Skincare Lab Manual (PDF)

الرئيسية \| Faculty of Graduate Studies **An-Najah National University** **Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences** **Department of Pharmacy** **Division Cosmetics and skin care** **skincare Lab** **(مختبر العناية بالبشرة)** **Prepared by: dr. Helen Masri**  **\ ** **...

الرئيسية \| Faculty of Graduate Studies **An-Najah National University** **Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences** **Department of Pharmacy** **Division Cosmetics and skin care** **skincare Lab** **(مختبر العناية بالبشرة)** **Prepared by: dr. Helen Masri**  **\ ** **Table of contents** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Introduction | +=======================================================================+ | LAB NO.1 | | | | Guidelines in the Lab | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | LAB NO.2 | | | | PRACTICAL 1: Introduction of Skin Types | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | LAB NO.3 | | | | PRACTICAL 2: Basic Cream | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | LAB NO. 4 | | | | PRACTICAL 3: Moisturizer Cream | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | LAB NO. 5 | | | | P RACTICAL 4: Aqua gel Preparation | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | LAB NO. 6 | | | | PRACTICAL 5: Hyaluronic Acid Serum | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | LAB NO. 7 | | | | PRACTICAL 6: Whitening Cream | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | LAB NO. 8 | | | | PRACTICAL 7: Exfoliating Scrub | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | LAB NO. 9 | | | | PRACTICAL 8: Face Mask Clay Base | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | LAB NO. 10 | | | | PRACTICAL 9: Aloe Vera Gel | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | LAB NO. 11 | | | | PRACTICAL 10: Aloe Vera Toner | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | LAB NO. 12 | | | | PRACTICAL 11: Sunscreen | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | LAB NO. 13 | | | | PRACTICAL 12: Body Scrub | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | LAB NO. 14 | | | | PRACTICAL 13: Body Lotion | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | LAB NO. 15 | | | | PRACTICAL 13: Face and Lip Scrub | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | LAB NO. 16 | | | | PRACTICAL 14: Liquid Soap | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **\ ** ### Introduction Skin care is the interest of women all over the world hundred years ago. It may be defined the use of cosmetic preparations, antiseptics, tonics, lotions, creams, or otherwise, massaging, cleansing, stimulating, manipulating, performing noninvasive hair removal, beautifying, or similar work on the body of any person. The term does not include invasive care or threading. Skin care products protect the skin and keeps it in good condition. In general, skin care products are external preparations which are applied on the external surface of the skin targeting the inner layers. The earliest evidence of skincare and makeup comes from Ancient Egypt. Preserving youth was a strong theme within their culture, not too dissimilar from modern times. However, they used ingredients like castor, sesame, and moringa oils. They also used olive oil and clay mixtures to cleanse their skin, milk masks to moisturize, and dead sea salts to exfoliate. Additionally, the makeup they created had two purposes: to help decorate their skin and also to protect them from the harsh elements of the sun and desert. Like the Ancient Egyptians, the Ancient Greeks relied on totally natural ingredients to create the elements of their skincare. Their regiment included lots of fresh berries, milk, olive oils, and yogurt to create items like perfumes, eye shadows, cleansers, and even hair dyes. The 1700s globally saw skincare as an art form. Many people believed makeup was most beautiful when it was painted and layered on. Heavier makeup conveyed social and economic status. Popular skincare treatments during this time were saunas, sweat cleansings, and milk baths. During the 1800s, skincare was a privilege. It was seen as vital for those in higher classes to participate in, but it wasn't necessary for those who were just trying their best to survive. For a majority of this century, skincare products were hard to obtain and expensive. Using products to lighten the skin was also popular. To do this, many people used items like harsh cleaners, oatmeal, lemon juice, and egg yolks. Fortunately for everyone, the 1900s and current times is when skincare really exploded. This century saw the birth of countless businesses for makeup and skincare products. For example, sunscreen wasn't created until 1944. This also means that beauty products stopped being a privilege and became readily available for all types of people, no matter their economic status. Additionally, we've learned that using harsh chemicals to change our tone isn't healthy while darker skin tones became more widely celebrated. Now, we focus on using natural ingredients like the civilizations before us. We also protect ourselves and our skin by using items like sunscreen and vitamins. In this lab, we delve into the exciting world of skincare, exploring the science, ingredients, and techniques behind achieving healthy and radiant skin. Our goal is to equip you with the knowledge and skills to create effective skincare routines tailored to individual needs. Skincare is not just about vanity; it\'s about taking care of the body\'s largest organ, protecting it from external factors, and nurturing it to maintain its optimal health. In this lab, we will embark on a journey to understand the complexities of the skin and explore the vast array of skincare products and techniques available. Throughout the lab, we will have the opportunity to explore the following key areas: 1. Skin Science: We will pass through into the fascinating anatomy and physiology of the skin, understanding its different layers, functions, and how it ages. By gaining a deeper understanding of the skin\'s structure and processes, we can better comprehend how skincare products work and how to address specific skin concerns. Teaching About Integumentary System 2. Skincare Ingredients: We will explore the diverse world of skincare ingredients, from antioxidants and moisturizers to exfoliants and sunscreens. By understanding the purpose and benefits of various ingredients, you will be able to make informed choices when selecting skincare products that align with your specific needs and goals.  3. Skincare Routines: A well-designed skincare routine is the foundation for healthy skin. We will guide you through the steps of creating a personalized skincare regimen, including cleansing, toning, treating, moisturizing, and protecting. By incorporating effective techniques and understanding the importance of consistency, you will be able to achieve and maintain your skin\'s best condition. How To Build The Best Skincare Routine - SUGAR Cosmetics 4. Skincare Concerns: We will address common skincare concerns such as acne, aging, hyperpigmentation, and sensitivity. We will explore the causes, prevention, and treatment options for each concern, empowering you to make educated decisions in managing and improving your skin\'s health.  5. DIY Skincare: For the adventurous and curious, we will delve into the world of do-it-yourself skincare. Discover the art of creating homemade masks, scrubs, and other skincare concoctions using natural ingredients. Understand the benefits and limitations of DIY skincare and learn how to ensure safety and efficacy in your creations. **\ ** **Guidelines in the Lab** While working in the lab, some rules must be followed for both good manufacturing practice disciplines and safety procedures to be maintained. 1. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Wear appropriate PPE to protect yourself during lab activities. This may include gloves, safety goggles, lab coats, or masks, depending on the specific tasks and ingredients involved. 2. Ventilation: Ensure proper ventilation in the lab area to minimize exposure to fumes or airborne particles. Open windows or use a fume hood when working with volatile substances or strong-smelling ingredients. 3. Ingredient Safety: Be knowledgeable about the safety profiles of skincare ingredients you work with. Understand potential hazards, contraindications, and proper handling procedures. Avoid using or recommending ingredients known to cause allergies or adverse reactions. 4. Allergies and Sensitivities: Be aware of participants\' known allergies or sensitivities and take precautions to avoid exposure to allergens. Encourage participants to disclose any allergies or sensitivities they have when conducting experiments or trying new skincare products. 5. Hygiene and Cleanliness: Maintain good hygiene practices in the lab. Wash hands thoroughly before and after handling ingredients or touching your face. Keep work surfaces clean and sanitized to prevent cross-contamination. 6. Labeling and Storage: Clearly label all skincare ingredients, solutions, and formulations with their names, dates, and any pertinent information. Store ingredients in appropriate containers and follow storage guidelines to maintain their stability and safety. 7. First Aid Preparedness: Have a well-stocked first aid kit readily available in the lab. Be knowledgeable about basic first aid procedures for common skincare-related incidents, such as minor cuts, burns, or allergic reactions. 8. Emergency Procedures: Familiarize yourself with the lab\'s emergency procedures, including evacuation routes, fire extinguisher locations, and the proper use of safety equipment. In the event of an emergency, prioritize personal safety and follow established protocols. 