Early Life Of Dr. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar PDF

CHAPTER CONTENTS Preface.......................................................................................

CHAPTER CONTENTS Preface..............................................................................................................vii Authors’ Note.....................................................................................................ix 1. The Making of the Genuis........................................................................1 THE MAKING OF THE GENUIS 1 2. The Formative Years: Education and Influences..........................................5 EARLY LIFE OF DR. SHANTI 3. An Exemplary Educationist and Scientist.................................................12 SWARUP BHATNAGAR 4. The Father of Research Laboratories:.......................................................21 Developing Industrial Research in India यथाा ह्येेकेेन चक्रेेण न रथस्य गति र्भभवेेत् ्। 5. Awards and Recognitions.........................................................................29 एवंं परुषकाारेे ण वि नाा दैै वंं न सि द्ध्यति ।। 6. Reminiscing Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar.....................................................32 Just as a chariot cannot be driven without a wheel, a man’s destiny cannot be fulfilled without perseverance. T Appendix he persona of Dr. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar is reflected as a man 1. Photo Gallery..........................................................................................40 who stood tall, who set standards, and laid the foundation stone for 2. Important Milestones in the life of Dr. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar...........45 building a strong nation. He is an amalgamation of an accomplished 3. List of CSIR Laboratories........................................................................47 scientist, an able administrator, a poet, a wonderful communicator and above 4. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar (SSB) Award for Science and Technology.........50 all an exemplary human being characterized by his generosity, values, integrity, humility and commitment to serve others. 5. Dr. Bhatnagar’s Scientific Papers.............................................................53 6. References................................................................................................59 Family Background and Early Childhood Born on 21st February 1894 at Bhera in the Shahpur District in the then undivided state of Punjab (now in Pakistan), Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar belonged to an elite, educated family both from the paternal and maternal sides. |v |1 His mother, Parbati Bhatnagar was the daughter of a distinguished engineer, Munshi Pyarelal was a strict disciplinarian but was never harsh. He did Munshi Pyarelal of Sikandrabad in U.P, while his father Parmeshwari Sahai not allow the children any pocket money because he thought it would make Bhatnagar was the eldest son of Rai Bahadur Munshi Manoharlal of Panipat. them self-indulgent. However, he always gave them money whenever they really Munshi Manoharlal held a high executive post and was particularly noted for needed it. He told them never to get involved in disputes. As he grew older, his piety and honesty. Munshi Pyarelal became more religious and reclusive. A new house was built at Shanti Swarup inherited from his mother’s family the scientific temper some distance from the older one, into which the family shifted. Shanti Swarup and poetic attributes, and from his paternal family, especially from his father, he stayed with his grandfather who continued to live in the old house and thereby imbibed an independent spirit. developed a liking for solitude. Shanti Swarup’s father Parmeshwari Sahai Bhatnagar, was a distinguished Fruit trees were planted around the house and young Shanti Swarup graduate of the Punjab University. He refused to take up judicial or executive would often climb trees and feast on the guavas and mangoes. At the height service which was the tradition of the family and became a teacher of a high of the mango season, hundreds of the luscious fruits were plucked and thrown school in Bhera. Parmeshwari Sahai Bhatnagar became a member of the Brahmo overnight into a water tank in the garden. Such was Shanti Swarup’s liking for Samaj, a moment which stood against Hindu orthodoxy and the caste system mangoes that during summers, when the family sat in the shady bower of trees and was committed to social equity. For his religious beliefs, Parmeswari Sahai to enjoy mangoes being cooled in a water tank, he would be thrown in it to eat Bhatnagar was totally estranged from his family members. as many of them as he liked. When his father Parmeshwari Sahai Bhatnagar died on 26th October 1894, at the young age of 22, Shanti Swarup was just eight months old, whereas Under the influence of his grandfather, Munshi Pyarelal, young his elder sister was two years old. Parmeswari Sahai’s sudden death left his young Shanti Swarup, developed a taste for engineering, and also in wife and children in dire poverty. Since Parmeshwari Sahai’s father and mother Physics and Chemistry. He became interested in his grandfather’s had both died and his uncles were in Lahore, there was no other option for Shanti geometrical instruments, Euclid and algebra, and in making Swarup’s mother than to go to Sikanderabad to her father, Munshi Pyarelal. She mechanical toys. Clay-modelling greatly attracted him and he spent took over many household responsibilities in her father’s house, where she and much time at it. At the age of eight, while his classmates were playing up a storm on the playground, this young boy was using the her children were well taken care of. instruments and tools of his grandfather to build mechanical toys. It was at Sikanderabad, under the guardianship of his maternal grandfather, He had constructed a steam engine and one day, to his great joy, Munshi Pyarelal, that the childhood of Shanti Swarup was passed. Young Shanti the clay vessel that served as a boiler, burst. Dr.Bhatnagar always Swarup received guidance from Munshi Pyarelal, who was an engineer, one of the recollected the inner happiness and joy he had experienced in his first to have qualified from the Roorkee College (presently IIT, Roorkee), the first childhood due to the explosion and little movement of the engine engineering college in India. on the crude rails. 2| |3  Those were the happy early childhood days. Munshi Pyarelal accompanied CHAPTER 2 his grandson Shanti Swarup on the first day of his school. On that day , Shanti Swarup learnt that his father had died when he was just a eight month old baby. Till then, he considered his maternal grandfather Munshi Pyarelal to be his father. The little child, aged six, was disheartened and wept to accept the bitter truth. Thus began his school days where seeds to his wholesome personality were sown which found a conducive atmosphere to boom and blossom later in life. Poetic Inclination THE FORMATIVE YEARS From his childhood, thanks to the literacy atmosphere in his grandfather’s house, Shanti Swarup enjoyed listening to poetry EDUCATION AND INFLUENCES and took up to writing. Munshi Pyarelal’s ancestral house had a big library of Hindi and Urdu books. Mostly while travelling or on holiday he would write verses on scraps of paper and pocket them. नाास्ति ि वि द्याासमोो बन्धुुर्नाा स्ति ि वि द्याासमःः सुुहृत् ् । Shanti Swarup’s interest in poetry and literature came from his नाास्ति ि वि द्याासमंं वि त्तंं नाास्ति ि वि द्याासमंं सुखु म् ् ॥ mother’s family who produced a number of poets, the most famous There is no brother like knowledge, no friend like knowledge, of them was Munshi Hargopal. Munshi Hargopal was a well-known and no wealth or happiness like it. poet and wrote under a pseudo name ‘Tafta’. He had a collection of rare books and manuscripts which, upon his death, were bequeathed A to Shanti Swarup by his grandfather. He then donated them to the n extraordinarily gifted person, Dr. Bhatnagar was not just a scientist Lahore University Library. of eminence, but also an accomplished poet and an able administrator. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar’s collection of Urdu poems, titled Education was his legacy, his father, Parmeshwari Sahai Bhatnagar, Lajwanti after his wife, was published in 1948. being a distinguished scholar of English and History from Punjab University and his mother, Parbati Bhatnagar, being the daughter of Munshi Pyarelal, one of the first to qualify from Roorkee Engineering College. His grandfather on Take Aways People who are ready to take risks and face the consequences, the paternal side, Rai Bahadur Munshi Manoharlal Bhatnagar too, held high stand out in a crowd and carve a niche for themselves. positions. It is interesting to know how the formative years shaped the persona Learning, the foundations of which should be laid early, is the of Dr. Bhatnagar and gave him the ground from which to take off with the help stepping stone to a solid future. of good education. 4| |5 The School Days The scientific bent of mind that he gained from scholars like Lala Bishen Shanti Swarup’s earliest schooling was in a private Maktab (a primary Narain Mathur and Mohd. Ashraf developed in him an interest in experiments school, the medium of teaching being Urdu) which he joined in 1901. Later, related to electrical fields, string telephones, and electrical batteries. He published up to the year 1907 he studied at Dayanand Anglo-Vedic (DAV) High School, his first ‘paper’ (letter) on how to make carbon electrodes for batteries in 1911, in Sikandrabad in U.P. the Allahabad newspaper, The Leader. Shanti Swarup’s father, Parmeshwari Sahai had a childhood friend Rai Sahib Lala Raghunath Sahai, who later was to play an important role in the life of Shanti Swarup. Raghunath Sahai was the Headmaster of Dyal Singh High In his childhood, Shanti Swarup, took delight in conducting scientific School in Lahore. experiments. While in school he even created a “laboratory” of In 1908, Raghunath Sahai, visited the family and found young Shanti his own in one of the galleries of the school hall for conducting experiments, where he gathered all kinds of things which he Swarup specially good in literature and science. He persuaded Parbati to send thought would be useful in conducting experiments—old tubes, her son, Shanti Swarup, for schooling at Lahore in his school. At the Dyal Singh broken flasks, batteries and so on. As early as 1911, young Shanti High School, Shanti Swarup earned a scholarship in open competition (in fact Swarup published a letter in the Allahabad newspaper, ‘The Leader’, he got scholarships throughout his studies) and also made his living by teaching on a method of making substitute carbon electrodes for a battery young students privately. by heating molasses and carbonaceous matter under pressure. Shanti Swarup was good at all subjects. He was not only an inquisitive This publication has significance because in 1942 he developed a student of science but was interested and proficient in Sanskrit and Urdu, too. process for carbon electrodes using indigenous materials! In school he was considered to be distinctly high up in literary attainment in Urdu too. He was so proficient in both, Urdu grammar and Urdu poetry that his teachers thought that his attendance in these classes was not necessary. Higher Education Shanti Swarup distinguished himself in every branch of the work of his In 1911, Shanti Swarup passed the matriculation examination with classes- literary, scientific, dramatic, social and gave the most complete satisfaction a first division from the Dyal Singh High School and joined the Dyal Singh to his teachers by the excellence of his behaviour. College, Lahore, with a university scholarship. Here he developed an interest During these years his headmaster, Rai Sahib Lala Raghunath Sahai, was a in theatre under the tutelage of distinguished professors. His own writing great influence on him and it was here that he came in contact with the Brahmo talent was recognized when his sectional play “Karamat” won the first prize Samaj. These formative years were crucial because his personality was greatly in a one-act play completion. Even when studying later at Forman Christian formed by the scholarly pursuits of his headmaster and future father-in-law, Rai College, Lahore, he contributed his literacy talents to the Dyal Singh Sahib Lala Raghunath Sahai, and his teacher Rai Bahadur Lala Ram Kishore. College. On one instance he translated a song in Twelfth Night into Urdu. 6| |7 Social Service was inculcated among students of Dyal Singh College, and Shanti During his college days, Shanti Swarup had been under strained Swarup was happily a part of this, displaying great enthusiasm. circumstances. As an undergraduate he had earned his examination fees by At the Dyal Singh College, Shanti Swarup had won a college scholarship. making an inventory of the contents of the Forman Chemical Laboratories. His subjects were English, Sanskrit, Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics. On 31st May 1915, Shanti Swarup married Lajwanti, the elder daughter Professor N. N. Godbole mentored Shanti Swarup and was friendly with him. He of Rai Sahib Lala Raghunath Sahai, in accordance with the Civil Marriage Act of stimulated Bhatnagar’s enthusiasm for indigenous industrial products. In those 1872 with Brahmo rites. To shoulder the added responsibilities, Shanti Swarup days, Shanti Swarup wrote a paper on “Fermentation Phenomena of Pomegranate Bhatnagar worked as a demonstrator in Physics and Chemistry in Forman Juice.” which was published as an article in the magazine “Raushni”, a periodical Christian College, and then as a senior demonstrator in Chemistry in Dyal of the Society for Promoting Scientific Knowledge. College. Shanti Swarup passed the Intermediate Examination of the Punjab The employment, however, did not hinder Shanti Swarup’s efforts in University in 1913, with a first division and joined Forman Christian College, pursuing higher studies. He joined the M.Sc. course in Chemistry in the Forman Lahore for the B.Sc. degree for which he studied Physics and Chemistry. He took Christian College and completed his post-graduation in 1919. In M.Sc., his up an Honours in Physics in 1916. thesis was on “The Effect of Absorbed Gases on the Surface Tension of Water.” At Forman Christian College he began his scientific pursuits in earnest. His ability as a university student was such that the principal of Dyal Singh Chemistry was taught by Professor P. Carter Speers who used to be regarded College, Mr. Welinkar, wrote “Mr. Shanti Swarup was one of the ablest students as the father of technical education in the University. The grasp on theoretical in that large class. He distinguished himself in every branch of the work of his chemistry acquired from Professor Carter Speers, laid the foundation for his work class.” in Industrial Chemistry. He was taught Physics by Professor J. M. Benade, M.A. One of his professors, Prof. Ruchi Ram Sahni helped him get a scholarship (Princeton), who was excellent in experimental physics and had done research from Dyal Singh College to study abroad. This made it possible for him to with Arthur Holly Compton, the Nobel Laureate in Physics. It was Prof. J.M. set off for America, in 1919. He reached London en route to America but Benade who taught him this subject, and with him Shanti Swarup did his first research on surface tension for his M.Sc. degree. An interesting incident of Shanti Swarup’s graduation days cannot be left out. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar was greatly influenced by his mentor In the examination of chemistry subject, he wrote that X-rays could also be reflected, Prof. Ruchi Ram Sahni who took keen interest in shaping his refracted and polarized, as ordinary light. But Mellor’s Textbook of Inorganic scientific career. While recalling, the influences of his teachers in Chemistry being followed in the college did not mention this fact. This textbook him, Bhatnagar writes: “Prof. Ruchi Ram Sahni took special interest was the “Bible” for the examiner and there was no wonder that the examiner failed in me and was largely responsible for the award of a scholarship from the Dyal Singh College Trust for my studies abroad”. Shanti Swarup for writing something which was not in the textbook. 