green. The tertiary colors can be produced by combining in equal mixture any two secondary colors such as orange-yellow, violet-green and orange-green. Symbolism of Colors Black is the darkest and the dullest of the colors. It is only considered a color when mixed with other colors. It suggests despair, gloom, death and mourning. Blue is the color of the sky and of the deep. It gives the impression of vastness and infinity. It is a symbol of tranquility, calmness and peace. Gray is the combination of black and white or the three primary colors. It gives the impression of weight, solidity and neutrality. Green is the color of still water and vegetation. It is a symbol for growth, freshness and hope. Orange is the combination of red and yellow. This color symbolizes deliciousness and sweetness. Pink is a combination of red and white and symbolizes love. 19  COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Cagamutan Norte, Leganes, Iloilo - 5003 Tel. # (033) 396-2291 ; Fax : (033) 5248081 Email Address : [email protected] Red is a basic color. It typifies fire, blood, danger, festivity, bravery, war, passion, energy and warmth. Violet is a mixture of red and blue. It suggests shadows, mourning, penance, royalty and power. White, when taken independently, is not considered a color. It is the lightest of all colors. It symbolizes simplicity, clarity, purity and peace. Yellow is the color of light. This is the color which is often mistaken as a color of jealousy. It symbolizes life, joy, sunshine, cheerfulness, warmth, splendor and hospitality. Yellow-green is the kind of color which is hurting to the eyes and which makes one appear darker. It is a color appropriate for those with fair complexions. This particular color is the symbol of jealousy and hatred. Brown is a mixture of red and a little green. It is said to be the safest color for all. It suggests humility and confidence.  Color harmony is the correct combination and arrangement of colors so that they will appear pleasing to the eyes  Monochromatic harmony employs only one color with its tints and shades. An example is red. Harmonizing with it are red, medium red, and dark red.  Analogous harmony is the use of colors which possess one common color in all mixture. These colors are found near each other in the color chart. An example is orange, red-orange and yellow-orange. 4.2.c: Uses of the Art Elements  Symbols- these are made up of different shapes used to depict or symbolize objects. Objects are simplified so that only the prominent part is represented.  Pictures- the use the arts elements give the different of how pictures are being represented. The conservative artist represents thing exactly as he sees them in nature while a modernist tries to interpret nature as he feels it.  Emotion. Emotion are expressed by the different elements which symbolize or suggest feelings; i.e., despair, mourning, hope, love, passion, hate, anger, fear, and actions like conflict, struggle, crying, violence, kissing, and laughing. 20  COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Cagamutan Norte, Leganes, Iloilo - 5003 Tel. # (033) 396-2291 ; Fax : (033) 5248081 Email Address : [email protected] 4.2.d: Principles of Design Design - The overall organizational visual structure of the formal elements in a work of art. - The proper arrangement of the different art elements in order to produce something beautiful. Kinds of Design 1. Structural design – shows strength and durability of materials. This kind of design should meet such requirements as simplicity, proportionality and suitability of materials to the purpose. Examples are monument, buildings, bridges and towers. 2. Decorative design – the surface enrichment of a structural design. Its principal function is to enhance beauty, so it is called “luxury of the design”. Variety of Decorative Design Naturalistic Design is one which is the exact replica of natural form. Conventional design is one which is a result of the impression of natural form. Geometric design is produced with the aid of mechanical instruments. Abstract design is one which uses suggestions of natural objects. Five Principles of Design 1. Balance- a feeling of equality in weight, attention, or attraction of the various elements of design. It is the quality of two contrasting forces having two opposite directions. In this principle, the law of rest is always applied. It suggests stability, security, satisfaction, rest and peace. 2. Harmony – the most essential of all the principles of design. This principle in important in story, letter, and poetry writing in order to be understood. 3. Proportion - deals with the proper or significant relation between two things or parts. The principle of proportion is sometimes called the “law of relationship” this is expressed in size, number and position. 