Philippine Arts History & Culture PDF

**POINTERS IN COR 012** MODULE 1 HUMANITIES - Came from a Latin Word ***"humanus"***, which means **human, cultured, and refine.** - **refer to the study of human culture, history, literature, philosophy, and languages.** **ARTS** - **Is derived from a Latin word "ars", which mea...

**POINTERS IN COR 012** MODULE 1 HUMANITIES - Came from a Latin Word ***"humanus"***, which means **human, cultured, and refine.** - **refer to the study of human culture, history, literature, philosophy, and languages.** **ARTS** - **Is derived from a Latin word "ars", which means ability or skill. It refers to something that is created with imagination and skill and that is beautiful or that expresses important ideas or feelings.** Philippine Contemporary Arts refers to the work of art that developed since the beginning of civilization in the Philippines up to the present era. Screenshot 2024-09-21 120801.png MODULE 2 **Indigenous Philippine Art** - art made by the indigenous peoples of the Philippines. **Sculpture** is a three-dimensional artwork created by shaping or combining hard materials like stone, metal, glasswood, or plastics, with carving being a technique used. **IFUGAO SCULPTURE** **Bul-ul (ANITO)** - Anito figures of the Ifugaos. Granary gods (guardians of the harvest) **Hagabi (CHAIR)** - Chair made of "**Narra"** (An individual who owns this chair is commonly the highest class of individual in the society) **MARANAO SCULPTURE** **Torogan (traditional house of the Maranaos)** - once a symbol of high social status (Royal houses of a sultan or datu in the Maranaw) community. **[Panolong (carved end beam of Tonogan)]** **[Sarimanok]** - One of the oldest well known designs from the Maranao people of Mindanao. - usually **stands on a fish and another one hangs from its beak.** The wooded figure, usually perched atop a bamboo pole, stands among **decorative flags during** **weddings and other festive occasions.** **[POTTERY]** - form of art which starts from **wet clay hardened by baking** **[Palayok ]** - clay pot used as the traditional food preparation in the Philippines. **[Manunggul Jars (Burial Jars)]** - are found in Tabon Cave at Lipuun Point at Palawan. - The actual of manunggul jar is 66.5cm (26.2 in); 51cm diameter (20in). - considered as one of the national treasures **[Weaving]** - passing thread or strands of material over each other (include hats, mats, bags, baskets, and textiles like cloths and blankets) MARANAO WEAVING **[Malong bearing okir designs.]** - Common colors are, red, yellow, green, blue or violet. Red is the favorite color along yellow, these colors represent royalty and aristocracy. **[OKIR A DATU (]Gentlemen's Design)** - dominant patterns used are commonly spiral inform. **[OKIR A BAY (Ladies Design)]** - dominant patterns are the zigzag and the angular forms. **[Tapis(ALAMPAY)]** - wrapping the cloth around one's waist and holding the ends together with the use of a tightly tied sash. [**Physical Ornaments** ] centered on storytelling, used to convey knowledge of land, events, and Aboriginal beliefs. **[Pintados]** **[(tattooed indigenous Cebuano Visayan People)]** - men are known for their tattoo art which often covers most of their bodies. **[Boaya(head-hunting necklace)]** - Made with shell, boar tusk, rattan, fiber, and bone **[Linglingo (Ifugao's warrior silver earrings or necklaces)]** **[Bawisak is Filipino physical ornaments made of bead and shell.]** [ ] **[MODULE 3]** **[Disciplines in art are distinct but not independent. ]** **[Integrated artworks ]** combination of various disciplines to create expressive works. **[The Evolution of Philippine Arts to Its Contemporary Form]** - Traditional ethnic art forms like pottery, weaving, and metalwork persisted despite colonization. - New influences emerged from Spanish friars and Chinese traders, who introduced sculpture (through religious icons), Chinese brush painting techniques, and engraving. - Patronage became common, where artisans were paid to create art, shifting from communal, ritual-based creations to commissioned works. - Influences from both Eastern and Western cultures shaped Filipino art. **[The Face of Contemporary Art in the Philippines]** - Modern Filipino artists have greater freedom to explore their creativity. - Many contemporary works reflect a deep love for the country and its evolving culture. - Artists are influenced by both Eastern and Western cultures while maintaining strong Filipino roots. - While the style may be universal, the content remains distinctly local. - Artists often use color to express emotions rather than intellectual ideas. **[MODULE 4]**  **[MODULE 5]**   **[MODULE 6]** **[Ilocos Region (Region I)]** - established on **September 24, 1972** by **Presidential Decree No. 1** under President Ferdinand Marcos, organizing the Philippines into **11 regions**. It is located in the **northwest of Luzon**, bordered by the **Cordillera Administrative Region**, **Cagayan Valley**, and **Central Luzon**, with the **West Philippine Sea** to the west - covers **4 provinces**, namely, **Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union, and Pangasinan.