daaaf017-edf4-4080-857b-ecb0559bd7c3_Human_Bio_Test.pdf

Human Bio Test Epidemiology 💙 Epidemiology - the study of the distribution (frequency, patterns) and determinants (causes, risk factors) of health-related states and events (not just diseases) in spec...

Human Bio Test Epidemiology 💙 Epidemiology - the study of the distribution (frequency, patterns) and determinants (causes, risk factors) of health-related states and events (not just diseases) in specified populations (neighbourhood, school, city, state, country, global). It is also the application of this study to the control of health problems. Incidence Prevalence Put simply, the chances of having a No. people with the infection within disease a population Risk of contracting the disease Proportion of cases at a given time Incidence of cystic fibrosis is 1/2500 births Prevalence of CF is 3000 in a population of 22 million. Uses of epidemiology 1. To study the history of the disease Studies trends of a disease for the prediction of trends Results of studies are useful in planning for health services and public health 2. Community diagnosis What diseases, conditions, injuries, disorders, disabilities, defects causing illness, health problems, or death in a community or region 3. Look at risks of individuals as they affect populations What are the risk factors, problems, behaviours that affect groups Groups are studied by doing risk factor assessments 4. Assessment, evaluation and research Human Bio Test 1  How well do public health and health services meet the problems and needs of the population Effectiveness; efficiency; quality; access; availability of services to treat, control or prevent disease 5. Completing the clinical picture Identification and diagnostic process to establish that a condition exists or that a person has a specific disease Cause-effect relationships are determined, e.g. strep throat can cause rheumatic fever 6. Identification of syndromes Help to establish and set criteria to define syndromes. E.g.: Down, fetal alcohol, sudden death in infants, etc. 7. Determine the causes and sources of diseases Findings allow for control, prevention, and elimination of the causes of disease, conditions, injury, disability, or death Epidemiology triangle Used to analyse the role of inter- relatedness of each of the four factors in epidemiology of infectious diseases, that is the influence, reactivity and the effect each factor has on the other three Term Definition Human Bio Test 2  An abnormal condition that affects the structure or function of part Disease or all of the body and is usually associated with specific signs and symptoms. Pathogen An organism causing disease to its host Pathogenesis The process by which an infection leads to disease Describes viruses, bacteria, and other types of germs that can Pathogenic cause some kind of disease The ability of an organism to cause disease (ie, harm the host). This ability represents a genetic component of the pathogen and Pathogenicity the overt damage done to the host is a property of the host- pathogen interactions. Illnesses caused by the spread of microorganisms (bacteria, Infective viruses, fungi or parasites) or prions to humans from other diseases humans, animals or the environment, including food and water. Virulence A pathogen's or microorganism's ability to cause damage to a host Invasiveness The extent to which something tends to spread The cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or Etiology condition. A poisonous substance, especially one produced by bacteria, that Toxin causes disease Are compounds that target bacteria and, thus, are intended to treat Antibiotics and prevent bacterial infections Endemic A disease found particularly in a specific area or group A disease which is constantly and persistently present in a population at a high rate Hyperendemic of incidence and/or prevalence (occurrence) and which equally affects (i.e. which is equally endemic in) all age groups of that population A disease for which a high prevalent level of infection begins early in life and affects most of the child population, leading to a state of Holoendemic equilibrium such that the adults in a population show evidence of the disease much less commonly than do the children An outbreak of disease that spreads quickly and affects many Epidemic individuals at the same time Pandemic The worldwide spread of a new disease The extent that people, within a population who do not have a Incidence disease, develop the disease during a specific time period Human Bio Test 3  Measures the number of people within a population who have a Prevalence certain disease at a given point in time Specimen Collection Successful Lab Investigation Planning in advance Collection of adequate and appropriate specimens Sufficient documentation Bio safety and decontamination Correct packaging Rapid transport Choice of a lab that can accurately perform the tests Timely communication