9. Disposal: Properly dispose of lab waste, including containers, gloves, and any leftover ingredients. Follow local regulations and guidelines for the disposal of hazardous materials or chemical waste. **Storage conditions and expiration dates:** *Storage conditions* for cosmetics should be selected to prevent contamination and to minimize the inevitable deterioration of the product and allow for the maximum possible shelf-life. The factors affecting the stability of dosage forms are discussed fully in your previous physical pharmacy courses. Appropriate storage conditions for products compounded to an *official* formula are usually given in the monograph. For *unofficial* products the storage conditions for the individual ingredients should be noted. It is important that these storage conditions are followed, and thus all compounded products should be labeled indicating the required storage conditions which will maintain the stability of the product for a known time. Follow Manufacturer\'s Instructions: Always refer to the product\'s packaging or accompanying instructions for specific storage recommendations and expiration dates provided by the manufacturer. Different products may have different requirements based on their formulation and ingredients. Temperature: Many skincare products are best stored at room temperature, typically between 20-25°C (68-77°F). Avoid exposing products to extreme temperatures, such as direct sunlight or excessive heat or cold, as it can degrade the product and reduce its effectiveness. Moisture and Humidity: Protect skincare products from excessive moisture and humidity, as they can compromise the stability and integrity of the formulation. Keep products tightly closed when not in use and avoid storing them in the bathroom where moisture levels are high. Light Exposure: Light can degrade certain ingredients in skincare products, particularly those that are light-sensitive or in transparent packaging. Keep products in opaque containers or store them in a cool, dark place away from direct light exposure. Airtight Packaging: Ensure that the product\'s packaging is airtight and properly sealed to prevent air exposure, which can lead to oxidation and degradation of active ingredients. This is especially important for products containing antioxidants or volatile substances. Avoid Cross-Contamination: Store skincare products away from potential contaminants such as dust, dirt, or other substances. Use clean hands or sanitized tools when scooping or dispensing products to prevent introducing bacteria or impurities into the formulation. Expiration Dates: Pay attention to the expiration dates indicated on the product packaging. Skincare products, particularly those containing active ingredients or preservatives, have a limited shelf life. Using products beyond their expiration dates can lead to reduced efficacy or even potential skin irritation or infections. Period-After-Opening (PAO) Symbol: Some products, especially creams, lotions, or serums, may feature a PAO symbol---a small container icon with a number followed by the letter \"M\" (months). This symbol indicates the recommended period of use after opening the product. Adhere to this timeframe for optimal safety and effectiveness. Smell, Texture, and Color Changes: Pay attention to any significant changes in the product\'s smell, texture, or color. If a product develops an off-putting odor, changes consistency, or shows discoloration, it may be a sign of spoilage or degradation. In such cases, it is best to discard the product. Regular Product Rotation: To ensure you use skincare products within their shelf life, practice regular product rotation. Avoid hoarding excessive amounts of products and prioritize using older products before opening new ones. **Table 1.** Storage temperatures and their meanings. Term Temperature range -------------------- --------------------- Cool 8 -- 15 °C Cold, refrigerator 2 -- 8 °C Freezer Below -- 15 °C Room temperature 15 -- 25 °C Warm Between 30 -- 40 °C Excessive heat Above 40 °C ***Expiry date:*** The shelf-life of a compounded product may be predicted from stability tests under storage conditions or by accelerated stability testing under stress conditions. The data may be obtained from the literature or may be determined empirically. Expiry dates are required on the label of compounded products. The selection of an appropriate expiry date can be done empirically using the following Table II and III. **Table 2.** Expiry dates for internal preparation Product Expiry Date ------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Diluted mixtures, elixirs and linctuses 14 days from date of issue Recently prepared, undiluted preparation 1 month form date of issue Freshly prepared, undiluted preparations Two days after the date on which the preparation would have been completely used if administered according to the directions on the label **Table 3.** Expiry dates for external preparations Product Expiry Date ------------------------------------------- -------------------------------- Diluted official preparations 1 month from the date of issue Diluted proprietary preparations 14 days from date of issue Recently prepared, undiluted preparations 1 month from date of issue Freshly prepared, undiluted preparations 1 week from date of issue *Note:* According to the British Pharmacopeia (BP), freshly prepared preparations must be made no more than 24 hours before it is issued for use. In recently prepared preparations, deterioration is likely if the preparation is stored for longer than about 4 weeks at 15 -- 25 °C. **References for compounding:** There are various information sources that one may refer to in both the compounding and dispensing of pharmaceutical preparations. It is of vital importance that you become familiar and competent in using them. There are two types of sources of information: - Official sources - Non- official sources ***Official sources:*** These include the pharmacopeias such as *the British Pharmacopoeia* (BP), the *United States Pharmacopeia* (USP), the *European Pharmacopeia* (EP), the *British Pharmaceutical Codex* (BPC), *British National Formulary* (BNF), and the *International Pharmacopeia* (IP). ***Non-official sources:*** These include the *Martindale: the Extra Pharmacopeia*, the *Pharmaceutical Handbook*, *Monthly Index of Medical Specialties* (MIMS); textbooks such as *Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences*, *Bentley\'s Textbook of Pharmaceutics*, in addition to periodicals such as the *Pharmaceutical Journal*, and the *American Journal of Pharmaceutical Compounding*, and others. **\ ** ### Practical 1: Introduction to skin types and diagnosis Definition: ----------- Several criteria are used to classify the different types of skin. For example, Fitzpatrick\'s classification, first described in 1975, is based on skin color and its response to sun exposure. It is used to determine the proper type of sun protection factor or to predict the risk of skin cancer, among others.  However, from a cosmetic point of view, skin is classified according to several factors related to its balance: 1. sebaceous secretion 2. hydration 3. sensitivity level Thus, each type of skin will have its own characteristics and require different cares. The type of skin is determined by genetics, although it will also be affected by other factors and can change with time. **Classification:** Based on these characteristics, there are five types of healthy skin: 1.normal 2.dry 3.oily 4\. combination (both oily and dry skin) 5\. sensitive **1.Normal Skin:** Normal skin explained \| Script Skincare - Moisture Balance: Normal skin maintains a proper moisture balance, with sufficient hydration and a comfortable feel. It is not excessively oily or dry. - Sebum Production: Normal skin exhibits balanced sebum production, meaning the sebaceous glands produce an appropriate amount of natural oil to keep the skin moisturized without causing excessive oiliness or dryness. - Texture: Normal skin typically has a smooth and even texture. The surface appears soft and supple, with minimal visible pores or texture irregularities. - Complexion: Normal skin tends to have an even and balanced complexion. It has a natural radiance and a healthy glow, often indicating good blood circulation. - Blemishes: Normal skin experiences occasional, minor blemishes such as occasional breakouts or small imperfections. However, these blemishes are not persistent or severe. - Sensitivity: Normal skin is generally less sensitive and reactive compared to other skin types. It tolerates a wide range of skincare products and ingredients without causing irritation or adverse reactions. - pH Balance: Normal skin maintains a balanced pH level, usually ranging from around 4.5 to 5.5. This helps support a healthy skin barrier function and optimal functioning of the skin\'s natural protective mechanisms. **2.Dry Skin**  - Lack of Moisture: Dry skin is characterized by a lack of natural moisture and hydration. It often feels tight, rough, or uncomfortable, particularly after cleansing or exposure to dry environments. - Flakey or Rough Texture: Dry skin tends to have a rough or flakey texture. It may appear dull, with visible dry patches or areas of roughness, especially on the cheeks, forehead, and chin. - Tightness and Discomfort: Dry skin often feels tight, especially after washing or exposure to harsh weather conditions. It may also experience discomfort or itching, which can be exacerbated by certain skincare products or environmental factors. - Fine Lines and Wrinkles: Due to the lack of moisture, dry skin may be more prone to the early appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. These can be particularly noticeable around the eyes, mouth, and forehead. - Dull Complexion: Dry skin may appear lackluster and lack the natural radiance associated with well-hydrated skin. The complexion can seem dull or flat, often due to the accumulation of dead skin cells on the skin\'s surface. - Sensitivity: Dry skin is often more sensitive and reactive than other skin types. It may be prone to irritation, redness, and flares of conditions such as eczema or dermatitis. - Lack of Sebum: Dry skin typically has reduced sebum production, leading to a compromised lipid barrier. This can result in decreased skin protection and an increased susceptibility to environmental stressors. - Increased Sensation of Tightness after Cleansing: Dry skin may feel uncomfortably tight after washing or using cleansing products. This is because harsh cleansers can strip away the skin\'s natural oils, exacerbating dryness. **3.Oily Skin** Oily skin: 6 treatments, causes, and prevention - Excessive Sebum Production: Oily skin is characterized by the overproduction of sebum, the skin\'s natural oil. The skin appears shiny or greasy, particularly in the T-zone (forehead, nose, and chin), but can also affect other areas of the face. - Visible Pores: Oily skin often has visibly enlarged pores, especially in the T-zone. These pores may appear more prominent due to the excess sebum production. - Persistent Shine: The skin has a persistent shine or greasy appearance, even shortly after washing or applying skincare products. This shine is caused by the excess sebum on the skin\'s surface. - Prone to Breakouts: Oily skin is more prone to developing acne, blackheads, and whiteheads due to the increased sebum production. The excess oil can clog the pores and lead to the formation of blemishes. - Thick or Coarse Texture: Oily skin may have a thicker or coarser texture compared to other skin types. It may feel slightly rough or bumpy to the touch. - Makeup Doesn\'t Last: Makeup tends to have a shorter wear time on oily skin due to the excess oil production. It may easily smudge, melt, or slide off the skin. - Tendency for Midday Shine: Oily skin tends to become oilier as the day progresses, often resulting in a noticeable shine or greasiness by midday or afternoon. - Less Prone to Dryness: Oily skin is generally less prone to dryness or dehydration since it produces an abundant amount of oil. However, it\'s possible to experience combination skin with both oily and dry areas. - Reduced Sensitivity: Oily skin is often less sensitive and more resilient compared to other skin types. It may tolerate stronger skincare products or ingredients without experiencing irritation or discomfort 4. **Combination (Both Oily And Dry Skin)** - T-Zone Oiliness: The T-zone, which includes the forehead, nose, and chin, tends