8| |9 was held up there because all the ships sailing from England to the US were While working in London he received a Fellowship of £250 a year which carrying American soldiers who were returning home after the World War I. enabled him to travel to Germany and France. He worked as a research student After trying for several days to find a ticket for a US ship, he requested the Dyal in the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institute Berlin and also in Sorbonne, Paris. In Sorbonne Singh Trust to let him stay on in London. The trust permitted him to join the he met Madame Curie and visited her laboratories. University College London under chemistry professor Frederick G. Donnan. He obtained the Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) degree in Chemistry, in 1921, from Facts Ramsay Laboratories of University College, London, under the guidance of Dr. Bhatnagar’s D.Sc. degree was on the surface tension of oils. Prof. Donnan. When visiting France and Germany he met Prof. Walther Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar immersed himself into his research work on the Hermann Nernst (winner of 1920 Nobel Prize for Chemistry). subject, “Colloidal Chemistry and Emulsions and Emulsifications”. Two years later in 1921, he presented his thesis titled, “Solubilities of bi-and trivalent salts of higher fatty acids in oils and their effect on surface tension of oils”. Take Aways Hard work and perseverance are the keys to building a A colloquium was held in April 1921 at which Shanti Swarup successful career. Bhatnagar was to give a discourse as a thesis for his doctorate. On There is no replacement of good qualification. the strength of his publication on Surface Tension, he was exempted Short cuts don’t exist. Every destination is reached through from taking the Ph.D. a pre-qualification necessary for a D.Sc. For dedication and will-power. the doctorate his research had been on Colloidal Chemistry, and Emulsions and Emulsification. The audience at the colloquium was composed of professors, research students and experts on the subject of exposition. William Bragg presided and Prof. Donnan sat in a conspicuous place. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar, well aware that this was the climax of his student career, was very much on his mettle. He delivered the thesis to his own satisfaction. He was amazed when Professor Donnan rose and riddled it with shattering criticism. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar rose to defend his thesis and at the end Professor Donnan embraced him. Sir William Bragg patted him on the back and said his defence was wonderful and he deserved to be a Doctor of Science. 10 | | 11  Dr. Bhatnagar’s contribution to the field of education is quite significant. CHAPTER 3 He was an excellent teacher and an accomplished researcher. He had the reputation of being a very inspiring teacher and it was as a teacher that he himself was the happiest. He taught for nearly 19 years in various universities and inspired a large number of students. Many of his students, in later life, occupied important positions and spread the ideals of their teacher. Not only was he a great experimenter, but was also a well-read and gifted writer. An Exemplary University Teacher AN EXEMPLARY Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar was a university professor for 19 years (1921 EDUCATIONIST AND SCIENTIST -1940), first at the Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi and then at the Punjab University, Lahore. He joined the Banaras Hindu University as a Professor of Chemistry in यथाा ह्येेकेेन चक्रेे ण न रथस्य गति र्भभवेेत् ्। August 1921 where he spent three years at the Chemistry Department. एवंं परुषकाारेे ण वि नाा दैै वंं न सि द्ध्यति ।। Just like a chariot cannot move with one wheel, we cannot Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya, the founder Vice Chancellor of the Banaras attain our destiny without hard work or effort. Hindu University needed to appoint a University Professor in Chemistry. At that time Dr. Bhatnagar was in England, Pandit Malviya wrote to three stalwarts of Indian science- Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose and Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray, requesting them to recommend a “The heights by great men reached and kept Were not attained by sudden flight, suitable candidate for the post. All three of them were also in England at that But they, while their companions slept, point of time. After consulting each other, all three unanimously agreed upon Were toiling upward in the night”. the candidature of Dr. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar and the same was conveyed to Henry Longfellow Pandit Malviya. Based on their recommendations Dr. Bhatnagar was sent an offer to join BHU. He accepted the offer from Pandit Malviya. and joined the Banaras S hanti Swarup Bhatnagar was one of the ablest and most illustrious sons of Hindu University in August 1921. India. He was a man who succeeded against overwhelming odds, a man Within a short span of time at the Chemistry Department of BHU, who worshipped science, who never lost faith in his own abilities and a Professor Bhatnagar was able to create an active school of physico-chemical man who worked for the betterment of the society, not just for his own interests. research. Pandit Malviya was very impressed by Professor Bhatnagar’s abilities 12 | | 13 and his dedication and would often recommend the visitors to the University to In 1924, Dr. Bhatnagar moved to the Punjab University, Lahore, as a see Dr. Bhatnagar’s laboratory. Professor of Physical Chemistry and the Director of the University Chemical At the Banaras Hindu University, Dr. Bhatnagar did research mainly in Laboratories. The appointment was an important milestone in Bhatnagar’s career colloids, geo-chemistry and photochemistry. and the selection for this post testified to his high accomplishment as a researcher. Professor Bhatnagar was very generous and extended his large heartedness The post had been advertised in Nature, a highly acclaimed international scientific to students who could not pay their fees and he paid stipends out of his own journal published in London. pocket to students showing promise. While working at the Punjab University, Lahore, Dr. Bhatnagar earned Being a Hindi poet of repute, Professor Bhatnagar, during his stay in a considerable sum of money from his applied research work. However, he Banaras, composed the ‘Kulgeet’ (Song for the University). donated all his earnings from such activities to the University. He refused to accept any financial award personally, as he believed that scientific work loses its selfless character if the worker becomes money-minded and begins to get A Magnanimous Gesture financial benefits for himself. Also, the public begins to doubt the sincerity of a At the time of his joining the Chemistry Department of BHU, Dr. worker who works hard in order to make riches for himself. He felt that students Bhatnagar’s magnanimous gesture to allow the former head to derive inspiration from only a selfless worker. The span of 16 years (1924-40) continue as Head of the Department, had no precedent and is highly as Professor in the Punjab University was the most active period of his life for appreciable. original scientific work. He was fondly called as “ Doctor Saheb” in University Chemical Laboratories. There is an interesting episode that took place at the time of his joining the Chemistry Department of the Banaras Hindu University. Dr. Nitya Anand, Former Director of the Central Drug Research Scientific Contributions Institute, Lucknow, has described this episode in this way: “He Dr. S. S. Bhatnagar made pioneering contributions in fundamental research, started his innings at BHU with a magnanimous gesture which applications to industry & consultancy. He made a large number of publications, had no precedent. When the former Head of the Department most of them being in the field of physical chemistry and the major subjects were of Chemistry from whom he was to take charge expressed his magneto-chemistry and physical chemistry of emulsions. He made use of magnetic distress at handling over the keys which he had held for fifteen susceptibility measurements for studying the properties of organic compounds, years, Bhatnagar’s spontaneous response was: “then hold them solutions, films and colloids. He designed an instrument, jointly with his student still”, and he really meant it. He persuaded the Executive Council of the University to allow the former head to continue as Head of K.N. Mathur, for measuring small variations in magnetic susceptibilities. The the Department. This unique gesture was greatly appreciated by his instrument, called the Bhatnagar-Mathur Magnetic Interference Balance, was new colleagues and by Pt. M.M. Malviya, the Vice Chancellor. one of the most sensitive instruments devised for measuring magnetic properties. 