4. Rhythm - means an easy, connected part along which the eye may travel in any arrangement of lines, forms or colors. It is related movement. It suggests something graceful. Rhythm is obtained through the repetition of shapes, through the progression of sizes, and through an easily connected or continues line movements. 5. Emphasis - is the art principle by which the eye is carried first to the most important thing in any arrangement, and from that point to every other detail in order of its importance. 21  COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Cagamutan Norte, Leganes, Iloilo - 5003 Tel. # (033) 396-2291 ; Fax : (033) 5248081 Email Address : [email protected] Assignment: 1. What happens when a piece of music is improperly played? 2. Is texture and color important elements in painting? Why? 3. What is the importance of variety in art? 4. How does an essay hold the interest of its reader? 5. How is value achieved in art? Topic 5: Art History and Development 5.1 Architecture and its Different Styles Architectural style is characterized by the features that make a building or other structure notable and historically identifiable. It is a collection of external influences that shape the materiality, method of construction, and form of a building, helping it to be identified and characterized in both historical and design terms. A style may include such elements, as form, method of construction, building materials, and regional character. BAROQUE ART  This is characterized by movement, energy and restlessness. The compositions of baroque painting employ diagonal and zigzag lines that best express the vitality and movement quality of baroque art.  The baroque style of architecture prevailed in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries and was characterized by elaborate and grotesque forms and ornamentations.  Baroque style in architecture is marked by heavy sculptural, extravagantly ornamental façade, the giant twisted columns, broken pediments and a variety of 22  COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Cagamutan Norte, Leganes, Iloilo - 5003 Tel. # (033) 396-2291 ; Fax : (033) 5248081 Email Address : [email protected] motifs such as scrolls, scallops, trellises, urns and angels. GOTHIC ART  This style of architecture originated in the middle of the century.  It is characterized by pointed arch and ribbed vault.  The Gothic Cathedral with its high, pointed spiral strivings upwards to the sky, illustrates the symbol and expression of faith.  In this style of architecture, all the important features of the structure served to emphasize its verticality.  Evident in this type of building are the column and the compounded piers (groups of columns) that are slender. The San Sebastian Church in Manila typifies the Gothic style of architecture. MODERN ART  It is characterized by contemporary styles of visual art, music and literature.  It rejects traditionally accepted or sanctioned forms and emphasizes individual experimentation and sensibility.  It is the result of various social factors at the turn of the century that saw the marked advancement of science and technology. STYLES OF ART 1. Expressionism  It a manner of painting and sculpturing in which natural forms and colors are distorted and exaggerated.  It is developed in the 20th century and is characterized chiefly by heavy, often black lines that define form, sharply contrasting, often vivid colors and subjective treatment of thematic materials. 2. Surrealism  It stresses the subconscious and non-rational significance of imagery arrived at automatism or exploitation of chance effects, and symbolistic objects. 23  COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Cagamutan Norte, Leganes, Iloilo - 5003 Tel. # (033) 396-2291 ; Fax : (033) 5248081 Email Address : [email protected]  As an artistic style and movement, drew its impulse from the psychological methods of Freud, particularly, the association and interpretation of dreams.  Surrealistic paintings are manifested for their haunting, dream-like often ominous imagery. 3. Realism  Interest and concerns of this type centered around the actual or real problems.  It delves the treatment of forms, colors, space, as they appear in actuality or ordinary visual experience. 4. Impressionism  It is a style of painting develop in the last third of 19 th century.  It is characterized by short brisk strokes of bright colors used to recreate the impression of light on objects. 5. Cubism  It is a style of painting and sculpture developed in the early 20 th century.  Developed by Picasso and Braque which characterized by an emphasis on the formal structure of a work of art and the reduction of natural forms of their geometrical equivalent. 