to be oilier compared to the rest of the face. The presence of excess shine, enlarged pores, and a greasy texture in this area indicates the oily aspect of combination skin. - Dry or Normal Cheeks: The cheeks, on the other hand, may exhibit characteristics of dry or normal skin. They can feel dry, tight, or rough, and may show signs of flakiness or a lack of moisture. - Varying Pore Sizes: Combination skin often displays a contrast in pore sizes across different areas of the face. The pores in the T-zone tend to be larger and more noticeable, while the pores on the cheeks may appear smaller or less prominent. - Breakouts in Oily Areas: Oily regions of combination skin are more prone to developing acne, blackheads, or whiteheads. The excess sebum production can lead to clogged pores and the formation of blemishes. - Lack of Moisture in Dry Areas: The dry areas of combination skin may lack moisture, resulting in a tight or uncomfortable sensation. These areas may appear dull, flaky, or rough to the touch. - Makeup Challenges: Combination skin can present difficulties in makeup application and longevity. Foundation or other products may require different approaches in different areas of the face to accommodate the varying skin textures. - Seasonal or Environmental Influence: Combination skin may exhibit different characteristics depending on the season or environmental factors. For example, the oily areas may become oilier during hot and humid weather, while the dry areas may experience increased dryness in cold or dry climates. It\'s essential to note that the specific combination skin characteristics can differ among individuals. Some people may have a more pronounced oiliness in the T-zone, while others may experience a more balanced contrast between oily and dry areas. Adjusting skincare routines and products to address both aspects of combination skin is crucial for maintaining a balanced and healthy complexion.. **5.Sensitive**  - Easily Irritated: Sensitive skin tends to be easily irritated by environmental factors, skincare products, or certain ingredients. It may react with redness, itching, stinging, or burning sensations when exposed to triggers. - Reactive to Skincare Products: Sensitive skin often reacts negatively to certain skincare products, including cleansers, moisturizers, or cosmetics. It may experience discomfort, redness, or breakouts after using specific formulations. - Prone to Allergies: Individuals with sensitive skin are more susceptible to allergic reactions. They may develop skin allergies, such as contact dermatitis, in response to certain substances or materials. - Redness or Flushing: Sensitive skin may exhibit persistent or intermittent redness, especially in response to triggers such as temperature changes, sunlight, or irritants. This redness can be localized or widespread across the face. - Dryness or Tightness: Sensitive skin can be prone to dryness, leading to a feeling of tightness or discomfort. It may lack moisture and require gentle, hydrating skincare products to maintain its balance. - Fragile Skin Barrier: Sensitive skin often has a compromised skin barrier function, making it more susceptible to external irritants, allergens, and moisture loss. This can contribute to increased sensitivity and reactivity. - History of Skin Conditions: Individuals with sensitive skin may have a history of skin conditions such as eczema, rosacea, or psoriasis. These conditions can further contribute to skin sensitivity and require specific care. - Reaction to Environmental Factors: Sensitive skin may react to environmental factors such as extreme temperatures, wind, pollution, or dry air. These elements can trigger discomfort, redness, or increased sensitivity. - Patch Testing Sensitivity: Sensitive skin tends to be more reactive during patch testing, where small amounts of products or ingredients are applied to a small area of the skin to assess reactions. ### Other skin conditions: ### Scaly Skin Repeated skin irritation due to environmental factors, such as the sun, the wind, dryness or excessive humidity, may cause skin desquamation, that is the detachment of big scales from the epidermis, which sometimes look like fine dust. However, desquamation may also be the result of some condition, such as an allergic reaction, a fungal or staphylococcus infection, an immune system disorder or cancer, and of oncological treatments. In these cases, desquamation is usually accompanied by itching. ### Red Spots There is a large number of dermatological causes and diseases for the appearance of red spots or rash, including infections, heat, allergens, immune system disorders and medications. ### Skin **Moles** Moles are dark dots or spots on the skin that usually appear during childhood and adolescence. They are caused by groups of pigmented cells. In general, they are harmless, but it is best to check them with a dermatologist if they change size, shape or color, or if itching or bleeding occurs, since some may become cancerous. In general, it is important to pay attention to skin appearance because, regardless of the type of skin you have, there are certain characteristics that could be a sign of a skin problem. ### **Parameters for diagnosis of skin types**: Skin type can generally be determined by simple observation. With two types of tests, you can perform we can help you understand what kind of skin you have in just 30 minutes (and most of that time is spent relaxing with a clean face). ### Watching and Waiting: This quick test allows you to understand what kind of skin you have by just observing how your skin behaves after cleansing. To start, wash your face with a gentle cleanser then gently pat it dry. If after 30 minutes your skin appears shiny throughout, you likely have oily skin; if it feels tight and is flaky or scaly, you likely have dry skin; if the shine is only in your T-Zone, you probably have combination skin; and if your skin feels hydrated and comfortable, but not oily, you likely have normal skin. ### Blotting Sheets: When pressed to the skin, blotting sheets absorb oil---and you can use them to help you understand what type of skin we have. After washing your face with a gentle cleanser, patting it dry and allowing it to rest 30 minutes, press blotting sheets to various areas of your face, then hold the sheets up to the light to see the oil markings. If the sheets reveal an abundance of oil in all areas of the face, you have oily skin; if they absorb little to no oil, then you probably have dry skin; if the sheets show only a small amount of oil from your T-Zone, you have combination skin; and if you only see minimal oil from every area of your face, you most likely have normal skin ### Practical 2: Basic cream **Definition:** Creams are semi-solid or soft substances that are typically used topically on the skin. They consist of a mixture of oil and water, along with other ingredients such as emulsifiers, thickeners, and active compounds. Creams are commonly used in skincare, cosmetics, and medicinal applications. Here are some key characteristics and uses of creams: - Consistency: Creams have a smooth and spreadable consistency. They are thicker than lotions but softer and more easily spreadable than ointments or gels. - Protection: Certain creams, such as barrier creams or sunscreen creams, provide a protective layer on the skin. They help shield the skin from environmental factors, such as UV rays, harsh weather conditions, or irritants. - Delivery of Active Ingredients: Creams are commonly used as vehicles for delivering active ingredients to the skin. They can carry ingredients like vitamins, antioxidants, retinoids, or other specialized compounds that provide specific benefits, such as anti-aging, brightening, or soothing effects. - Skin Conditions: Creams can be formulated to address specific skin conditions or concerns. For example, there are creams available for acne, eczema, psoriasis, or other dermatological conditions. These creams often contain ingredients that target the underlying causes or symptoms of the condition. - Cosmetics: Creams are widely used in cosmetics for various purposes. They can serve as foundations, tinted moisturizers, concealers, or other makeup products that provide coverage, color correction, or a smooth base for further makeup application. - Medicinal Uses: Creams are also used in medicinal applications, such as topical creams for pain relief, anti-inflammatory effects, or treatment of specific skin conditions. These creams may contain active pharmaceutical ingredients that are intended for therapeutic purposes - Moisturizing Cream: A moisturizing cream is formulated to hydrate and replenish the skin\'s moisture levels. It typically contains ingredients that help to lock in moisture, soothe dryness, and improve the skin\'s barrier function. - Anti-Aging Cream: An anti-aging cream is intended to reduce the signs of aging, such as fine lines, wrinkles, and loss of firmness. These creams often contain ingredients like retinol, peptides, antioxidants, or hyaluronic acid, which can help improve the skin\'s texture and promote a more youthful appearance. - Brightening Cream: A brightening cream aims to even out the skin tone and diminish the appearance of dark spots, hyperpigmentation, or discoloration. It may contain ingredients like vitamin C, niacinamide, kojic acid, or botanical extracts known for their brightening properties. - Soothing Cream: A soothing cream is formulated to calm and comfort irritated or sensitive skin. It often contains gentle and soothing ingredients like aloe vera, chamomile, or oat extract, which can help reduce redness, inflammation, or discomfort. - Night Cream: A night cream is specifically designed to be used during the nighttime when the skin is in its rest and repair phase. It usually has a richer texture and contains ingredients that help nourish, regenerate, and replenish the skin while you sleep. - Day Cream: A Day cream is formulated to provide hydration, protection, and other benefits to the skin during the daytime. It may include ingredients like SPF for sun protection or antioxidants to shield the skin from environmental stressors. - BB Cream: BB stands for \"beauty balm\" or \"blemish balm.