14 | | 15 The invention was patented and it was licensed to Messrs Adam Hilger and Co., Dr. Bhatnagar’s Contributions to Fundamental Science Camden Town, London, for production and marketing. It was exhibited at the Royal Society Soiree in 1931. Physical chemistry of emulsions: Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar and his group examined the scope of Pascal’s Dr. Bhatnagar was the first to define the effect of electrolytes Law of Additivity. They demonstrated that the law could be applied not only to on the stability of colloidal solutions. He enunciated simple rules governing colloid stability. organic compounds, but also to inorganic compounds. His hypothesis that all emulsifying agents with an excess of In addition to his significant contributions to the areas of magneto- negative ions and wetted by water will yield an oil in water chemistry and physical chemistry of emulsions, Shanti Swarup did outstanding emulsion while those having excess adsorbed positive ions and work in the area of applied research, in industrial and practical chemistry. wetted by oil will result in water in oil emulsion, is true to this Dr. Bhatnagar remained at the University Chemical Laboratories, Lahore, day! till 1940. The laboratories addressed problems in industrial and applied chemistry brought in by agriculturists and industrialists, such as Sir Ganga Ram, Magneto-chemistry: an engineer-turned neo-agriculturist; Lala Shri Ram of Delhi; J K Mills Kanpur; Dr. Bhatnagar used magnetic susceptibility measurements to explore the properties of organic compounds, solutions, films and Tata Oil Mills. and colloids. He established the structure of oxide film on the surface of Examples of Applied Science under the copper produced by oxidation. Guidance of Dr. Bhatnagar He proved the existence of ionic micelles by the study of A varnish to make gas masks impervious to gases magnetic rotations A special lubricating oil for bronze bearings A petroleum derived preservative for wood A method for purifying sulphur A Thorough Industrial Chemist Making fuels and lubricating oil from vegetable oils Jute and Shellac derived containers for storing hydrocarbons Dr. Bhatnagar’s first industrial problem was developing the process Resins from bagasse and jute for converting bagasse (peelings of sugarcane) into food-cake for cattle. Enamels and lacquers from Bhilawan nut This was done for Sir Ganga Ram, the Grand Old Man of Punjab. He also solved A stove, the size of a matchbox which gives off intense heat industrial problems for Delhi Cloth & General Mills, J.K. Mills Ltd. of Kanpur, using a solid fuel Ganesh Flour Mills Ltd. of Layallapur, Tata Oil Mills Ltd. of Bombay, and Steel Cotton cloth with a heat insulating property of wool Brothers & Co. Ltd. of India. His major innovation was an improvement of the Rendering textile fabrics non flammable and water resistant procedure for drilling crude oil. 16 | | 17  Bhatnagar – Mathur Magnetic Interference Balance In 1933, Dr. Bhatnagar demonstrated that the very first requirement of an industrial chemist is a very thorough grasp of the fundamentals. The Attock Oil Dr. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar and his student Mr. K.N. Mathur Company at Rawalpindi (representative of Messers Steel Brothers & Co London) (who later became the first Director, Central Scientific Instruments Organization, Chandigarh) designed an equipment, had confronted a peculiar problem, wherein the mud (clay) used for the drilling called Bhatnagar – Mathur Magnetic Interference Balance. operation was hardened upon contact with saline water, thereby clogging the The instrument measures the diamagnetic susceptibilities of drill holes. Dr. Bhatnagar realised that this problem could be solved by colloidal materials. chemistry. He added Indian plant gum, as a protective coating to prevent the mud (clay) from coagulating. The gum had a remarkable property of lowering the viscosity of the mud suspension and increasing its stability against the flocculating action of electrolytes. M/s Steel Brothers was so pleased that they offered Dr. Bhatnagar a sum of Rs. 1,50,000/- for research work on any subject related to petroleum. The company placed the fund through the university and it was used to establish the Department of Petroleum Research under the guidance of Dr. Bhatnagar. Investigations carried out under this collaborative scheme included deodorisation of waxes, increasing flame height of kerosene and utilisation of waste products in the vegetable oil and mineral oil industries. While pursuing his B.Sc., Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar solved an industrial problem. During the Second World War things could not be imported from Germany and other countries and many business enterprises were facing shortage of goods. A leading stationer at Lahore who was unable to import hectographic pads required for Magnetic Interference Balance (Bhatnagar-Mathur) duplication. (Hectograph is a device for making copies of written Reference : Investigations on the effect of crystalline structure on work). He approached Prof. Carter Speers of Forman College with a magnetic susceptibilities by a new magnetic balance based on the request to solve his problem. Prof. Speers assigned the task to Shanti principle of interference of light, Philosophical Magazine Series, Swarup Bhatnagar and he solved the problem. The stationer gave him 8 (54), 1041-1055 (1929). Rs. 150 for his services. 18 | | 19  CHAPTER 4 Dr. Bhatnagar persistently refused any personal monetary benefit from his research fundings, and instead advocated for strengthening research facilities at the university. A Dedicated Scientist and a Generous Human आत्माार्थंं जीीवलोोकेेऽस्मि िन् ् कोो न जीीवति माानवःः। परंं परोोपकााराार्थंं योो जीीवति स जीीवति । (In this world everyone lives to satisfy his/her own interests But those who live for the sake of helping others, THE FATHER OF RESEARCH live a real and prosperous life) LABORATORIES: Being In recognition of the great work done by Dr. Bhatnagar, DEVELOPING INDUSTRIAL Messers Steel Brothers & Co., London, had made a very generous gift of money and awarded him Rs 1.5 lakh, and offered him a RESEARCH IN INDIA job to conduct further research in petroleum. However, as a man dedicated to spreading the gospel of science, Dr. Bhatnagar refused अप्रााप्यंं नााम नेेहाास्ति ि धीीरस्य व्यवसाायि नःः। the job offer and instead donated his winnings to the Chemistry There is nothing unattainable to the one who has courage Department of the Punjab University, Lahore, so that it could set and who works hard. up its own Department of Petroleum Research. He transmitted a considerable part of that gift to create an Industrial Research Department in which research scholars could develop new “I can truly say that but for Dr. Bhatnagar you could not have seen today the chain of national laboratories.” processes for the industrial utilization of Indian raw materials. Dr. – Jawaharlal Nehru Bhatnagar’s act was an exemplary one without any parallel in the history of Indian universities and is highly inspirational. Constitution of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Take Aways (CSIR) D Large-heartedness can win hearts more than anything else. r. