Socsci 2 Module 7-8 PDF

**INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE IN SOCSCI 2** ***Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics*** ***Module 7-8*** **CONTENT:** a. Human rights b. Social equity c. Gender equality d. Participatory development **LEARNING COMPETENCIES:** At the end of the week, learners are expected to: a. human...

**INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE IN SOCSCI 2** ***Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics*** ***Module 7-8*** **CONTENT:** a. Human rights b. Social equity c. Gender equality d. Participatory development **LEARNING COMPETENCIES:** At the end of the week, learners are expected to: a. human rights; b. social equity; c. gender equality; and d. participatory development. **LEARNING RESOURCES:** 1. Ariola, M. *Community Engagement, Solidarity and Citizenship*: Unlimited Books Library Services & Publishing Inc. **DISCUSSION:** **WHAT ARE HUMAN RIGHTS?** Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, whatever our nationality place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, color, religion, language, or any other status. We are all equally entitled to our human rights without discrimination. These rights are all interrelated, interdependent and indivisible. Universal human rights are often expressed and guaranteed by law, in the forms of treaties, customary international law. International human rights law lays obligations of governments to act in certain ways or to refrain from certain acts, in order to promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms down individuals or groups **UNIVERSAL AND INALIENABLE** The principle of universality of human rights is the cornerstone of international human rights law. This principle, as first emphasized in the Universal Declaration on Human Rights in 1948, has been reiterated in numerous international human rights conventions, declarations, and resolutions. The 1993 Vienna World Conference on Human Rights, for example, noted that it is the duty of States to promote and protect all human rights and fundamental freedoms, regardless of their political, economic and cultural system. Human rights are inalienable. They should not be taken away, except in specific situations and according to due process. For example, the right to liberty may be restricted if a person is found guilty of a crime by a court of law. **INTERDEPENDENT AND INDIVISIBLE** All human rights are indivisible, whether they are civil and political rights, such as the right to life, equality before the law and freedom of expression; economic, social and cultural rights, such as the rights to work, social security and education, or collective rights, such as the rights to development and self- determination, are indivisible, interrelated and interdependent. The improvement of one right facilitates advancement of the others. Likewise, the deprivation of one right adversely affects the others. **EQUAL AND NON-DISCRIMINATORY** Non-discrimination is a cross-cutting principle in international human rights law. The principle is present in all the major human rights treaties and provides the central theme of some of international human rights conventions such as the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination against Women. The principle applies to everyone in relation to all human rights and freedoms and it prohibits discrimination on the basis of a list of non-exhaustive categories such sex, race, color, and so on. The principle of non-discrimination is complemented by the principle of equality, as stated in Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: \"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights." **BOTH RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS** Human rights entail both rights and obligations. States assume obligations and duties under international law to respect, to protect and to fulfill human rights. The obligation to respect means that States must refrain from interfering with or curtailing the enjoyment of human rights. The obligation to protect requires States to protect individuals and groups against human rights abuses. The obligation to fulfill means that States must take positive action to facilitate the enjoyment of basic human rights. At the individual level, while we are entitled to our human rights, we should also respect the human rights of others. **CORE VALUES** **OF HUMAN RIGHTS** Human rights are guided by the following core value: 1. **Integrity, Transparency, and Accountability:** operates with the highest level of integrity in its administrative, service, and outreach activities. 2. **Professionalism and responsiveness:** strives to find solutions that meet the needs and preferences of individuals and communities through direct service or referrals to other providers. 3. **Advocacy:** educates the public on Human Rights and Good Governance, and advocates for the long-term best interest of people and communities through widespread implementation of Human Rights and Good Governance practices. 4. **Focus and direction:** always make sure that activities do not depart from the assigned goals and objectives 5. **Partnership and Collegial Spirit:** works with a wide variety of partners and always make sure that partners\' and stakeholders\' views are heard throughout the decision-making process. 6. **Social Responsibility:** is materialized by a commitment to ensure free legal aid especially to vulnerable and poor persons. 7. **Mutual Respect and Tolerance:** be aware of people's differences and work to ensure that every human being is treated with respect and dignity at every time. 8. **Entrepreneurship:** regularly explores new approaches to Human Rights and Good Governance for the best interest of the served communities. 9. **Financial Sustainability:** be an advocate and service provider for many. Therefore, strive to deliver on your mission with thoughtful strategic choices that foster financial sustainability. 