\" BB creams are multi-purpose products that combine skincare benefits with light coverage and color correction. They often provide hydration, sun protection, and a tinted coverage to even out the skin tone. - CC Cream: CC stands for \"color correcting\" cream. CC creams are similar to BB creams but typically focus more on color correction and evening out the complexion. They may address issues like redness, dullness, or sallowness. ------------------- ------------------------- **Formula** **Quantity for 1000 g** Distilled water 750g EDTA 1g Glycerin 30g Tri ethanol amine 12g Methylparaben 2g propylparaben 1g Paraffin oil 50g Emulgin b2 10g Cetyl alcohol 30g Stearic acid 80g Perfume 2g ------------------- ------------------------- Method: - put distilled water is in a beaker then add EDTA then glycerin followed by TEA then methylparaben and heated to a temperature of about 75° C. This is mixture A. - put In another beaker, stearic acid, cetyl alcohol, emulgin b2, paraffin oil, propyl paraben and heated to a temperature of about 70° C and borax is dissolved in it. This is mixture B. - Mixture B (oily phase) is added slowly to mixture A (aqueous phase) along with stirring. Stirring is carried out until a creamy emulsion is formed. - finally wait until the mixture become cold then add 150-200g distilled water and equal amount of therapeutic oil. Properties and uses: Moisturizing: Basic creams are formulated to provide hydration and moisturization to the skin. They contain ingredients like water, humectants, and oils that help to restore and retain moisture, keeping the skin hydrated and preventing dryness. Emollient: Creams have emollient properties, which means they help to soften and smoothen the skin\'s surface. The oils and emollients present in the cream create a protective barrier that locks in moisture and helps to maintain the skin\'s suppleness. Nourishing: Basic creams often contain nourishing ingredients like carrier oils, botanical extracts, or vitamins. These ingredients provide essential nutrients to the skin, promoting its overall health and vitality. Occlusive: Creams have a slightly occlusive nature, meaning they create a thin film on the skin\'s surface, which helps to reduce trans epidermal water loss (TEWL). This occlusive property aids in maintaining the skin\'s hydration levels by preventing excessive evaporation of moisture. Spread ability: Basic creams have a creamy texture that allows for easy spread ability on the skin. This characteristic enables smooth application and even distribution of the product, ensuring it covers the desired area effectively. Absorption: Creams are designed to be absorbed by the skin, allowing the beneficial ingredients to penetrate and deliver their intended effects. They are formulated with a balance of water and oil to promote optimal absorption without leaving a heavy or greasy residue. Skin Compatibility: Basic creams are typically formulated to be suitable for a wide range of skin types, including normal, dry, or sensitive skin. They aim to provide gentle and non-irritating care for various individuals, minimizing the likelihood of adverse reactions. ### Practical 3: Moisturizing cream A moisturizing cream is a skincare product designed to hydrate and nourish the skin. It is formulated with ingredients that help replenish moisture, improve the skin\'s hydration levels, and prevent or alleviate dryness. Moisturizing creams typically have a creamy or lotion-like consistency and are applied topically to the skin. They provide a range of benefits, including: - Hydration: Moisturizing creams deliver water and humectants to the skin, helping to increase moisture content and prevent water loss. They work by attracting and binding moisture to the skin\'s surface, promoting a hydrated and plump complexion. - Moisture Retention: A key function of moisturizing creams is to create a barrier on the skin\'s surface that helps to lock in moisture. They form a protective film that reduces trans epidermal water loss (TEWL) and shields the skin from external factors that can cause dehydration. - Skin Barrier Support: Moisturizing creams often contain ingredients like ceramides, lipids, or natural oils that help strengthen the skin\'s barrier function. These components enhance the skin\'s ability to retain moisture, protect against environmental aggressors, and maintain overall skin health. - Softening and Smoothing: By providing hydration and moisture, moisturizing creams help to soften and smooth the skin\'s texture. They can improve the appearance of rough or dry patches, leaving the skin feeling supple and velvety to the touch. - Nourishment: Many moisturizing creams contain beneficial ingredients like vitamins, antioxidants, or botanical extracts that nourish the skin. These ingredients help provide essential nutrients, support the skin\'s natural processes, and promote a healthy complexion. - Comfort and Soothing: Moisturizing creams often have soothing properties that can help alleviate skin discomfort or sensitivity. They can provide relief to dry or irritated skin, reducing redness, itching, or tightness. - Skin Protection: Some moisturizing creams may offer additional protection against environmental stressors, such as UV rays or pollution. They can contain ingredients like SPF filters or antioxidants that help shield the skin from damage and premature aging. No. Ingredients Weight ----- -------------------------- -------- 1 Distilled water 750g 2 EDTA 1g 3 Glycerin 50g 4 borax 2g 5 Salicylic acid 5g 6 Triethanolamine 14g 7 Methyl paraben 2g 8 Stearic acid 50g 9 Lanett 16(cetyl alcohol) 20g 10 petrolatum 25g 11 Emulgen b2 20g 12 Silicon oil 20g 13 Paraffin oil 40g 14 Paraffin wax 20g 15 lanolin 3g 16 Propyl paraben 1g - **Glycerin:** Glycerin is well known for its ability to absorb water (humectancy). This makes it an ideal additive for skincare (moisturization) benefits. - **lanolin:** is known to shiny moisturized skin. Can be replaced by shea butter or cocoa butter. - **Preservatives:** preservatives (chelating agents and antioxidants) are necessary to prevent oxidation of fatty acids and fragrances. Agent like EDTA is commonly used. - **borax**: gives the product the white creamy texture which provide skin mildness and moisturizing benefits, but it cause exfoliation of skin. - **Borax and salicylic acid:** known to cause skin peeling, pimples, and malodor during the use of the cream. - **salicylic acid:** treats acne by reducing swelling and redness and unplugging blocked skin pores to allow pimples to shrink. It treats other skin conditions by softening and loosening dry, scaly, or thickened skin so that it falls off or can be removed easily. **Method:** 1. Combine the water phase: In a heat-resistant container, add the required amount of distilled water. Then, add glycerin and borax. Stir well to dissolve the borax completely. 2. Place the container with the water phase in a water bath or double boiler. Heat it gently until the temperature reaches around 70-75°C. Maintain this temperature throughout the process. 3. In a separate heat-resistant container, combine stearic acid, lanette 16 (cetyl alcohol), petrolatum, paraffin wax, and lanolin. Place the container in a water bath or double boiler and heat until all the ingredients melt and form a uniform mixture. 4. Once the oil phase ingredients have melted, heat the mixture to the same temperature as the water phase around (70-75°C). 5. Slowly pour the oil phase into the water phase while stirring continuously. Use a hand mixer or high-shear mixer to ensure thorough emulsification. Continue stirring for several minutes to ensure the oil and water phases are fully incorporated. 6. Allow the mixture to cool down to around 40-45°C. Add EDTA and emulgen b2 to the mixture while stirring gently. 7. add salicylic acid as an active ingredient to the cream. Ensure it is properly dissolved and evenly dispersed throughout the mixture. 8. Gradually add triethanolamine while checking the pH of the mixture using a pH meter or pH test strips. Aim for a pH range of 5.5-6.5, which is generally suitable for the skin. Adjust as needed by adding more triethanolamine drop by drop. 9. Once the cream has cooled to around 40°C , add methyl paraben and propyl paraben as preservatives. Mix thoroughly to ensure even distribution. 10. Gradually add silicone oil while stirring continuously. This ingredient helps improve the texture and spread ability of the cream. Mix until fully incorporated. 11. Use a high-shear mixer or stick blender to blend the cream thoroughly. This step helps ensure a smooth and uniform consistency.. ### ### ### Practical4: aqua gel preparation definition: Aqua gel is a term used to describe a gel-like substance that primarily consists of water. It is a type of hydrogel, which is a network of cross-linked polymers capable of absorbing and retaining large amounts of water. Aqua gels are known for their gelatinous or semi-solid texture and their ability to provide hydration and moisture to the skin. Aqua gels are often used in skincare and cosmetic formulations due to their excellent water-binding properties. They can be formulated with various polymers, such as carbomer, cellulose derivatives, or natural gums, which help create the gel-like consistency and provide stability to the product. In skincare products, aqua gels are commonly used as moisturizers, as they deliver hydration to the skin and help prevent water loss. They can be lightweight, non-greasy, and easily absorbed, making them suitable for various skin types. Aqua gels can also be infused with other active ingredients, such as vitamins, antioxidants, or botanical extracts, to provide additional skincare benefits. They may be used in facial moisturizers, eye gels, serums, or body lotions to deliver hydration, improve skin texture, and promote a healthy-looking complexion. **No.** **Ingredients** **Weight** --------- ------------------------ ------------ 1 Distilled water 950g 2 Preservative (DMDM) 3g 3 Glycerin 50g 4 Carbabol 9g 5 EDTA 1g 6 Propylene glycol 15g 7 Panthenol (vitamin b5) 5g 8 Tween 80 5g 9 Triethanolamine 9g **Procedure:** -Mix the ingredients from 1 to 4 and leave it 24 hours. -add the rest of the ingredients with continuous stirring until the contents are mixed well Continue stirring until the mixture formed is cooled to room temperature (15 to 30 deg. C) till this point it is in the gel form, when add 20g extracts to the mixture it will be subtract from the 900g water. Note: To convert this preparation into cream, add 200g of water +200g of therapeutic oil Mix it will then check the PH value which should be 7. ### Practical 5: Hyaluronic acid serum Hyaluronic acid (**H.A)** is **produced** by our body. The largest amounts of it are found in our skin, connective tissue and eyes. Its main function is to retain water to keep your tissues well lubricated and moist. Technically, it's a group of sugar molecules called polysaccharides. These molecules work to cushion and lubricate, and they're found naturally in the body's connective tissues. Over time, our body's stores of hyaluronic acid decline. Age is one reason, but environmental factors --- such as smoking and air pollution --- also accelerate this process. The good news is that topical products that feature hyaluronic acid, whether as part of the ingredients list in a moisturizer or as the star of a serum, can help rebuild those depleted stores. Hyaluronic acid attracts and binds to water molecules and increases the water content of the skin. There are three types of hyaluronic acid: 1. **Hydrolyzed hyaluronic acid** is hyaluronic acid that has been broken down into elements small enough to penetrate the skin. It's moisturizing, but not the most moisturizing option, so it's best for people who have oily or combination skin, since these skin types want to avoid over-moisturizing. 2. **Sodium hyaluronate** goes deeper into the skin and delivers even better results, though the effects aren't very long lasting it is best for people who have normal skin, because it will allow moisture to seep in, but you don't really need a heavy-duty, long-lasting effect." This is the ingredient you'll likely find in serums. 