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar played a significant role in the building Giving is an act of humility. of post-independent Science and Technology (S & T) infrastructure People who make it big, work with perseverance and and in the formulation of India’s S & T policies. He was the Founder selflessness. Director (and later the first Director General) of the Council of Scientific & 20 | | 21 Industrial Research (CSIR). He is credited with establishing a chain of national of processes at the laboratory level for industrial utilisation. Those included laboratories in the country. techniques for the purification of Baluchistan sulphur anti-gas cloth manufacture, In the 1930s there were no research labs for the development of India’s the development of vegetable oil blends as fuel and lubricants, the invention of natural resources and industry. Just before the outbreak of the Second a pyrethrum emulsifier and cream, the development of plastic packing cases for World War, the Government of India established the Board of Scientific and army boots and ammunition, dyes for uniforms and the preparation of vitamins. Industrial Research (BSIR) with the efforts of Sir Ramaswamy Mudaliar, In early 1941, Dr. Bhatnagar persuaded the Government to set up an Commerce Member in Viceroy’s Committee. Dr. Bhatnagar, who by then had Industrial Research Utilisation Committee (IRUC) for translating results into made remarkable contributions to Chemistry was called on to take charge. In application. The Government agreed to make a separate fund out of the royalties December 1939, Dr. Bhatnagar was appointed as an Advisor on Scientific and received from industry for further investment into industrial research. An Industrial Research to the Government of India. Thus began his fifteen-year long Industrial Research Fund was constituted for the purpose of fostering industrial association with the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) which development in the country. The CSIR came into operation on 26th September was established on 26 September 1942. 1942. The BSIR and IRUC were designated as advisory bodies to the Governing In 1940, Sir Mudaliar became BSIR’s first Chairman and Dr. Bhatnagar body of the CSIR. was appointed as the Director of Scientific and Industrial Research. Though In 1943, the Governing Body of the CSIR approved the proposal of earlier he had declined tempting offers of posts in industrial research, he took this Dr. Bhatnagar to establish five national laboratories. These included National up as national service. He took this opportunity to help in building up India’s Chemical Laboratory (NCL), National Physical Laboratory (NPL), National scientific research, and to train and inspire young scientists to take up research as Metallurgical Laboratory (NML), Central Fuel Research Institute (CFRI) and a career. He dreamt of a chain of national laboratories of large teams of scientists Central Glass & Silicate Research Institute (CGSRI). working for the development of India and the creation of a scientific outlook on In 1944, in addition to its annual budget of Rs. 1 million, the CSIR life among the masses. received a grant of Rs.10 million for the establishment of these laboratories. The By the end of 1940, about eighty researchers were engaged under BSIR. Tata Industrial House donated Rs. 2 million for the chemical, metallurgical and Within two years of its establishment, the BSIR was able to work out a number fuel research laboratories. The Father of Research Laboratories: Developing Industrial The efforts of Sir Mudaliar and Dr. Bhatnagar led to the constitution Research in India of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) as an India’s flagship science institution, the Council of Scientific and Industrial autonomous body, to administer the Research Fund created by the Research (CSIR), was thus established with Dr. S. S. Bhatnagar at the helm of its government. affairs. Dr. Bhatnagar wanted to extend the scope of the CSIR by establishing a chain of national laboratories in the country under its command. 22 | | 23  During Dr. Bhatnagar lifetime, 14 national laboratories were operational, Torchbearer Institutes of Scientific and Industrial Research in the Pre-Independence Era acquired or had their foundation stone laid. They were: 1. National Chemical Laboratory (NCL), Pune During 1945 to 1947, India witnessed two important sides. One was 2. National Physical Laboratory (NPL), New Delhi the fanatic religious violent riots, bloodshed, dead corpses on streets and quest for partition. This was the darkest side of Indian History, the 3. Central Fuel Research Institute (CFRI), Dhanbad brighter side was, seeds for science and technology research sown by 4. Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute (CGCRI), Kolkata Dr. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar had started taking shape. This period has 5. Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysore seen the commencement of a chain of National Research Laboratories 6. National Metallurgical Laboratory (NML), Jamshedpur and Institutions that became at par with other labs in the world. The five 7. Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow torchbearer institutions of Scientific and Industrial research started 8. Central Road Research Institute (CRRI), Roorkee their journey during this period, just before Independence. 9. Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CERI), Karaikudi December 1945: Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, 10. Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai Calcutta (Kolkatta). The foundation stone was laid by Sir Ardeshir 11. Central Building Research Institute (CBRI), New Delhi Dalai, then Member for Planning and Development in the 12. Central Salt Research Institute (CSRI), Bhabnagar Government of India. 13. Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute (CEERI), Pilani 17th November, 1946: Central Fuel Research Institute, Dhanbad. The stone-laying ceremony was performed by the Hon. C. H. Bhaba, 14. National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI), Lucknow Minister for Works, Mines and Power. The first eleven laboratories listed above are often called the “Bhatnagar 21st November, 1946: National Metallurgical Laboratory, Eleven”. These laboratories were operational by 1951. Jamshedpur, for which the Hon. C. Rajagopalachari, Minister Education and Arts, laid the foundation stone. The first Director-General of the Council of Scientific and Industrial 4th January, 1947: National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi. The Research (CSIR), Dr. Bhatnagar is revered as the “Father of foundation stone was well laid by Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru. Research Laboratories” in India. 6th April, 1947: National Chemical Laboratory, Pune. The foundation stone was laid by the Hon. B. G. Kher, Prime Minister of Bombay. After India’s independence the CSIR was placed under Prime Minister At the Helm:-Important Positions Held Jawaharlal Nehru himself, who was equally enthusiastic about the Dr. Bhatnagar’s interest in science and its practical utilization was very wide development of science in the country. By the end of 1954 twelve and he did a great deal of pioneering work especially on the organizational side. national laboratories were established and a dozen more were at the He concurrently held a number of important positions in the Government. planning stage. He was the first Chairman of the University Grants Commission (UGC). 24 | | 25  He was Secretary, the Ministry of Education and Educational Adviser of Contributions to Industrial Research in India the Government. Dr. Bhatnagar was associated with the development of the Atomic Very few scientists have contributed to both science and nation- Energy Programme of India. In 1945, an Atomic Energy Committee was set building like Dr. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar. He was truly in a class up under the aegis of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. The of his own. Committee was chaired by Homi Jehangir Bhabha, and it included Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar, Meghnad Saha and D.N.Wadia, then Mineral Adviser to In 1940, the Board of Scientific and Industrial Research (BSIR) was the Central Government. formed by the Government of India and Dr. Bhatnagar was appointed The Atomic Energy Commission was established under the Chairmanship as the Director. In 1942, the Council of Scientific and Industrial of Homi Bhabha. Its other members were Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar and K.S. Research (CSIR) was constituted as an autonomous body. In 1943, Krishnan. Dr. Bhatnagar’s proposal to establish five national laboratories Dr. Bhatnagar was the first Secretary to the Ministry of Natural Resource was approved. These included National Chemical Laboratory & Scientific Research and also the Secretary of the Atomic Energy Commission. (NCL), National Physical Laboratory (NPL), National Metallurgical He played an instrumental role in the establishment of the National Laboratory (NML), Central Fuel Research Institute (CFRI) and Research Development Corporation (NRDC) of India, which was visualized to Central Glass & Silicate Research Institute (CGSRI), which were set bridge the gap between research and development. up to mark the beginning of scientific laboratories in India. Dr. Bhatnagar was responsible for the initiation of the Industrial Research Movement in the country. The Government of India, being persuaded by the At CSIR, he also mentored a number of promising young scientists efforts made by Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar, set up an Industrial Research Utilisation of the time. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar along with Homi Jehangir Committee for translating science and technology into industrial applications. Bhabha, Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis, Vikram Sarabhai and others, helped in building India’s post-independence science and technology infrastructure. In 1935, Dr. Bhatnagar and Dr. K. N. Mathur published a comprehensive paper entitled “Physical Principles and, Applications He also served as the Secretary of the Ministry of Education and of Magneto Chemistry”. This publication is recognised as a standard work on the subject, the fiist to be written in English. When it Educational Adviser to the government. He played an instrumental appeared, letters of congratulations were received from Prof. role in the establishment of the National Research Development Donnan, Prof. Stoner, Lord Rutherford, Mr P. C. Ray, Sir C. V. Raman, Corporation (NRDC) of India. Prof. G. N. Lewis and many others. 26 | | 27  His research contributions in the areas of magneto-chemistry and physical CHAPTER 5 chemistry of emulsion were widely recognized. Fighting Against Odds Like many other great achievers, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar had to struggle to realise his goal in life. Having lost his father when he was just eight months old, Shanti Swarup lived in his maternal grandfather’s house till he was 13. After that he supported himself. His mother had no inheritance or income of her own for the upbringing of her children. He managed to study either by getting a scholarship or by working outside school and college hours. By his AWARDS sheer willpower and hard work, Dr. Bhatnagar was elected a Fellow AND RECOGNITIONS of the Royal Society of London—the highest honour that an Indian scientist could aspire to get other than the Nobel Prize. Whoever came in contact with him was touched by his intellect, diligence, honesty and above all, his simplicity. l Dr. Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar was elected as Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences (FASc) in 1934. Take Aways l He was appointed a Foundation Fellow of the National Institute of Sciences Nation building calls for zealous passion. Men who devote of India (FNI; now the Indian National Science Academy) in 1935. themselves to this noble task, are the real heroes. Integrity of character and principles forge destinies. l In 1936, Dr. Bhatnagar was conferred with the Order of British Empire (OBE), based on his excellent work in pure and applied Chemistry. l He was knighted with the title “Sir”, in 1941 for his contributions to the advancement of science. l In 1942, Dr. Bhatnagar was appointed a Fellow of the Institute of Physics (FInstP), and a Fellow of the Royal Institute of Chemistry (FRIC) l In 1943, he was elected Fellow of Royal Society (FRS), London. l In 1943, the Society of Chemical Industry, London, elected him an Honorary Member and later Vice-President. 28 | | 29 l In 1954, Dr.Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar was honoured with the Padma Dr. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar was honoured with the Padma Bhushan, the third highest civilian award in the Republic of India. Vibhushan Doosra Varg in August 1954, in the first ever list of the l Dr. Bhatnagar was the President of the Indian Chemical Society, the Awards. National Institute of Sciences of India and the Indian Science Congress. Besides them he was a member of a large number of Indian and British A while later, vide Presidential notification issued on January 8, Societies and Academies. 1955, the Padma Vibhushan Doosra Varg was designated as the l Dr. Bhatnagar was awarded Honorary Doctorate degree by a number of Padma Bhushan. The Padma Vibhushan Pratham Varg remained Universities: Patna University (1944), Oxford University (1946), Allahabad the Padma Vibhushan. University (1947), Delhi University (1948), Lucknow University (1949), So, Dr. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar was awarded the Padma Bhushan Agra University (1949), BHU(1949), Punjab University (1949), Sagar that was formally given to his elder son in January, 1955, as he had University (1949). already passed away (on 1st January, 1955). l Dr. Bhatnagar was awarded the H.K. Sen Memorial Gold Medal for distinguished research work in Industrial Chemistry (1945), the J.K. Mukherjee Gold Medal awarded by the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Sciences for eminence in science (1945) and the Madathu Reddy National Prize for best work in Chemistry from India (1946). l He was the first Chairman of the University Grants Commission. l In 1994, the Government of India brought out a Postal Stamp at the birth centenary of Dr. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar. In 1958, to honour his name and legacy, the Indian Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) instituted the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology for scientists who have made significant contributions in various branches of science. 