10. **Networking and Internationalization:** consistently seeks global partner organizations. Simultaneously, explores ways to extend activities to other countries of the globe. **Additional Core Values of Human Rights:** - Service with humility - Independence- including fairness, objectivity and impartiality - Inclusiveness- ensuring diversity - Accessibility- ensuring empathy, tolerance and understanding - Collaboration Making rights real **PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN RIGHTS** Human rights are universal and inalienable; indivisible; interdependent and interrelated. They are universal because everyone is born with and possesses the same rights, regardless of where they live, their gender or race, or their religious cultural or ethnic background. Inalienable - because people\'s rights can never be taken away. Indivisible and interdependent - because all rights\--political, civil. Social, cultural and economic - are equal in importance and none can be fully enjoyed without the others. They apply to all equally, and all have the right to participate in decisions that affect their lives. They are upheld by the rule of law and strengthened through legitimate claims for duty-bearers to be accountable to international standards. 1. **Universality and Inalienability:** Human rights are universal and inalienable. All people everywhere in the world are entitled to them. The universality of human rights is encompassed in Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 2. **Indivisibility:** Human rights are indivisible. Whether they relate to civil, cultural, economic, political or social issues, human rights are inherent to the dignity of every human person. Consequently, all human rights have equal status, and cannot be positioned in a hierarchical order. Denial of one right invariably impedes enjoyment of other rights. Thus, the right of everyone to an adequate standard of living cannot be compromised at the expense of other rights, such as the right to health or the right to education. 3. **Interdependence and Interrelatedness:** Human rights are interdependent contributes to the realization of a person\'s human through the satisfaction of his or her developmental, physical, psychological and spiritual needs. The fulfillment or one right often depends, wholly or in part, upon the fulfillment of others. For instance, fulfillment of the right to health may depend, in certain circumstances, on fulfillment of the right to development, to education or to information. 4. **Equality and Non-discrimination:** All individuals are equal as human beings and by virtue of the inherent dignity of each human person. No one, there ore should suffer discrimination on the basis of race, color, ethnicity, gender, language, sexual orientation, religion, political or other opinion, national, social or geographical origin, disability, property, birth or other status as establish by human rights standards. 5. **Participation and Inclusion:** All people have the right to participate in and access to information relating to the decision-making processes that affect the well-being. Rights-based approaches require a high degree of participation by communities, civil society, minorities, women, young people, indigenous People and other identified groups. 6. **Accountability and Rule of Law:** States and other duty-bearers are answerable for the observance of human rights. In this regard, they have to comply with the legal norms and standards enshrined in international human rights instruments. Where they tail to do so, aggrieved rights-holders are entitled to institute proceedings for appropriate redress before a competent court or other adjudicator in accordance with the rules and procedures provided by law. Individuals, the media, civil society and the international community play important roles in holding governments accountable for their obligation to uphold human rights. UNFPA supports the integration of human rights standards into all stages of its programming framework, including: - Analyzing the immediate, underlying and structural causes of human rights violations. - Setting strategies and goals to address the main causes of human rights violations and to empower the most vulnerable people as well as to reinforce the capacity of duty bearers. - Supporting initiatives for the establishment or improvement of an enabling legal and social framework on population and development, reproductive health and gender equality. - Following the recommendation of UN treaty bodies such as the Committee on Elimination of Discrimination Against Woman - Evaluating and monitoring programs with participatory processes and using human rights indicators UNFPA also recognizes that a rights-based approach should be found an analysis of gender and social exclusion to ensure that programs reach marginal and vulnerable segments of the population, especially poor women and young people. **SOCIAL JUSTICE** Social justice is enshrined in the Philippine Constitution specifically in Article XIII, Section 1 to 19. Social justice is not a mere slogan to express concerns for plight of the poor and destitute. It is a mandate of the constitution which requires adoption of the State of measure that will promote the right of all people in equality of opportunities in all human endeavor and equitable sharing of socio-economic benefits that will ameliorate the standard of living of the under-privilege group of people. **CORE VALUES OF SOCIAL JUSTICE** 1. Commitment to the common good 2. Protection of human life and dignity 3. Accountability 4. Responsibility 5. Rehabilitation 6. Concern for others **PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING SOCIAL JUSTICE** 1. Promotion of equality of opportunity 2. Promotion of full employment and equal work opportunities 3. Promotion of the right to health 4. Respect and recognition of people\'s organizations 5. Promotion of humane conditions of work 6. Fair and just compensation 7. Participation in policy and decision-making **AWARENESS OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE COMMUNITES** The State shall promote social justice in all phases of national development to ensure dignity, welfare and security of the people. Specifically, the State shall: - Protect and enhance the right of all the people to human dignity. - - The people should be aware that social justice promotes equality of opportunity in the following: - Distribution of lands to endless farmers. - Maintenance of free education up to public high schools and lately to SUC - Grant of scholarship to poor but deserving students - Encouragement of non-formal training or the alternative learning system (ALS) - Grant of 20% discount to senior citizens and persons with disabilities - Development of cooperatives - Prohibition of private monopolies - Protection of the rights of indigenous cultural minorities - The requirements that taxation shall be uniform, equitable and progressive so that greatest burden shall fall more on those better able to pay - Taxation reform program in which those earning PHP200K or less annually is exempted from payment of income tax. Every worker has the right to form labor unions or join trade unions of his choices for the protection of his socio-economic interest. Workers are granted the right to participate with management in the formulation of policies or decisions that affect them such as minimum wages, maximum hours of work, working conditions, social security, self-organization, day-offs, company description, transfer of reassignments. As agrarian reform program is concerned, the people in the community must be aware that the aspect of agrarian reform program includes transfer of land ownership, a package of support services consisting of credit, legal aid, infrastructure, electrification, cooperative development, farm mechanization and other services. Natural resource of the country cannot be alienated but can be covered by agrarian reform with respect to non-disposable natural resources of stewardship. The agrarian reform program is founded on the right of farmers and workers to own the lands they till and under stewardship principles, the farmers exercise responsible care over property entrusted in their possession over freely use and occupy but have no legend title of them. Subsistence fishermen and fish washers have also the right to be protected in the use of commercial marine and fishing resource, provide them with appropriate technology, research, adequate financial productions and marketing assistance a case in and to protect their offshore fishing grounds against foreign intrusion---a case in issue is the "tong" being asked by China Coast Guards from the catch of Zambales fisherman. In many instances too, Filipino fishermen are driven out from our own territory by the Chinese Coast Guards. The Philippine govern deal on this problem. The community people should also be aware that urban and rural dwellers cannot just be evicted or their dwellings demolished except in accordance with law mostly are and in just and humane manner. Problems of eviction and demolition are mostly found in Metro Manila. They cannot be resettled without consultation with them and the communities where they are supposed to be relocated. The State is mandated to make essential goods, health and other social services to all people at affordable cost, with priority need to be given to the poor, elderly, disabled, women, and children and provide them medical care. People's organizations and cause-oriented groups are respected and recognize. The government should listen to their legitimate and collective interests and aspirations through peaceful and lawful means. A case in issue is the \"Kadamay" group. The government must also facilitate the establishment of adequate consultation mechanism between the people and the government. **PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT** Participatory Development (PD) seeks to engage local populations in a development projects. Participatory development has taken variety of forms since it emerged in the 1970s, when it was introduced as an important part of the \"basic needs approach" to development. Most manifestations of PD seek "to give the poor a part in initiatives designed for their benefit" in the hope that development projects will be more sustainable and successful in local populations which engaged in the development process. PD has become an increasingly accepted method of development practice and is employed by a variety of organizations. It is often presented as an alternative to mainstream \"top-down development. There are some questions about the proper definition of PD as it varies depending on the perspective applied. Two perspectives that can define PD are the \"Social Movement Perspective\" and the \"Institutional Perspective". The objective of economic and social development in developing countries is to set in motion a process of self-reliant and sustainable growth through which social justice can be achieved. Development within a developing society aims, at building into society the mechanisms that will ultimately permit self-reliant growth without foreign assistance, at sustaining stable growth patterns for economic development in harmony with the environment, and at providing equal and appropriate opportunities to take part in development to overcome income gaps, regional disparities, and inequalities between men and women. For this to be possible, the central focus of development is not necessarily to boost production of material goods; instead, it should be to foster and enhance people\'s capability to have a role in their society\'s development. To this end, people should be willingly involved in a wide range of development activities, as agents and beneficiaries of development. It is their participation that is important. It is needed both as a goal and as a tool of development. Participatory development is an approach to development that is designed to enhance sustainability and self-reliance and achieve social justice through improvements in the quality of people\'s