6. Abstract Art  Conceived apart from any concrete realities or specific objects.  It pertains to the formal aspect of art emphasizing lines, colors and generalized geometric forms.  This kind of art is a logical extension of cubism with its fragmentation of the object. RENAISSANCE ART  Renaissance comes from a French language meaning, “rebirth”.  A period of economic progress where cities were built.  The period stirred enthusiasm for the philosophy and artistic values of the ancients.  The ideals of classicism – balance, harmony, proportion and intellectual order 24  COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Cagamutan Norte, Leganes, Iloilo - 5003 Tel. # (033) 396-2291 ; Fax : (033) 5248081 Email Address : [email protected] became the artistic standard of the time. PAINTING AND SCULPTURE  Important characteristic of the period was the spirit of scientific inquiry and investigation of the senses.  The artists strove for a more naturalistic portrayal of man and developed new techniques such as modelling and shading for a three-dimensional effect.  This new and vital approach to the material world led to empiricism, which laid of then evidence  Renaissance artist tried other mediums in art.  In portraits, the human face became more expressive with the use of sfumato, a modelling technique which consisted the blurring sharp outlines with subtle tonal gradations. ARCHITECTURE  It falls under two major fields- art and science. Therefore, it is an art and science of building structures  As an art, it aims to satisfy the requirements of aesthetics of a building without disregarding the need for a sound structure with complete utilities. Different types of architecture can be traced from ancient civilization which includes: 1. Egyptian Architecture- most outstanding structures include pyramids, temples and mastabas among others. Their massive funerary monuments built of stone for permanence, features post-and lintel construction. 2. Greek Architecture- essentially columnar and trabeated. Greece developed three types of columns, formally called an order, which are the Doric, Ionic and Corinthian. 25  COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Cagamutan Norte, Leganes, Iloilo - 5003 Tel. # (033) 396-2291 ; Fax : (033) 5248081 Email Address : [email protected] 3. Roman Architecture- They was greatly influenced by the Greeks and they imitated Greek patterns. They are credited for the development of the use of vaults and arches. Influences of architecture on man and on design 1. Geographical 2. Geological 3. Climatic 4. Religious 5. Social 6. Historical Kinds of Architecture according to functions: 1. Interior Design- creation or the design of the interior of the house to suit the personality, needs and lifestyle of persons living in it. 2. Landscaping- design and development of landscape and garden to capture the needs of the environment. 3. Fine Arts- purely aesthetic art as distinguished from useful art. 4. Urban Planning – bridge between the professions between urban planning and architecture. THE STYLES OF ARCHITECTURE A. Egyptian Architecture (3200 B.C. to First Century A.D)  The gigantic scale which distinguishes Egyptian Architecture was made possible not only by the materials but also by the methods of quarrying, transporting and raising enormous blocks of stones into positions. They are known for their unique pyramids. B. Greek Architecture (350-30 B.C.)  the history of Greek art is divided into three principal periods 1. archaic period – it is a principal period of Greek art where the arts manifested the influence of earlier civilizations, such as those of Mesopotamia and Egypt, in their linear, geometric tendency and style forms. This was seen in pottery with its variety of geometric designs and highly stylized human figures. 2. Classical or Hellenic Period- Greek architecture was essentially columnar and trabeated. It had been mostly of a religious character. It is also known as the Golden Age of Athens or or the Age of Pericles. 26  COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Cagamutan Norte, Leganes, Iloilo - 5003 Tel. # (033) 396-2291 ; Fax : (033) 5248081 Email Address : [email protected] 3. Hellenistic Period- This period provided much of the decorative inspiration of some Roman building types. C. Roman Architecture (300 B.C. – A.D. 365)  Romans adopted the columnar and trabeated style of the Greeks.  They added the Fourth and the Fifth orders of architecture, the Tuscan and the Composite orders, the first three orders being the Ionic, Doric and the Corinthians. D. Romanesque Architecture  The general character of the Romanesque style is sober and dignified, while formal massing depends on the grouping of towers and the projection of transepts and choir.  