30 | | 31  of my dreams coming true used to be the principal subject of jokes when I CHAPTER 6 was a student. If I had not possessed a sense of humour and had taken those jests seriously I should have been a physical wreck. But, God be thanked, I have survived to see some of my dreams fulfilled. Failures have been many and successes rather few, but with an inborn optimism and faith in my country’s future I pursue on.” The Visionary REMINISCING l “Science has no future in India unless our agriculture and our industries SHANTI SWARUP BHATNAGAR are fully developed; more food and more health are dependent upon these factors. Scientific and industrial research thrives best when it is applied to material benefit to humankind and to existing industries and agricultural enterprises. I In his Presidential Address to the Indian Science Congress at Nagpur (1945) n his lifetime, Dr. Bhatnagar, did remarkable and pioneering work, as a scientist, teacher and administrator. He also worked with eminent l “One of the most important functions of the NCL will be to bridge the personalities and won accolades from them. gulf between science and its application. It will be the link between the Dr. Bhatnagar’s vision is revealed in his thoughts; his noteworthy universities and other scientific institutes in the country and industry. contributions are encapsulated in the words of his teachers, peers, leaders, and In his address on the occasion of the opening of the NCL on January 03, 1950 the scientific community, both from within and outside the country. l “None of the freedoms to which the modern world aspires seems to be His own words reflect his character and visionary outlook. His never give more important than the freedom to learn, to speak and to write. Well up attitude helped him pave his path. He had a clear vision about the role of used, this freedom of the universities would foster original thinking and students, science and the symbiotic ties between academia and industry. All these independent action. attributes are clearly reflected in his thoughts: In his address at the 28th Convocation of the Andhra University on A Man of Will and Determination December 11, 1954 l “As a young boy, my classmates used to tease me for being a day-dreamer. I l “In a country which has been under foreign rule, it is of greatest importance used to think of great things which science could do for India and the part that the spirit of daring and adventure should be cultivated rather than I, myself should play in it with the rest of my friends. The improbabilities suppressed”. 32 | | 33 l “I am all for the development of research associations but the universities The Royal Society of London is the oldest and most exclusive should not and cannot be divorced from industrial research activities. scientific society in Great Britain and one of the oldest in Europe. Science and industry go hand in hand and any attempt to divorce them The Society is of very great importance in the world of science and to will lead to an unsatisfactory and unhappy state of affairs. be elected a Fellow of the Royal Society is an honour of the highest In his Presidential address to the annual meeting of the Lahore Branch of degree. Newton was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1671 and the Indian Chemical Society on February 24, 1939 in 1708 he became the President of the Royal Society. Patriotic Zeal with Scientific Fervour “If India is shining today, it is because of its S&T strength, the l When he was asked by the Viceroy Lord Linlithgow, to take up the post of foundations for which were laid by bureaucrats like Ramaswami Scientific Adviser and Director, Scientific and Industrial Research in 1940, Mudaliar, scientists like Bhatnagar and political leaders like Dr. Bhatnagar was hesitant to leave the Punjab University. Later he was Pt. Nehru, who were committed to protecting national interest in convinced and the following lines show is his nationalism: their own spheres of activity, and saw in science and technology the instrument needed for social transformation.” l “He (Sir Ramaswamy Mudaliar) assured me that this temporary activity Nitya Anand, formerly Director, Central Drug Research Institute, might ultimately result in big developments for scientific research in this a CSIR laboratory country. His statement convinced me that I must leave the university for a larger field to help in building up India’s scientific research, training her young scientists and inspiring her young men to take up research as a career On Publishing a Book not for monetary gain but for the sake of research itself.” Dr. Bhatnagar, wrote the book “Physical Principles and Applications of In his address to the Opening Ceremony of the Magneto Chemistry” along with K.N. Mathur The book was published by National Chemical Laboratory on January 03, 1950 Macmillan Publishers in 1935. Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS): The Honour P.C. Ray wrote about the book : l “All luck and happiness to the new F.R.S. So far as I knew, you are the l “On turning over the pages of Nature my eyes chanced upon an first Indian chemist to be elected. Needless to say, I am very proud that advertisement of Macmillan’s in which I find your book at last advertised. this honour and a well-deserved one, comes to my old friend and former That the book is of a high standard is indicated by the most excellent review research student, S.S.B! Donnan, his research guide in Current Science by Professor Stoner, who is competent to judge. As far as I know Meghnad’s is the only textbook in physical sciences which has been adopted by foreign universities; and it gladdens my heart that another 34 | | 35  work in physical science is likely to occupy my great consolation is that J.C. Ghosh, a student of Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray and an you, in chemistry, are raising the reputation, abroad of Indian workers.” internationally acclaimed chemist, wrote: “Your generosity has no parallel in India. To make over to your alma matter, C.V. Raman wrote: a sum of Rs. 1,50,000 which was the reward for your distinguished service in the field of applied research, is a unique gift and no praise can be too high: To be able l “I specially admire your energy and perseverance in having produced such to claim you as a friend has been a matter of pride—it is seen even more so now.” a book in spite of your other important scientific and practical activities. Your name now stands as one of the very few Indians who have written In his Presidential address to the Indian Science Congress held at Lahore in scientific books claiming the respect and attention of serious workers in 1939, J.C. Ghosh said: every country.” “Within the precincts of this university, it is not necessary that I should have to make a special pleading that scientific knowledge and industrial activities Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar’s research in the area of emulsions have should be coordinated or that our academic laboratories should not be divorced been described in two books written by William Clayton— Emulsion from practical affairs. We have here a flourishing Honours School of Technical and Emulsification, and Emulsions and their Technical Treatment. Chemistry; and the genius of Professor Bhatnagar has provided a bridge of communication between scientists and industrialists. Nowhere is the beneficial The Magnanimous Man effect of contact between universities and industry better exemplified than in the While working at the Punjab University, Lahore, Dr. Bhatnagar earned a programme of research on oil technology, now carried out under the supervision considerable sum of money from his applied research work. However, he donated of Professor Bhatnagar, with the aid of funds provided by Messrs Steel Brothers.” all his earnings from such activities to the University, which at one instance amounted to 1,50,000/- due to the solution he provided to a problem being Pioneering Work faced by M/S Steel Brothers. Sir Robert Robinson , the President of the Royal Society of London, in a message sent to Dr. Bhatnagar (in January 1950) on the occasion of the opening Meghnad Saha, known for his pioneering contributions in astrophysics, of the National Physical Laboratory wrote: wrote to Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar: “We cannot forbear from adding a personal message of congratulations to l “Please accept my heartiest congratulations on your noble gift to the Punjab Sir Shanti Bhatnagar who is so well known to us and whose practical initiative University. You have thereby raised the status of the university teachers in and capacity for action has made possible the realization of his dreams.” the estimation of the public. India does not lack men earning in millions, but if a few of these millionaires were guided by the fine examples set by a Immortal Memories: A Life Well-Lived comparatively poor teacher like yourself, I think her scientific and moral On his death, the Government of India issued a Gazette Extraordinary on progress would have been rapid.” 