participation. The focal point of participatory development is the qualitative enhancement of participation in local societies which can be defined as groups of rural communities and as administrative and developmental units. The government led development approach adopted by many developing countries like the Philippines was, on the one hand, effective and efficient as a method of planned and concentrated investment of scarce resources into industry. Given insufficient participatory capabilities of local people and local societies, however, it tended on the other hand to put the intended beneficiaries of development these very local people and societies in a passive position. This government led approach to development left intact, or even widened, deep-rooted problems including economic and social disparities between social classes, between genders, between regions, and between urban and rural areas, in effect reinforcing the position of the classes and regions that benefited from development. Regrettably, this has undermined and counteracted the effectiveness and sustainability of development projects and of development itself. This participation must not be transient; it must entail the sustainable upgrading of participation quality. For this to happen, the underlying conditions must be met to facilitate the long-term process of participation and its self-reliant sustainability. The long-term process of participation is: raising the awareness of community people, forming community groups, upgrading their requisite resource management abilities, and creating norms or internalizing their mechanisms, improving capabilities for external negotiations. The shaping and planning of this participatory process requires both a long-term vision and a willingness to selectively improve and bolster traditional community systems as tools of development. Support from NGO's is needed to help accumulate the organizational learning and experiences of local groups and to train barangay leaders. To create the conditions for promoting sustainable participation, governments must create and adapt basic legislation and institutions that guarantee political and economic freedoms as well as strive to meet a broader range of basic human needs (BHN: food, housing, health, water and medical care, education, etc.). Governments also need to relax regulations in order to remove obstacles to economic participation, improve financial management, and build infrastructure, and train business people and entrepreneurs. These are important components of governance, which is the basis of participatory development. **GENDER EQUALITY** Gender equality, also known as sex quality, gender egalitarianism, sex equality or equality of the genders, is the view that both men and women should receive equal treatment and not be discriminated against based on their gender. This is the objective of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which seek to create equality in law and in social situations, such as in democratic activities and securing equal pay for equal work. In practice, the objective of gender equality is for people to acquire, if they so choose, equal treatment throughout a society, not just in politics, the workplace, or any other policy designated sphere. **CORE VALUES OF GENDER EQUALITY** The core values constitute shared beliefs that guide the work of an individual, group or organization. These core values are: 1. **Fairness:** Treat all people with dignity and impartiality; 2. **Transparency:** Act in an open and responsible manner; 3. **Accountability:** Take responsibility of all omissions and commission when executing its mandate; 4. **Respect for Diversity:** Value opinions, circumstances, and feelings and vie of others, taking into account diversity; 5. **Inclusiveness:** Facilitate the involvement of all stakeholders in its affairs; 6. **Integrity:** Promote honesty and truthfulness. **8. Empowerment:** Empower each other to make your own decisions and act on your beliefs. **PRINCIPLES IN GENDER EQUALITY** The following gender equality principles offer practical standards to which companies and organizations can aspire, and a measure against which they can assess their progress on fundamental issue of gender equality. 1. **Employment and compensation:** Policies that eliminate gender discrimination in areas such as recruitment, hiring, pay, and promotion. 2. **Work-life balance and career development:** Policies that enable work-life balance and support educational, career, and vocational development 3. **Health, safety, and freedom from violence:** Policies to secure the health, safety, and well-being of female workers. 4. **Management and governance:** Policies to ensure equitable participation in management and governance. 5. **Business, supply chain, and marketing practices:** Non-discriminatory business, supply chain, contracting and marketing Policies. 6. **Civic and community engagement:** Policies to promote equitable participation in civic life and to eliminate all forms of discrimination and exploitation. 7. **Leadership, transparency, and accountability:** Policies that are publicly disclosed, monitored, and enforced that display active commitment from top leadership. **EFECTIVE STRATEGIES FOR PROMOTING GENDER EOUALITY** Unless women and girls are able to fully realize their rights in all spheres of life, human development will not be advanced. Here are some effective strategies in promoting gender equality. **Discuss gender equality with partner countries** Dialogue to develop partnership on gender equality is needed when agencies are developing country assistance strategies, and also at the activity level during design and implementation. This means that development workers need to talk with partners about how women\'s needs, benefits and rights are relevant to the development activities being planned and implemented, taking into account the social, economic and political context; and how equal benefits will increase the effectiveness of activities and the sustainability of outcomes. Ideally, this dialogue and negotiation will result in agreement on investments and activities, with a clear understanding of how benefits for both women and men will be realized. 