3. **Sodium acetylated hyaluronate** has the benefits of sodium hyaluronate but with longer-lasting results. It's best for people who need moisture, such as those with dry skin, those who live in dry climates, or those looking for a product for the dry winter months. hyaluronic acid 💦 **Ingredients** **content** ------------------------ ------------- Distilled water 970g Phenoxy ethanol 3g Panthenol 5g Hyaluronic acid powder 15g - Put the ingredients in order with continuous stirring 50-60 rpm - Hyaluronic acid is very hardly dissolved in water - Leave the beaker in a dark well closed place for 5 hours until complete dissolved. - Filled in amber droppers.  ### Practical 6: Whitening cream Skin whitening, also known as skin lightening and skin bleaching, is the practice of using chemical substances in an attempt to lighten the skin or provide an even skin color by reducing the melanin concentration in the skin. Several chemicals have been shown to be effective in skin whitening, while some have proven to be toxic or have questionable safety profiles. This includes mercury compounds which may cause neurological problems and kidney problems. Mechanism of action: Skin whitening agents work by reducing the presence of melanin pigment in the skin. To accomplish this, there are several possible mechanisms of action: 1. Inhibition of the activity of tyrosinase: Tyrosinase is an enzyme involved in the production of melanin, the pigment responsible for the color of our skin, hair, and eyes. Inhibiting the activity of tyrosinase can help to reduce the production of melanin, which can be beneficial for certain skin concerns, such as hyperpigmentation and uneven skin tone. - Aloesin is the active ingredient in aloe vera that is known to inhibit the activity of tyrosinase. acts as a tyrosinase inhibitor by interfering with the enzymatic activity of tyrosinase, thus reducing the formation of melanin. This property of aloesin makes aloe vera a popular ingredient in skincare products that aim to lighten dark spots, freckles, and other forms of hyperpigmentation. - Hydroquinone: Hydroquinone is a well-known and potent tyrosinase inhibitor. It works by reducing the production of melanin in the skin. It is commonly found in prescription-strength treatments for hyperpigmentation. - Kojic Acid: Kojic acid is derived from certain fungi and is known for its ability to inhibit tyrosinase activity. It can help lighten dark spots and even out skin tone. - Arbutin: Arbutin is a natural compound found in plants like bearberry, cranberry, and mulberry. It inhibits tyrosinase activity and can be used to reduce the appearance of hyperpigmentation. - Vitamin C: Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) is an antioxidant that can also inhibit tyrosinase activity. It can help brighten the skin and fade dark spots. - Licorice Extract: Licorice extract contains glabridin, which has been shown to inhibit tyrosinase activity. It can help reduce hyperpigmentation and even out skin tone. - Niacinamide: Niacinamide, also known as Vitamin B3, has been found to have tyrosinase-inhibiting properties. It can help reduce the production of melanin and improve uneven skin tone. - Mulberry Extract: Mulberry extract contains compounds that inhibit tyrosinase activity. It is often used in skincare products for its skin brightening and lightening effects. 2. Inhibition of the expression or activation of tyrosinase: Inhibition of the expression or activation of tyrosinase refers to the process of reducing the production or activity of the enzyme tyrosinase in the skin. Tyrosinase is a key enzyme involved in the synthesis of melanin, the pigment responsible for the color of our skin, hair, and eyes. 3. Preventing the transfer of melanosomes to keratinocytes. - Tranexamic Acid: Tranexamic acid is a synthetic derivative of the amino acid lysine. It has been shown to inhibit the transfer of melanosomes to keratinocytes, thereby reducing hyperpigmentation. It is commonly used in topical skincare products and treatments for melasma and other forms of hyperpigmentation. - Niacinamide: In addition to its tyrosinase-inhibiting properties, niacinamide has been found to help prevent the transfer of melanosomes. By reducing the transfer of melanin to keratinocytes, niacinamide can contribute to a more even skin tone. - Certain Peptides: Certain peptides used in skincare formulations have shown potential in inhibiting the transfer of melanosomes. These peptides work by interfering with the molecular pathways involved in melanosome transfer, thus helping to minimize hyperpigmentation. 4. Destroying melanocytes: **Ingredients** **Content** ------------------ ------------------------------------- **Beaker 1** Distilled water 700g Glycerin 50g salicylic acid 5g Borax 2g methyl paraben 2g Zinc oxide 5g dissolved in 50g distilled water **Beaker 2** Stearic wax 50g Liquirice oil 20g Paraffin oil 20g Petrolatum 25g Emulgin b2 20g paraffin wax 5g Titanium dioxide 5g dissolved in 15 g paraffin wax Silicon oil 20g Lanolin 3g Propylparaben 1g Put all the contents of beaker 1 in order on heat till it reach 75c. Put all the content of beaker 2 in order on heat till 70c. Add contents of beaker 2 on beaker 1 slowly with stirring till become homogenized and wait until cold Adjust the PH with solid lemon salt till 5.5. PH (potential of hydrogen) is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. It is commonly measured on a scale of 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral, values below 7 indicating acidity, and values above 7 indicating alkalinity. There are several methods to measure pH, ranging from simple and portable methods to more complex and accurate laboratory techniques. Here are some common methods: 1. **pH Indicator Strips:** pH indicator strips, also known as pH test strips, are simple and convenient tools that provide a quick estimate of PH These strips contain paper strips or plastic strips with a chemical indicator that changes color based on the pH of the solution being tested. Users can compare the color change to a color chart provided on the packaging to determine the approximate PH. 2. **pH Meters:** pH meters are electronic devices that provide accurate pH measurements. They consist of a pH-sensitive electrode and a reference electrode. The pH-sensitive electrode generates a voltage proportional to the pH of the solution, which is then displayed on a digital screen. pH meters are widely used in laboratories and industries where precise pH measurements are required. 3. **pH Electrodes:** pH electrodes, also known as pH probes, are specialized sensors that can directly measure the pH of a solution. These electrodes consist of a glass bulb at the tip that contains a pH-sensitive glass membrane. When the electrode is immersed in the solution, it generates an electrical potential that is converted into a pH reading by a pH meter. 4. **pH Test Solutions:** pH test solutions are standardized solutions with known pH values. They can be used to calibrate pH meters and electrodes, ensuring accurate measurements. These solutions come in various pH ranges and are used to verify the accuracy of pH measurement instruments. 5. **Universal pH Indicator Solution:** Universal pH indicator solution is a liquid that changes color over a range of pH values. It is commonly used in chemistry labs to estimate pH based on the color change observed when the solution is added to the sample. 6. **Colorimeters and Spectrophotometers:** These instruments are used to measure the absorbance or transmittance of light by a solution at specific wavelengths. By using indicators that change color with pH, the color change can be correlated with pH values. This method is often used for colorimetric pH measurements. 7. **Litmus Paper:** Litmus paper is another type of indicator paper that changes color in response to pH. Blue litmus paper turns red under acidic conditions and red litmus paper turns blue under alkaline conditions. While it\'s less precise than pH test strips, it can give a rough idea of whether a solution is acidic or alkaline. 8. **Buffer Solutions:** Buffer solutions are carefully prepared solutions with known and stable pH values. They are used to calibrate pH meters and electrodes as well as to adjust the pH of solutions in experiments PH Meter PH-3C Hellog PH meter ### ### Practical 7. exfoliating scrub:  Exfoliation is a skincare practice that involves the removal of dead skin cells from the surface of the skin. It is an essential step in a skincare routine and offers numerous benefits for the skin\'s appearance and overall health. 1\. Purpose of Exfoliation: Remove Dead Skin Cells: The primary purpose of exfoliation is to slough off dead skin cells that naturally accumulate on the skin\'s surface. These dead cells can make the skin appear dull, rough, and can contribute to clogged pores. Unclog Pores: Exfoliation can help prevent clogged pores, which can lead to acne breakouts and blackheads. Improve Skin Texture: Regular exfoliation can result in smoother, more even-toned skin by promoting the growth of new, healthy skin cells. Enhance Skincare Product Absorption: Exfoliated skin is more receptive to the penetration of skincare products such as serums and moisturizers, making them more effective. 2\. Types of Exfoliations: - Physical Exfoliation: This method involves physically scrubbing the skin\'s surface using abrasive particles, brushes, or devices (e.g., exfoliating scrubs, facial brushes, microdermabrasion). It\'s effective but should be done gently to avoid irritation or damage. - Chemical Exfoliation: Chemical exfoliation involves the use of acids (alpha hydroxy acids - AHAs or beta hydroxy acids - BHAs) to dissolve dead skin cells. Common chemical exfoliants include glycolic acid, salicylic acid, lactic acid, and fruit enzymes. Chemical exfoliation can be gentler on the skin but should be used with caution, especially by those with sensitive skin. 3\. Frequency: How often you should exfoliate depends on your skin type and the exfoliation method used. Generally, 1-3 times a week is a common guideline for most people. Those with sensitive skin may need less frequent exfoliation, while those with oilier or thicker skin may benefit from more frequent exfoliation. 