04 January, 1956, which stated the following: 36 | | 37  Dr. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar died on January 01, 1955. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India himself was present at his funeral on 02 January 1955. A Message for Posterity “The President has learnt with deep regret of the death on Saturday, 1st January, 1955 of Dr. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar, Secretary of the Government of India, Ministry of Natural Resources and Scientific Research, and Chairman, “I would like students of Indian University Grants Commission. On his passing away, India has lost an able and universities to develop a greater sense trusted public servant who had served his country with signal distinction in the of devotion to duty and hard work. The scientific world.” After his death Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, the well-known Congress force, the mass of character, mind, leader and then a minister in the Union Cabinet, said: heart, or soul, that a man can put into “I often felt that the effect of such hard work might fall upon his health. any work is the most important factor In spite of my repeated requests, he would not, however, refrain from his hard work. His life is a remarkable story of a man who believed in karma and worked in that work…If our students take with integrity in whatever role he took up. He believed in the power of science to interest in the developments which are taking place and shoulder a part of the improve the quality of lives of the people and the role of scientists in connecting the common man with science. Sir Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar was a great optimist and he firmly believed that there is always hope for a better future. “There is no burden, they will be assisting in the reason to believe that all that is best has already been achieved and that there is progressive march of the nation.” no future for winning fresh laurels for younger men.” To support his point once he quoted an optimistic poet: SS Bhatnagar addressing the “The best verse has not been rhymed yet; third Convocation of the The best house hasn’t been planned; Maharana Sayajirao University of Baroda Many majestic rivers aren’t spanned; Don’t worry and fret, faint-hearted; For the best jobs haven’t been started; The best work hasn’t been done.” 38 | | 39  APPENDIX I PHOTO GALLERY Postal stamp released by the Government of India in 1994 to commemorate the birth centenary of Dr. Bhatnagar Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR)- Logo Ruchi Ram Sahni : Mentor of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar 40 | | 41  Dr. S. S. Bhatnagar at Laying of Foundation Stone of TIFR, January 01, 1954 Sir Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar with Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India (Photo courtesy: Rinchen Norbu Wangchuk) 42 | | 43  APPENDIX 2 IMPORTANT MILESTONES IN THE LIFE OF DR. SHANTI SWARUP BHATNAGAR Stalwarts of science in one frame Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar, Homi Jehangir Bhabha, CV Raman, Vikram Sarabhai S. No. Year Event Birth at Bhera in Shahpur District (presently in 1 21.02.1894 Pakistan) Published a letter in the Allahabad newspaper, The 2 1911 Leader Matriculation from the Dyal Singh High School, 3 1911 Lahore Passed the intermediate examination of the Punjab 4 1913 University Graduation, B.Sc. Honours in Physics, from Forman 5 1916 Christian College, Lahore Post Graduation in Chemistry from Forman Christian 6 1919 College, Lahore Awarded D.Sc. degree from the University College, 7 1921 Dr. Birbal Sahni, FRS and Dr. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar, FRS London, under the guidance of Prof. Donnan The first Botanist and first Chemist, respectively, from India to be 8 Aug.1921 Joined the BHU, Varanasi as Professor of Chemistry elected Fellows of the Royal Society, London. 44 | | 45  Joined the Punjab University, Lahore, as Professor APPENDIX 3 9 1924 of Chemistry and as the Director of the University Chemical Laboratories Solved the industrial problem encountered during 10 1933 drilling operation by Attock Oil Company Published a book “Physical Principles and Applications 11 1935 of Magneto Chemistry” along with K. N. Mathur (Macmillan Publishers) Appointed as an Advisor on Scientific and Industrial 12 Dec. 1939 Research to the Government of India Appointed as the Director of Scientific and Industrial LIST OF CSIR LABORATORIES 13 1940 Research Establishment of Council of Scientific & Industrial 1. CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (CSIR- Research (CSIR) due to the efforts of Sir Mudaliar AMPRI), Bhopal 14 26.09.1942 2. CSIR-Central Building Research Institute (CSIR-CBRI), Roorkee and Dr. Bhatnagar with Dr. Bhatnagar as its Founding Director 3. CSIR-Centre for Cellular Molecular Biology (CSIR-CCMB), Hyderabad 4. CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow CSIR approval of the proposal of Dr. Bhatnagar to 5. CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CSIR-CECRI), 15 1943 establish five national laboratories Karaikudi Elected as Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS), London 6. CSIR-Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-CEERI), 16 1954 Honoured with the Padma Bhushan Pilani 17 01.01.1955 Demise due to a severe heart attack 7. CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR-CFTRI), Mysore 1958: The CSIR instituted the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science 8. CSIR-Central Glass Ceramic Research Institute (CSIR-CGCRI), Kolkata and Technology, to honour the name and legacy of Dr. Bhatnagar 9. CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow 10. CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research (CSIR-CIMFR) Dhanbad 11. CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CSIR-CLRI), Chennai 12. CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-CMERI), Durgapur 13. CSIR-Central Road Research Institute (CSIR-CRRI), New Delhi 14. CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation (CSIR-CSIO), Chandigarh 46 | | 47 15. CSIR-Central Salt Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Bhavnagar CSIR Network Map 16. CSIR Fourth Paradigm Institute (CSIR-4PI), Bengaluru (Formerly CSIR Centre for Mathematical Modelling and Computer Simulation). 17. CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Delhi 18. CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur 19. CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), Kolkata 20. CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 21. CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM), UT of J&K 22. CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (CSIR-IIP), Dehradun 23. CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow 24. CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology (CSIR-IMMT), Bhubaneswar 25. CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (CSIR-IMTECH), Chandigarh 26. CSIR-National Aerospace Laboratories (CSIR-NAL), Bengaluru 27. CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Lucknow 28. CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Pune 29. CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR- NEERI), Nagpur 30. CSIR-North - East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat 31. CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute (CSIR-NGRI), Hyderabad 32. CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram. 33. CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography (CSIR-NIO), Goa 34. CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory (CSIR-NML), Jamshedpur 35. CSIR-National Physical Laboratory (CSIR-NPL), New Delhi 36. CSIR-National Institute of Science Communication & Policy Research (CSIR-NIScPR), New Delhi, 37. CSIR Madras Complex (CSIR-CMC), Chennai 38. CSIR-Structural Engineering Research Centre (CSIR-SERC), Chennai Source: CSIR Website Source: https://www.csir.res.in/csir-labs 48 | | 49  APPENDIX Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Components 4 The SSB prize includes a citation, a plaque, and a cash awa