The character depends on the employment of vaulting, based initially on Roman methods. E. Byzantine Architecture (5th Century to the Present Day)  As determined by the novel development of the dome to cover polygonal and square plans for churches, tombs and baptisteries. F. Early Christian Architecture (313- 800)  In their churches modeled in Roman Basilicas, they used old columns which by various devices were brought to a uniform height. Basilica churches with three or five aisles, covered by a simple timber roof, is typical of the early Christian style. G. Islamic Architecture (7th Century to the Present Day)  Islamic architecture is fundamentally centered upon God.  At its heart is the Mosque, and inward-looking building where the prim purpose is contemplation and prayer.  In here, there is no positive object of attention or of adoration. H. Renaissance Architecture 15th to 19th Century)  It brought to the construction of aristocratic residences, the palazzos, as well as churches. Renaissance architecture observed objectives, mathematical standards of measurement and proportion, in accordance with the scientific spirit of the age. 1. The Early Period (1494- 1589)  The special character of this transitional period lies in the combination of the Gothic and Renaissance features to form a picturesque ensemble such as the flying buttresses of 27  COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Cagamutan Norte, Leganes, Iloilo - 5003 Tel. # (033) 396-2291 ; Fax : (033) 5248081 Email Address : [email protected] pinnacles. The principal buildings during this period were castles in the countries around Paris. 2. The classical Period (1589-1715)  This period id notable for the dignity, sobriety, and masculine quality of its foremost buildings. 3. Modern Architecture  Skeleton construction is a development of the modern times and on it most of our great modern structures depend.  It was made possible by the development of two materials: structural steel and reinforced concrete. 5.2 Cantilever Construction and Interior Design Cantilever Construction  It is a special form of steel and reinforced concrete construction.  This term refers to any member or unit of an architectural design which project beyond its support.  The cantilever principle is often seen in bridges. Interior Design  One of the oldest arts ever developed since the birth of man’s civilization.  It is considered as one of the essential components of living although most of the times unknown to the developer or user of the space.  It was conceived through the desire of comfort, convenience and attempts at beautification of dwelling units. 28  COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Cagamutan Norte, Leganes, Iloilo - 5003 Tel. # (033) 396-2291 ; Fax : (033) 5248081 Email Address : [email protected] 5.3 Influences that Dictates the Character of Particular Design  The changing circumstances of modern man- with the increase of leisure time, brought about by shorter working hours, the greater informality of his living habits- are reflected in this approach to the environment and the interior in which he lives. There are factors that make up one of the most important elements of interior design- the style and period. Significance of Architecture in the Evolution of Interior Design  One of the influences that dictate a particular design is the architecture of the structure that is why his art and science is significant to the study of interior design. Interior Design – is a fluid art and a corollary of architecture. 5.4 Elements of Interior Design ELEMENTS OF INTERIOR DESIGN 1. Basic consideration 2. The overall plan 3. Style and Period 4. Color and Color Schemes (Psychological Effects) 5. Windows and Window Treatment 6. Floors and Floor Coverings 7. Lighting and Lamps 8. Accessories 9. Room Arrangement All the elements of design, namely scale, proportion, balance, emphasis, harmony as well as the budget, must be considered in order to achieve a satisfactory interior. Traffic patterns must be established and wall space and dimensions considered. 29  COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Cagamutan Norte, Leganes, Iloilo - 5003 Tel. # (033) 396-2291 ; Fax : (033) 5248081 Email Address : [email protected] Assignment 1. What is the importance of architecture? 2. What does Roman architecture expresses? 3. What are the qualities of Gothic art? 4. How does realism differ from surrealism? 5. What are the ideas behind abstract art? REFERENCES: A Native American encyclopedia (2000) by Pritzker The Encyclopedia of world cultures (1996) by Levinson Arts and Humanities by Brenda Jo Brueggemann https://libguides.unm.edu/reference/humanities https://www.amazon.com/World-Art-Books-Carte-8th/dp/0134082265 https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/arts-and-humanities/book234970 30