4\. Precautions: Exfoliation should be done with care to avoid over-exfoliating, which can damage the skin\'s protective barrier and lead to sensitivity, redness, and increased susceptibility to sun damage. Always use a sunscreen during the day when exfoliating, as the skin becomes more vulnerable to UV damage. Be gentle when exfoliating, especially if using physical exfoliants, to avoid causing microtears in the skin. 5\. Benefits: Brighter Skin: Exfoliation can help reveal a brighter, more radiant complexion by removing dull, dead skin cells. Smooth Texture: It can improve the texture of the skin, making it smoother and softer. Acne Prevention: Exfoliation can reduce acne breakouts by keeping pores clear. Anti-Aging: Regular exfoliation may help reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. Even Skin Tone: It can help fade dark spots and hyperpigmentation over time. 6\. Skin Type Considerations: Different skin types may require different exfoliation methods and frequencies. It\'s essential to choose products and methods that suit your skin type and concerns ### +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Ingredients** | **Weight** | +===================================+===================================+ | brown sugar | ### 60g | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | coconut oil | 25g | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | ground oatmeal | 10g | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Lavender | 3g | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | vitamin E oil | 2g | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ ### ### Procedure: ### 1-Mix sugar, carrier oil, and ground oatmeal in a bowl. ### 2-Add essential oil and vitamin E oil and mix thoroughly. ### 3-Transfer the scrub into a clean, airtight container for storage. ### Practical 8. Face Mask (Clay-based): Clay masks are a popular type of face mask in skincare routines. They are made from various types of natural clay, each with its unique properties, and are used to improve the appearance and health of the skin. Types of Clay Used: 1.Bentonite Clay: Bentonite is a very old clay that has been used as a remedy for many things. The fine powder forms when volcanic ash ages, it also called calcium bentonite clay. Uses in skin care: - Clean and protect skin - Heal skin infections and acne - Known for its strong absorbent properties, bentonite clay is excellent for oily skin. It can help remove excess oil, unclog pores, and reduce acne breakouts. How Does Bentonite Clay Work? - Bentonite clay adsorbs or attracts particles, like dirt on the skin. It also absorbs a lot of water. - Bentonite has a high cation exchange capacity. That means clay, which has a negative charge, can attract positively charged ions. Those are minerals like magnesium, sodium, and potassium. Bentonite also has aluminum and silica. Organic Bentonite Clay -- Natural Good Life - Kaolin clay works by attracting dirt, grime, and other impurities from the skin, much like a magnet. It's also known for its ability to absorb excess oil from the surface of the skin, making it one of the best ingredients in many pore-clearing face masks. - Moreover, kaolin clay also helps eliminate dead skin cells, and it might even reduce signs of skin aging by visibly reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. 1.Kaolin Clay for Acne - Kaolin clay is basically a natural skin healer and detoxifier. It can be used to treat acne due to its ability to drain toxins, bacteria, and excess oil from the skin pores. Kaolin clay face masks are very effective in treating acne-prone skin. To use it as an acne treatment, we can make a face mask by mixing kaolin clay with any other natural ingredients that have anti-bacterial properties such as apple cider vinegar or honey. You can also mix it with water or essential oils such as tea tree essential oil for treating acne in sensitive areas such as the neck and chest area. 2\. Kaolin Clay for Psoriasis - Psoriasis is a chronic skin condition that\'s characterized by red, flaky patches on the skin. They can be itchy and uncomfortable. Kaolin clay works to reduce inflammation and irritation associated with psoriasis. It helps to soothe and hydrate the skin while also encouraging healing. Kaolin clay can help to heal existing psoriasis or prevent future flare-ups by reducing inflammation. 3\. Kaolin Clay for Eczema - One of the most common skin conditions is eczema, which causes patches of skin to become red, itchy, and inflamed. Kaolin clay has been shown to alleviate itching and inflammation caused by eczema. To use kaolin clay for eczema, mix one tablespoon of kaolin clay with a teaspoon of apple cider vinegar to form a paste. Then, apply this paste directly onto your affected areas once daily. After applying the paste to your skin, let it sit for 10 minutes before washing it off with lukewarm water and patting your skin dry with a clean towel. After drying off with a towel, you should apply an ointment or cream to seal in moisture on the surface of your skin. 4\. Kaolin Clay for Dry and Sensitive skin - Kaolin clay is a gentle clay that can be used on sensitive skin. This makes it perfect for people who are in search of a clay mask that is not harsh on their skin. It absorbs excess oils from the skin and helps to reduce inflammation. Kaolin clay works by drawing out impurities from the pores, so it may be suitable for those with blemish-prone and oily skin types. This type of clay also has mild astringent properties that will help to absorb excess oil and improve your complexion at the same time. 5\. Kaolin Clay for Anti-Aging - There are very few clinical studies about the effectiveness of kaolin clay for anti-aging. One study conducted by the British Association of Dermatologists tested the effectiveness of topical clay application on collagen fibers in rat skin. The study showed that clay may increase collagen fibers, which may account for its benefits. - Kaolin clay has a tightening effect on the skin. When applied as a facial mask, this tightening action makes your skin look and feel tighter. Kaolin clay also improves elasticity in the skin, which helps minimize the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. Try combining kaolin clay with other ingredients like honey and yogurt for an effective face mask! 3.French Green Clay: French Green Clay is a natural exfoliant that gently removes dead skin cells from the skin\'s outer surface, the epidermis. It helps to naturally exfoliate the dry skin layer and increase circulation, leaving the skin looking and feeling soft and moisturized This clay is rich in minerals and is often used to detoxify and tighten the skin. It\'s particularly suitable for those with oily or acne-prone skin.  4.Rhassoul Clay: Rhassoul clay, also called Moroccan clay, is prized for its ability to cleanse and clarify the skin. It\'s suitable for oily and combination skin types. Moroccan Rhassoul Clay - Quality Organic Superfoods \| Detox Trading 2\. Benefits of Clay Face Masks: Deep Cleansing: Clay masks have the ability to draw out impurities and excess oil from the skin\'s surface and pores, helping to prevent breakouts and blackheads. Exfoliation: The texture of clay can provide gentle exfoliation, removing dead skin cells and promoting a smoother complexion. Balancing: Clay masks can balance skin\'s oil production, making them suitable for both oily and combination skin types. Tightening: Some clay masks can tighten and firm the skin temporarily, reducing the appearance of enlarged pores. Improving Skin Tone: Regular use of clay masks may lead to a more even skin tone and a reduction in redness and inflammation. 3\. How to Use a Clay Mask: Start with clean, dry skin. Remove any makeup or impurities with a gentle cleanser. Apply an even layer of the clay mask to your face, avoiding the eye and mouth areas. Leave the mask on for typically 10-20 minutes. As the mask dries, you may feel a tightening sensation on your skin. Rinse the mask off with lukewarm water, using gentle circular motions to exfoliate as you remove it. Follow up with your regular skincare routine, including moisturizer and sunscreen. 4\. Frequency: How often you should use a clay mask depends on your skin type. Oily or acne-prone skin may benefit from using it 1-2 times per week, while drier or more sensitive skin should limit use to 1 time per week or every two weeks. 5\. Precautions: Avoid leaving clay masks on for longer than recommended, as they can dry out the skin. for sensitive skin, do a patch test before applying the mask to your face to ensure you don\'t experience any irritation. Always follow the instructions on the product label, as some clay masks may have specific recommendations. Clay masks can be a valuable addition to your skincare routine, helping to address various skin concerns. Ingredients Weight ------------------- -------- bentonite clay 30g distilled water 30g aloe vera gel 20g Honey 10g Glycerin 5g chamomile extract 5g Procedure: - In a non-metallic bowl, mix bentonite clay and water to form a smooth paste. - dd aloe vera gel, honey, glycerin, and chamomile extract. Mix thoroughly. - Apply a thin layer of the mask to clean, dry skin. - Leave the mask on for about 15-20 minutes or until it begins to dry. - Rinse off with warm water and pat the skin dry.  ### ### ### ### Experiment 9: Aloe vera gel Why Aloe Vera Is So Great For Your Skin -- Otis Skincare Aloe vera is widely used in skincare due to its numerous benefits for the skin such as: - Moisturizer: Aloe vera gel is an excellent natural moisturizer for the skin. It helps hydrate the skin without leaving a greasy residue, making it suitable for all skin types. Applying a thin layer of aloe vera gel on the face or body can help keep the skin soft, supple, and well-hydrated. - Sunburn Relief: Aloe vera is well-known for its soothing properties, particularly for sunburned skin. Its cooling effect can provide immediate relief from the discomfort and redness associated with sunburn. Applying aloe vera gel to sunburned areas helps to moisturize and calm the skin, promoting faster healing. - Acne Treatment: Aloe vera has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties that make it beneficial for acne-prone skin. It can help reduce inflammation, redness, and swelling associated with acne breakouts. Aloe vera gel can be applied directly to the affected areas or used as an ingredient in homemade facial masks or spot treatments. - Scar and Wound Healing: Aloe vera promotes the healing process of scars and wounds. It stimulates the production of collagen, which is essential for skin regeneration. Applying aloe vera gel on scars, cuts, or minor burns can help speed up healing, reduce the appearance of scars, and improve overall skin texture. - Anti-Aging Effects: Aloe vera is rich in antioxidants that help combat the damage caused by free radicals, which contribute to premature aging of the skin. Regular use of aloe vera gel can help reduce the appearance of fine lines, wrinkles, and age spots, giving the skin a more youthful and radiant look. - Skin Irritation and Allergies: Aloe vera gel is known for its soothing properties and can be used to calm skin irritation, such as rashes, itching, or allergic reactions. It can provide relief from conditions like eczema, psoriasis, dermatitis, and insect bites. - Skin Cleanser: Aloe vera gel can be used as a gentle and natural cleanser to remove dirt, oil, and impurities from the skin. Its mild cleansing properties help unclog pores without stripping the skin of its natural oils. You can use aloe vera gel as a cleanser by applying it to the skin, massaging gently, and rinsing with water The name aloe vera was derived from the Arabic word "Aloe", meaning a "shining bitter substance" and vera came from the Latin word "vera", meaning "true". For years, aloe vera has been widely used in several cultures -- Egypt, Greece, Mexico, India, China, and