1. **Develop a shared vision and explicit consensus on gender equality objectives relevant to the country strategy or development activity.** Evaluations show that lack of ownership of gender equality goals and strategies is a key obstacle to addressing gender issues in development activities. Ownership of objective and approaches is more likely to be shared if there is a clear link to policies and commitments that the partner has already made on equality for women. 2. **Involve stakeholders from civil society in dialogue- on objectives and activities**. National machineries for women, local women\'s organization NGOS and other local advocates for women\'s rights can play a key role in setting directions for country strategies and in activity design. They can hold institutions accountable for addressing gaps between commitments and practice. 3. **Make long-term commitments to partners and activities.** This is essential for sustainable progress towards gender equality at both macro and micro levels. 4. **Assess and strengthen partner capacity for gender responsive and participatory analysis, planning and implementation.** Lack of attention to partner capacity is a major obstacle to addressing gender equality issues. Assessing partner commitment, capacity and context provides insight into types of intervention in gender equality which may be successful, and helps to identify appropriate strategies for strengthening partner capacity. For example, in difficult social contexts, the use of sound data based on empirical research and evaluation can help to make a case for investing in women, and for strengthening partner capacity. Knowing and understanding the partner is essential for effective dialogue, and for negotiating shared objectives. **Additional Strategies for Promoting Gender Equality** 1. **Incorporate gender equality objectives into activity, program or project objectives. This** is often noted as a key reason for success when evaluators find positive benefits and impacts for women. This does not mean that activities need to focus exclusively on women or on achieving equality. Gender equality issues are given more systematic and serious attention if they are reflected in the design objectives. This increases the likelihood that attention to gender equality will flow through into strategies, activities and indicators for monitoring and evaluation. 2. **Use participatory strategies to involve both women and men in design and implementation.** Participatory strategies need to be informed by sound analysis of gender relations, socioeconomic and political context. Participatory strategies by themselves do not guarantee that gender equality will be adequately addressed, since participatory methods still often overlook women's perspective. 3. **Ensure there is adequate time and resources for fieldwork during design.** This is essential for collecting adequate sex-disaggregated, baseline information and for employing participatory approaches. 4. **Ensure that gender strategies are practical, and based on quality gender analysis.** Gender strategies need to identify how differences between women and men are relevant in each program and context, and what this means for the way the program is designed and implemented: what activities are needed, with whom and why; what results are expected; how these activities and results contribute to achieving the overall objectives of the intervention; resources needed; and indicators to monitor the strategy and its results. To ensure that they are implemented, key elements of gender strategies need to be integrated into day-to-day implementation and management tools and processes, such as the logical framework matrix. 5. **Provide in-country social and gender analysis expertise** to undertake analysis and support the implementation and review of all strategies. 6. **Ensure that responsibilities for implementing gender equality objectives are explicit in job descriptions, Scopes of Services and Terms of Reference, for all personnel at every stage through the activity cycle.** This significantly increases the likelihood that gender equality issues will be seriously addressed, as long as there are sufficient resources, time and support available to develop and monitor gender equality strategies. Having staff and stakeholders who are competent and committed to gender equality is also a critical success factor. Training is most effective at increasing competence, and more likely to be applied, when it is sector specific and directly linked to individual project contexts and activities. 7. **Collect adequate and relevant sex-disaggregated baseline information, and use gender responsive indicators and monitoring processes as a minimum standard for activity design, implementation and monitoring.** Many development activities lack gender responsive indicators and sex- disaggregated baseline data, and have limited monitoring information. These are serious constraints to assessing possible differences in participation, benefits and impacts between women and men. Where sex-disaggregated information is collected, this tends to focus on inputs and activities (such as participation of training, number of women in groups, or number of loans provided). Unintended impacts on women, or on any other group such as men, women or children living in poverty, are seldom investigated. Monitoring needs to collect sex disaggregated information on who participates and benefits; what prevents women and men from participating and benefiting; unintended or harmful effects; and changes in gender relations. **LEARNING TASK:** *Learning task will be given on your next module.* ***Congratulations for finishing Module 7-8! Keep up the good work.*** Prepared by: **ARNOLD V. LUNA, LPT** Subject Teacher **Approved:** **AISEN FAITH C. MARRERO, LPT, MPA** Principal