** - **Ilocanos** are one of the **largest ethno-linguistic groups** in the country. - Strongly influenced by **Christianity**, reflected in **old Spanish churches** and **colonial-era houses**. - **Paoay Church** and the **old houses of Vigan** are historical landmarks that persist today [**ILOCANO** or **INABEL fabric**(**handwoven cloth**)] - Made from **cotton**, using the process of **BINATBATAN** (beating cotton balls with bamboo sticks to remove seeds). - Traditional threads are dyed using **SAGUT sap**, although **artificial dyes** are now common for commercial use. - Inabel fabric is used to create **blankets**, **bags**, **camisa-chino**, **bed linens**, and more. - **PANAGABEL** is the **weaving tradition** of the Ilocanos, one of the **oldest traditions** inherited from their ancestors. The loom's ingredient is **tilar (sinulid)**. - Ilocanos are known for dishes like **pakbet** and **dinengdeng**. - In literature, the **Biag ni Lam-ang** epic, transcribed by **Pedro Bucaneg** (Father of Iloco Literature), is a cultural treasure of the Ilocos Region. - **Bolinao, Pangasinan** is well-known for **banig (buri) weaving**. - **Banig weaving** is a traditional art form using **buri**, **pandanus**, or **sea grass leaves**. -the process involves **drying**, **dyeing**, **cutting**, and **weaving** the leaves into **intricate mats**. The beauty is found in the **geometric patterns** and the rhythmic, **sequential folding** of the strips. **[MODULE 7]** [The **Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)** ] - is located in **Luzon**, Philippines. It is the only **landlocked region** in the country, bordered by the **Ilocos Region** to the west and southwest, and **Cagayan Valley** to the north, east, and southeast. - The region is composed of 6 provinces: **Abra**, **Apayao**, **Benguet**, **Ifugao**, **Kalinga**, and **Mountain Province**. The regional center is **Baguio City**. CAR was officially created on **July 15, 1987**, and is home to the **Igorot** indigenous peoples. **BENGUET** - is home to **Cordillerians (Igorots)**, including groups like **Tagalogs**, **Ibalois**, **Ilocanos**, **Kankanaey**, and **Ikalahan**. -  **Igorots** are **hillside dwellers**, known for their **farming on terraces** carved from the mountains. - Their artistic expressions are tied to farming, such as **TINALIK baskets** made from **rattan**. **KALINGA** - Known for their **cloth weaving** and **basketry**, among the finest in the region. - Textiles are characterized by **red stripes**, **geometric patterns**, and **nature symbols**, with **white**, **yellow**, and **black fibers**. **IFUGAO** - **Ifugao** means \"people from the hills.\" - Their arts and culture center around **rice**, considered a prestigious crop. - **IKAT** (**diamond motifs**, **white and red stripes**, and **dominant blue**) - **Weaving** is a task exclusive to **women**. - Skilled in **basket weaving**, with various basket types for different purposes. - **LINGLING-O** or **DINUMUG** (amulets), made from **beads**, **gold**, **bronze**, and other materials, symbolizing **fertility** **MOUNTAIN PROVINCE** - The **Cordillera Central Mountain** is known for its **unique burial techniques**, including **hanging coffins** and **mummified bodies**. - The **KADANGYAN burial cloth** is woven by **grandmothers** and is traditionally used by **wealthy individuals**. - **Tattoo art** is a form of **folk art**, symbolizing **heroism** and **community status**. - People from **Bontoc, Mountain Province** are skilled weavers, using fabrics called **SINIWSIWAN** for **blankets** and **clothing**. - **Men\'s g-strings** are made from this fabric, while women use it for **wraparounds** known as **GETUP** or **LUFID**. - Bontoc motifs feature **geometric shapes** representing **man**, **lizard**, **mountain**, **rain**, and **flowers**. **ABRA** - Use **natural dye for fabric cloth**; they are **still practicing loom weaving**. - Embellish the woven fabric cloth of **embroideries in their fabrics.** **[MODULE 9]** **Philippine music** - **genres** from diverse **geographical** and **historical origins**. - Over **100 ethnolinguistic groups** and various **social and cultural situations** in the Philippines. - Music genres: 1. **Asian oral traditions** 2. **Westernized oral traditions** 3. **Western-influenced art** and **popular music**, as well as **semi-classical music**. **Indigenous Philippine Music:** - Found in villages in the **Cordillera**, **Palawan**, **Mindoro**, **eastern Mindanao**, predominantly **Muslim communities** in western Mindanao and Sulu, and various **Negrito communities**. - Typically performed during **rites of passage**, **life cycle events**, and **occupational activities**. - Involves **dancing**, **community participation**, and solo or small group performances without much movement.  **Philippine Folk Music:** - Originates in rural **Christian communities** in **Luzon**, **Visayas**, and **lowland Mindanao**. - Evolved through **Spanish colonial influences**, local assimilation of **Western religious traditions**, and adaptation of **pre-colonial tunes**. - Present in **religious** and **entertainment** contexts, particularly in **marriage** and **funeral ceremonies**. **Urban Philippine Music:** - Composers have created works in various genres, including **Western art forms**, **Latin American**, **jazz**, **country**, **rock**, **folk**, **rap**, and modern **theatrical forms**. - Includes three main ensembles: **band**, **rondalla**, and **chorus**. - **Band repertoire** includes **marches**, **overtures**, and **folk tunes**; **rondalla** repertoire is similar, introduced by Spain. - **Choral music** has expanded to include folksong arrangements, old masses, hymns, and locally composed operas and **sarswelas**. **Contemporary Music:** - Combines elements of **Western art music** and current entertainment trends. - Features works from various styles, including **impressionism**, **expressionism**, **neo-classicism**, and **avant-garde**. - Many pieces utilize classical formats like **concertos**, **symphonies**, and **cantatas**, with influences from **Debussy** and non-Western instruments integrated into the musi **Renowned Filipino Artists in Music** 1. **Nicanor Henson Abelardo** - **February 7, 1893 -- March 21, 1934** - Composer - Finished his first composition, **"Ang Unang Buko,"** at age 8. - Became head of the **Conservatory of Music** in 1921. - Also composed **"UP Naming Mahal."** 2. **[Levi Celerio]** - **April 30, 1910 - April 2, 2002** - Composer and lyricist - Youngest member of the **Manila Symphony Orchestra**. - Known as the **"Leaf Player"** in the Guinness Book of World Records. - Named **National Artist of the Philippines for Music**. - Received a **lifetime achievement award** for numerous film songs. 3. **[Ryan Cayabyab]** - Born on **May 4, 1954** to a poor family. - Shifted to music after his mother's dying wish and earned a scholarship from Senator **Salvador Laurel**. - Currently the **Executive and Artistic Director** of the **San Miguel Foundation for the Performing Arts**. - Winner of numerous awards, including **CCP Centennial Honors for the Arts** and **Lifetime Achievement Award** for promoting Filipino music. 4. **[Francis Magalona]** - Born **October 4, 1964**. - Rapper, songwriter, actor, director, and producer. - Helped popularize **Pinoy Rock**. - Most songs have a **nationalistic flavor**. - Received the **Pioneer Hall of Fame Award** in 2005 at the **1st Annual Hip-Hop Music Awards**. - Founded his own record company, **Red Egg Records**, and production company, **Filipino Pictures, Inc.**  **ETHNIC DANCE** - Expresses movement aesthetics and community life. - Celebrates **birth**, **baptism**, **courtship**, and **death**. - Transforms daily activities into **celebratory performances**.  **SOCIAL DANCE** - **Couples\' dance**; includes **ballroom dance**. - Originated among **Italian** and **French aristocracy**. - Examples: **cha-cha-cha**, **waltz**, **swing**, **tango**. - **Folk Dance**: Specific to distinct cultures. **Renowned Filipinos in Film and Broadcasting** 1. **Catalino Ortiz Brocka (Lino Brocka)** - **Birth:** April 3, 1939 -- **Death:** May 21, 1991 - **Profession:** Film director - **Significance:** Regarded as one of the most influential filmmakers in Philippine cinema history. - **Contributions:** - Founded the **Concerned Artists of the Philippines (CAP)** in 1983 to address artists\' issues. - Posthumously awarded the **National Artist of the Philippines for Film** in 1997. 2. **Ishmael Bernal** - **Birth:** September 30, 1938 -- **Death:** June 2, 1996 - **Profession:** Film, stage, and television director, actor, and screenwriter. - **Notable Works:** Directed landmark films such as: - *Nunal sa Tubig* (1975) - *City After Dark* (1980) - *Relasyon* (1982) - *Himala* (1982) - *Hinugot sa Langit* (1985) - **Recognition:** Declared **National Artist of the Philippines for Film** in 2001. **BALLET** - Elegant and physically demanding theatrical dance. - Uses formalized steps and music to convey **emotions** and **stories**.  **CONTEMPORARY DANCE** - Blends **ballet**, **jazz**, **modern**, and **lyrical** dance. - A form of **storytelling** and can address **ethical values** and **social issues**. - Performed to various **musical styles** or **silence** **Renowned Filipino Dancers** 1. **Francisca Reyes Aquino** - **Mar 9, 1899 -- Nov 21, 1983** - First **National Artist in Dance** (1973) - Known as the **Folk-Dance Pioneer**; first to gain national and international recognition. 2. **Leonor Orosa Goquingco** - **National Artist for Dance** (1976) - **Mother of Philippine Dance Theater** and Dean of Filipino Performing Arts Critics. 3. **Lucrecia Reyes-Urtula** - **National Artist for Dance** (1988) - One of the pillars of **Philippine folk dance**. 4. **Alice Reyes** - **National Artist for Dance** (2014) - Artistic Director of **Ballet Philippines** (1990-1991). 5. **Remedios de Oteyza** - Noted for **abstract ballet**. 6. **Ligaya Francisco-Amilbangsa** - **Ramon Magsaysay Awardee** for research on **pangalay** (pre-Islamic traditional dance). 7. **Anita Kane** - Renowned choreographer and dance teacher. - Introduced **classic ballet** to the Philippines and founded the **Pamana Ballet Company** (1963). 8. **Lisa Macuja-Elizalde** - Filipina **prima ballerina**. - First soloist foreigner to join the **Kirov Ballet** in Saint Petersburg, Russia. - Established her own company, **Ballet Manila** (1995). **[MODULE 11]**  The concept of **\"actor\"** in Philippine theatre is influenced by the country\'s **postcolonial identity** and **Western cultural traditions**.  Offers a variety of performances, including: - **Sarswela** - **Variety Shows** - **Modern Concerts**  Theatre plays a significant role in the **entertainment landscape** of the Philippines, utilizing various technologies: - **TV shows** - **Media advertisements** - **Radio broadcasting** - **Social media hosting**  Filipinos have a strong interest in **watching stage presentations**.  The evolution of Philippine theatre reflects **cultural traditions** and **historical influences**.  Philippine theatre showcases the **diversity** and **richness** of entertainment available through technology.  The Philippines has a **rich performing arts tradition** that dates back to **pre-modern theater forms** such as: - **Straight plays** - **Musicals**  This tradition encompasses: - **Folk legends** - **Intellectual debates** - **Pagan practices** - **Religious celebrations**  Influenced significantly by **colonization**, contributing to its diverse forms.  **Principal Types/Genres of Film** 1. **Action Pictures** - Focus on adventure and detective themes. - *Examples: Mistah, Tiktik* 2. **Historical Films** - Narrate historical events, depicting reality based on historical contexts. - *Examples: Heneral Luna, Goyo* 3. **Documentary Films** - Educational films that tell true and accurate stories about real-life situations. - *Examples: Why is Yellow the Middle of the Rainbow?, Give Up Tomorrow* 4. **Comedy** - Aims for entertainment with a deeper message. - *Examples: Kimmy Dora, Petrang Kabayo* 5. **Horror** - Revolves around scary concepts like ghosts and monsters. - *Examples: Feng Shui, Sukob* 6. **Drama** - Focuses on serious narratives about human experiences and struggles. - *Examples: Crazy Beautiful You, Lola Igna* 7. **Mystery** - *Example: The Healing* 8. **Romance** - *Example: Hello, Love, Goodbye* 9. **Fantasy** - *Example: Ulan* 10. **Thriller** - Includes crime, disaster, psychological, and techno themes. - *Example: Verdict* **Philippine Television** - **Number of TV Stations:** Less than 300 - **Dominant Networks:** - **Associated Broadcasting Company (ABC 5)** - **ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corp. (TV 2)** - **GMA Network (TV 7)** - **Variety of Shows:** - Filipino and foreign dramas - Variety shows - Religious segments - News - Cartoons - Educational shows - Musical performances - **Government-Controlled Television:** Less popular among audiences - **National Broadcasting Network, Inc. (NBN-TV4)** - **Radio Philippine Network (RPN TV 9)** - **Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation (IBC-13)** **Philippine Radio** - **Number of Radio Stations:** More than a thousand in AM and FM bands - **Dominant Networks:** - **Bombo Radyo Philippines** - **Manila Broadcasting Corporation** **[MODULE 12]** **Painting in the Philippines** - **Definition:** Painting is the expression of ideas and emotions, creating aesthetic qualities in a two-dimensional visual language. It represents the painter\'s identity. - **Historical Context:** - **16th Century:** Artistic paintings were introduced to Filipinos with the arrival of the Spaniards. - **Religious Purpose:** Spaniards used paintings as religious propaganda to spread Catholicism, primarily featuring religious figures on church walls. - **19th Century Shift:** - Wealthier, educated Filipinos began to introduce more secular themes in art, leading to a deviation from religious motifs in Filipino painting.