Japan. The plant belongs to the Asphodelaceae (Liliaceae) family that thrives in dry regions in Asia, Europe, America, and Africa. **Ingredients** **contents** ---------------------- -------------- Day 1 Cold distilled water 800g DMDM 2.5g Glycerin 50g Carbabol 5g Day 2 EDTA 1g Propylenglycol 10g Panthenol 5g Triethanolamine 5g Aloe vera extract 200g - Put the preservative DMDM and the glycerin in the cold water then spread the carbabol on the surface and leave it for 24 hours. - Put the rest of the ingredients in day 2 and mix it well Note: we can replace aloe vera extract with aloe Vara powder 3g dissolved in 200 g water. **Practical 10:Aloevera toner**  **Ingredients** **contents** ----------------------- -------------- distilled water 600 g Aloe vera natural gel 400g Ethyl alcohol 99% 350g Mon propylene glycol 150g - Tonic A cosmetic tonic, also known as a facial tonic or toner, is a skincare product that is typically used after cleansing the skin. It is designed to provide additional cleansing, balancing, and preparation benefits to the skin before applying other skincare products. Here are some key characteristics and purposes of cosmetic tonics: - Cleansing: Cosmetic tonics help remove any remaining traces of dirt, oil, or makeup that may have been missed during the cleansing process. They can help ensure the skin is thoroughly clean and free from impurities. - Balancing: Tonics are often formulated to help restore the skin\'s natural pH balance, which can be disrupted by the use of cleansers. They help bring the skin back to its optimal pH level, which is important for maintaining a healthy skin barrier. - Preparation: Tonics prepare the skin for the application of subsequent skincare products, such as serums, moisturizers, or treatments. By removing any residue and excess oil, tonics improve the absorption and effectiveness of these products. - Refreshing: Many tonics have a refreshing and invigorating effect on the skin. They can leave the skin feeling revitalized, refreshed, and toned. - Pore Tightening: Some tonics contain ingredients that temporarily tighten the appearance of pores. This can give the skin a smoother and more refined look. - Soothing and Calming: Certain tonics include ingredients that provide a soothing and calming effect on the skin. They can help reduce redness, irritation, or sensitivity. Cosmetic tonics are typically applied to the skin after cleansing by gently patting them onto the face using a cotton pad or fingertips. It\'s important to choose a tonic that is suitable for your skin type and concerns, as different tonics may contain various active ingredients and have specific benefits. It\'s recommended to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and consult with a skincare professional if you have any specific concerns or questions about using a cosmetic tonic. ### ### Practical 11: Sunscreen Sunscreens are defined as substances that protect the skin from the harmful effects of solar UV radiation by absorbing, reflecting, scattering, or otherwise deflecting UV photons, avoiding their absorption by the components of the skin. Sun Protection Factor (SPF): Sun Protection Factor (SPF) is a measure of the effectiveness of sunscreen or sunblock products in protecting your skin from the harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. SPF indicates how long the product will protect your skin from sunburn when used correctly compared to not using any sunscreen. - SPF Numbers: SPF numbers typically range from 2 to 100 or more. The higher the SPF number, the greater the level of protection against UVB (ultraviolet B) rays, which are the primary cause of sunburn. - UV Radiation: The sun emits two main types of UV radiation: UVA (ultraviolet A) and UVB(ultraviolet B). UVB rays primarily cause sunburn and contribute to the development of skin cancers. UVA rays can prematurely age the skin and are also associated with skin cancer.  - Protection Time: SPF is used to estimate how long you can stay in the sun without burning when wearing sunscreen, compared to when you\'re not wearing any. For example, if you typically burn after 10 minutes of sun exposure without sunscreen, using an SPF 30 sunscreen should theoretically allow you to stay in the sun 30 times longer, or approximately 300 minutes (5 hours), without burning. - Effectiveness: It\'s essential to understand that no sunscreen provides 100% protection. Even high-SPF sunscreens do not block all UV radiation. Look for broad-spectrum sunscreen that offers protection against both types. Premium Vector \| Uv protection. sunscreen lotion protect human skin from uva, uvb ray - Application and Reapplication: The effectiveness of sunscreen depends on proper application. Apply a sufficient amount (generally about one ounce for the entire body) and reapply regularly, especially after swimming or sweating. Sunscreen should be applied 15-30 minutes before sun exposure to allow it to absorb into the skin properly. - Skin Type and Sun Exposure: Individual factors like skin type, the intensity of UV radiation, and the amount of sunscreen applied can affect the actual level of protection. People with fair skin are more susceptible to sunburn and may require higher SPF levels. - Water Resistance: Some sunscreens are labeled as \"water-resistant,\" indicating that they maintain their SPF level for a certain period while swimming or sweating. - Sun Protection and Health: Using sunscreen with adequate SPF is crucial for protecting your skin from sunburn, premature aging, and reducing the risk of skin cancer. UV radiation can be harmful even on cloudy days or during winter, so it\'s essential to wear sunscreen year-round when exposed to the sun. - Additional Sun Protection: Sunscreen should be part of a broader sun protection strategy that includes wearing protective clothing, sunglasses, and seeking shade when possible. Avoiding sun exposure during peak hours (10 a.m. to 4 p.m.) can further reduce the risk of UV damage. Physical sunscreen and chemical sunscreen are two different types of sunscreens that work in distinct ways to protect the skin from the harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. the differences between them: 1. Physical (Mineral) Sunscreen: - Active Ingredients: Physical sunscreens contain active mineral ingredients, such as zinc oxide or titanium dioxide. These minerals sit on the surface of the skin and create a physical barrier that reflects, scatters, and absorbs UV rays. - Protection Mechanism: They work by blocking and deflecting UV radiation away from the skin, like a shield. Physical sunscreens provide broad-spectrum protection against both UVA and UVB rays. - Pros: Offer broad-spectrum protection. Less likely to cause skin irritation or allergies. Effective right after application. Provide protection against both UVA and UVB rays. - Cons: May leave a white or chalky residue on the skin, especially with higher SPF levels. Some people find them less cosmetically elegant due to the residue. 2. Chemical (Organic) Sunscreen: - Active Ingredients: Chemical sunscreens contain organic (carbon-based) compounds, such as avobenzone, octisalate, or oxybenzone. These compounds are absorbed into the skin and work by absorbing and converting UV rays into heat, which is then released from the skin. - Protection Mechanism: They function by absorbing UV radiation within the skin and preventing it from causing damage. Chemical sunscreens typically offer broad-spectrum protection, but their effectiveness against UVA and UVB rays may vary depending on the specific ingredients used. - Pros: Tend to have a more lightweight and cosmetically elegant texture. Do not leave a white residue on the skin. Offer effective protection when applied correctly. - Cons: May potentially cause skin sensitivity or allergies in some individuals. The protection may decrease over time with sun exposure, requiring more frequent reapplication. Some chemical sunscreen ingredients have raised environmental concerns, especially related to their impact on coral reefs. Ultimately, the choice between physical and chemical sunscreen depends on individual preferences, skin type, and any specific skin conditions or sensitivities. The main ingredients in sunscreen products that provide sun protection factor (SPF) and protect the skin from the harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation are the active sunscreen agents. These ingredients work by absorbing, reflecting, or scattering UV rays to prevent them from damaging the skin. Here are some common active ingredients used in sunscreen products: 1\. Physical (Mineral) Sunscreen Active Ingredients: - Zinc Oxide: This mineral sunscreen ingredient provides broad-spectrum protection by creating a physical barrier on the skin\'s surface. It reflects and scatters both UVA and UVB rays. - Titanium Dioxide: Another mineral ingredient, titanium dioxide, also forms a physical barrier on the skin and reflects UV radiation. It provides broad-spectrum protection against UVA and UVB rays. 2\. Chemical (Organic) Sunscreen Active Ingredients: - Avobenzone: Avobenzone is a common chemical sunscreen ingredient that primarily absorbs UVA rays. It is often used in combination with other ingredients to provide broad-spectrum protection. - Octisalate (Octyl Salicylate): Octisalate primarily absorbs UVB rays and is commonly used to enhance SPF levels in sunscreen formulations. - Oxybenzone (Benzophenone-3): Oxybenzone absorbs both UVA and UVB rays and is used in many sunscreen products. - Octocrylene: Octocrylene is often used in sunscreen formulations to stabilize other active ingredients and provide additional UVB protection. - Homosalate: Homosalate primarily absorbs UVB rays and is frequently used in combination with other chemical sunscreen agents. - Octinoxate (Ethylhexyl Methoxycinnamate): Octinoxate primarily absorbs UVB rays and is commonly found in sunscreens. - Mexoryl SX (Terephthalylidene Dicamphor Sulfonic Acid): Mexoryl SX is a chemical sunscreen agent that provides protection against short UVA rays. - Mexoryl XL (Drometrizole Trisiloxane): Mexoryl XL is another chemical sunscreen agent that offers protection against short UVA rays. It\'s important to note that many sunscreen products contain a combination of active ingredients to provide broad-spectrum protection against both UVA and UVB rays. The specific combination of active ingredients can vary between sunscreen products and brands. When choosing a sunscreen, it\'s essential to select one with broad-spectrum protection and an SPF level appropriate for your skin type and intended sun exposure. Other Sunscreen active ingredients. Octyl methoxycinnamate up to 7.5 percent Benzophenone-3oxybenzone up to 10% Benzophenone 4 up to 10% Aminobenzoic acid (PABA) up to 15 percent. Avobenzone up to 3 percent. Cinoxate up to 3 percent. Dioxybenzone up to 3 percent. Homosalate up to 15 percent. Menthyl anthranilate up to 5 percent. Octocrylene up to 10 percent. Oxybenzone up to 6 percent. Titanium dioxide up to 25 percent. Zinc oxide up to 25 percent. Composition of Preparation A and Preparation B of the Standard sunscreen (Prepare 20 g). **Ingredients** **Percent by weight** ------------------------------------------- ----------------------- **Preparation A** Lanolin 5.00 Homosalate (zinc oxide, titanium dioxide) 8.00 White petrolatum 2.50 Stearic acid 4.00 Propylparaben 0.05 **Preparation B** Methylparaben 0.10 Edetate disodium 0.05 Propylene glycol 5.00 Triethanolamine 1.00 Purified water U.S. P 74.30 Procedure: 1. Preparation A and preparation B are heated separately to 77 to 82 deg. C, with constant stirring, until the contents of each part are solubilized. 2. Add preparation A slowly to preparation B while stirring. 3. Continue stirring until the emulsion formed is cooled to room temperature (15 to 30 deg. C). 4. Add sufficient purified water to obtain 100 grams of standard sunscreen preparation. ### Practical 12: body scrub preparation body scrub is a physical exfoliant that is usually either salt or sugar-based, used to remove dead skin cells from your skin. The abrasive ingredients (sugar, salt, sand) are worked into the skin and work as a natural exfoliant, clearing the skin of older skin cells so your skin feels soft supple and nourished. it removes dead skin cells, increases blood circulation and cleanses skin through exfoliation. Also known as body polish, it consists of a liquid base with exfoliating granules which slough off dead skin when massage over your body. scrubs should only be used two to three times a week, and rubbing in a circular motion is most effective as it helps to free ingrown hairs and is less abrasive than a back-and-forth movement.  **ingredient** **contents** --------------------- -------------- distilled water 1000 gm colorant 0.3 gm stearic acid 100 gm lanette wax 30 gm tri ethanol amine 20 gm lemon salt 5 gm titanium dioxide 5 gm propylene glycol 15gm Almond peel 50 gm brown sugar or sand 50gm perfume 30 gm Procedure: 1.put the distilled water in a beaker and heat it to 90c. 2.add the water colorant to the hot water. 3.add lanette wax, stearic acid to the hot water with continuous stirring till it melt completely. 4.add triethanolamine to the mixture 5.turn of the fire and continue stirring till it reaches 45c. 6.add titanium dioxide to the mixture, then propylene glycol,perfume,almond peel, brown sugar. ما ترميش قشر المكسرات.. 3 وصفات طبيعية لتقشير الجسم قبل النوم - اليوم السابع ### Experiment 13: body lotion Body lotion is a skincare product designed to moisturize and hydrate the skin on the body. It provides several benefits.  1\. Hydration and Moisturization: The primary purpose of body lotion is to hydrate and moisturize the skin. It helps prevent dryness by replenishing the skin\'s natural moisture and preventing moisture loss. 2\. Key Ingredients: Body lotions typically contain a combination of ingredients that help maintain skin health, such as: Emollients: These ingredients, like oils and butters (e.g., shea butter, cocoa butter), provide a protective barrier on the skin, preventing water loss and keeping the skin soft. Humectants: Substances like glycerin and hyaluronic acid attract and retain moisture, helping the skin stay hydrated. Occlusives: Ingredients like petroleum jelly or beeswax form a seal on the skin\'s surface to lock in moisture. Antioxidants: Some body lotions include antioxidants (e.g., vitamins C and E) to protect the skin from environmental damage. 3\. Skin Types and Formulations: There are body lotions available for various skin types, including dry, sensitive, oily, and normal skin. It\'s essential to choose a lotion that suits your skin\'s specific needs. Lightweight, non-comedogenic lotions are suitable for oily or acne-prone skin, while thicker formulations are better for very dry or mature skin. 4\. Fragrances and Scented Varieties: Many body lotions come in scented versions with a variety of fragrances, from floral and fruity to musky and earthy. Unscented options are available for those with sensitive skin or fragrance allergies. 5\. Sunscreen in Body Lotion: Some body lotions contain added sunscreen to provide protection against harmful UV rays. These can be helpful for daily sun protection, especially on exposed areas. 6\. Specialty Lotions: Beyond standard moisturizing lotions, there are specialty products like body butters, body oils, and anti-aging lotions, each designed to address specific skin concerns. 8\. Benefits: 1. Prevent and relieve dry, flaky skin. 2. Soothe irritated or itchy skin. 3. Maintain skin elasticity and suppleness. 4. Enhance the skin\'s natural barrier function. 5. Promote a healthy and youthful appearance. **ingredients** **contents** ------------------------------------- -------------- Distilled water 1000 gm Stearic acid 125 gm Lanette wax 43.7 gm triethanolamine 21.8 gm Isopropyl myristate 62.5 gm Propylene glycol 25 gm Shea butter 12.5 gm Aloe vera extract 12.5 gm Olive oil 12.5 gm Jojoba oil 12.5 gm Liquirice extract or carrot extract 12.5 gm Almond oil 12.5 gm Silicon oil 25 gm borax 12.5 gm Sodium benzoate 1.8 gm Potassium sorbate 1.8 gm Perfume oil 37.5 gm Procedure: 1. Heat the water 80 c. 2. Add lanette wax, Shea butter, with continuous stirring till melting. 3. 3.add triethanolamine, then borax. 4. Add all the oils then turn off the hotplate. 5. Keep stirring till it reaches 45c. 6. Add all the extracts now then propylene glycol, 7. Add preservatives. 8. Add the oily perfume, stir for 15 minutes at least. ### Practical14: Face and lip scrub A face and lip scrub is a skincare product specifically designed to exfoliate and remove dead skin cells from the face and lips. It typically consists of a mixture of exfoliating particles and nourishing ingredients that work together to improve the texture and appearance of the skin. The exfoliating particles in a face and lip scrub can vary, but common choices include granulated sugar, salt, coffee grounds, or small beads made from natural or synthetic materials. These particles help to physically slough off the dead skin cells, revealing smoother, brighter skin underneath. In addition to exfoliants, face and lip scrubs often contain nourishing ingredients such as oils (e.g., coconut oil, almond oil, or olive oil), butters (e.g., shea butter or cocoa butter), vitamins, and botanical extracts. These ingredients help to moisturize, soothe, and nourish the skin, counteracting the potential drying effects of exfoliation. Using a face and lip scrub can offer several benefits: 1. It helps to unclog pores 2. prevent dullness 3. improve skin tone and texture 4. promote a more youthful and radiant complexion. 5. allows for better absorption of other skincare products, such as moisturizers and serums **Ingredients** **contents** ---------------------------------------- -------------- Cocoa butter 100g Shea butter 90g Coconut oil 300g Brown sugar particles or dead sea salt 500g Vitamin e 10g Procedure: - Add all the ingredients together on room temperature and mix it very well - Add strawberry or chocolate flavor. Cocoa butter, also called theobroma oil, is a pale-yellow, edible fat extracted from the cocoa bean (Theobroma cacao). It is used to make chocolate, as well as some ointments, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Cocoa butter has a cocoa flavor and aroma.  Shea butter is a seed fat that comes from the shea tree. The shea tree is found in East and West tropical Africa. The shea butter comes from two oily kernels within the shea tree seed. After the kernel is removed from the seed, it is ground into a powder and boiled in water. The butter then rises to the top of the water and becomes solid. ### Practical 15: liquid soap Liquid soap is a type of soap that is formulated in a liquid or gel-like form rather than the traditional solid bar soap. It is typically used for cleaning and personal hygiene purposes. Liquid soap is made by combining various ingredients, including water, oils or fats, and an alkali (such as sodium hydroxide) through a process called saponification. This process results in the formation of soap molecules that can effectively remove dirt, oils, and other impurities from surfaces or the skin. Liquid soap is commonly found in bottles or containers with pump dispensers for easy use. It is often used as a hand soap for washing hands in homes, public restrooms, and healthcare facilities. Liquid soap is also used as a body wash, shower gel, shampoo, dishwashing liquid, and various other cleaning applications. Its liquid form makes it convenient for distributing and applying, and it can be formulated with different scents and additives to enhance its cleansing and moisturizing properties.  ### - **ADDITIVES** - Soap manufacturers have developed a variety of formulation approaches to deliver products that better meet the consumer needs of today. These include: - Fragrance: Fragrances are compounded from several components including carboxylic acids, esters, aldehydes, ketones, and glycols. - **Glycerin:** Glycerin is well known for its ability to absorb water (humectancy). This makes it an ideal additive for skincare (moisturization) benefits. - **Colorants and Pigments:** The visual appearance of a soap bar is known to influence the consumer acceptance of the product. Lakes and opacifiers such as titanium dioxide and zinc oxide are used. - **Preservatives:** preservatives (chelating agents and antioxidants) are necessary to prevent oxidation of fatty acids and fragrances. Agents like EDTA and DTPA are commonly used. - **Skin Conditioners:** these provide skin mildness and moisturizing benefits. Conditioners include vitamin E, aloe, jojoba oil, lanolin, glyceryl stearate, isopropyl esters, sodium cetearyl sulfate, cetyl esters, petrolatum, silicones, beeswax, ceresin, carbomer-934, sodium polyacrylate, cocoa butter, mineral oil, and polyethyleneoxideglycol-12. - **Antimicrobial Agents:** Soap bars are very effective in removing microbial flora that are known to cause skin infections, pimples, and malodor during the washing/bathing process. The addition of antimicrobial actives to a soap bar extends this benefit for a longer period of time, mainly between washing/bathing. [Trichlorocarbanilide] (TCC), [trichlorodiphenylhydroxyether] (triclosan), and [parachloro m-xylenol] (PCMX) are commonly used in soap bars today. - **Synthetic Surfactants:** Synthetic surfactants are often used to enhance the performance of soap bars, resulting in improved skin feel, less irritation, and improved quality and quantity of lather. Examples include [sodium cocoyl isethionate], [alkyl ether sulfonate] and [cocomonoglyceride sulfates]. - **Other Additives:** Some examples include processing aids, **binders** (gums and resins), **fillers** (dextrin, salt, talc, etc., for bar hardness), **exfoliants**, **anti-acne actives**, and **anti-irritants**. **Liquid Soap preparation** **[List of chemicals/materials]** ----------------- ------------------------------ ------- **Ingredients** **Contents** 1 Sodium Luareth Sulphate 15 g 2 Luramid 6 g 3 Distilled water Warm (30 ⁰C) 85 ml 4 Salt (as Per Request) 2 g 5 Colorants 0.1 g 6 Fragrance 1 g 7 Methylparaben 1 g ----------------- ------------------------------ ------- **[Method of soap preparation with olive oil:]** 1. Add Sodium luareth sulphate to the warm wa