of results Key issues Consider differential diagnosis Decide on test(s) to be conducted Decide on clinical samples to be collected to conduct these tests Consultation between microbiologist, clinicians and epidemiologists Transport Mediums Nutritive - allows organisms (pathogens and contaminants) to survive, want to see how they grow, survive and reproduce, provide nutrients to help them survive Non-nutritive - does not allow organisms to proliferate, if they die its not important Cary Blair (for bacteria) - used for transportation and preservation of clinical specimens, primarily faecal and rectal samples Virus transport media (VTM for viruses) - a solution used to preserve virus specimens after collection so that they can be transported and analysed in a laboratory at a later time Blood Smear Human Bio Test 4  A thin drop of blood is spread across a large area of the slide Give information about the number and shape of blood cells Capillary blood prick from finger Once the smear is made, it is fixed with methanol or other fixatives The slides are transported within 24 hours, are not refrigerated as that can alter cell morphology Blood cultures If someone has symptoms of serious infection, also known as sepsis; symptoms include high fever, chills, rapid breathing and heart rate, confusion and low blood pressure Blood culture helps identify the type of bacteria causing the infection Collection is from venous blood Infants: 0.5 -2ml Children: 2-5ml Adults: 5-10ml Requires aseptic technique - skin is cleaned, collector using gloves, after skin is cleaned again Collection occurs within 10 minutes of fever as that is when the infection will show up Collected into bottles with infusion broth - change needle to inoculate the broth Transport upright with cushion which prevents hemolysis Tubes are wrapped with absorbent cotton Travels at ambient temperature If it wont leave the lab within 24 hours, it can be stored at 4 degrees Blood serum Liquid left over when the red blood cells and the clotting elements have been removed from your blood plasma Take from venous blood in sterile tube (glass) It is left to clot for 30 minutes at ambient temperature Human Bio Test 5  Tubes are then put in centrifuge, is then spun for 10-15 minutes Tubes are stored upright until they can be tested Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Collected from next to your spine - lumbar puncture Aseptic conditions by a trained person Can be transported in different ways: 1. In trans-isolate medium - pre-warmed to 25-37 degrees befire inoculation 2. Transport at ambient temperature - this is used for bacteria that don’t survive at low temperatures 3. Viruses - transport at 4-8 degrees, if being transported for me then 48 hours, then -70 degrees Stool samples Freshly passed stool samples Avoid specimens from a bed pan Use sterile of clean container During an outbreak, collect from 10-20 patients For viruses: Timing Within 48 hours on onset 5-10ml fresh stool from patients Sample amount and controls Fresh stool unmixed with urine in Method clean, dry and sterile container Store at 4 degrees (don’t freeze), store at -15 degrees for Ag Storage detection, polymerase chain reaction 4 degrees (don’t freeze), dry ice for Transport Ag detection and PCR For bacteria: Timing During active phase of the bacteria Human Bio Test 6  Fresh sample and two swabs from Sample amount patients, controls and carriers Cary-Blair medium, for Ag Method detection/PCR there is no transport medium Store at 4 degrees if testing within 48 hours, if not store at -70 Storage degrees. If testing for Ag detection and PCR store at -15 degrees 4 degrees (don’t freeze), dry ice for Transport Ag, PCR detection For parasites: Timing As soon as possible after onset 3x 5-10ml fresh stool from patients Sample amount and control Mix with 10% formalin or polyvinyl chloride, 3:1 ratio for Method stool:preservative. Use unpreserved samples for Ag detection and PCR Stored at 4 degrees, store at -15 Storage degrees for Ag detection and PCR 4 degrees (no freezing), dry ice is Transport used for antigen detection and PCR Rectal swabs Adapted for small children No macroscopic assessment possible Less material available Not recommended for viruses Posterior pharyngeal swab (Throat swab) Hold tongue away with depressor Locate areas of inflammation and exudate in posterior pharynx, tonsillar region of throat behind uvulva Do not touch tongue Human Bio Test 7  Rub cotton swab back and forth Nasopharangeal swab Tilt head back Insert flexible fine shafted polyester swab into nostril and back to naso- pharynx Leave in place for a few seconds and then withdraw slowly, with a rotating motion Nasopharangeal aspirate Tilt head slightly backwards In still 1-1.5ml of VTM/sterile saline into one nostril Use aspiration trap Insert silicon catheter in nostril and aspirate the secretion gentry by suction in each nostril Sputum Instruct patient to take a deep breath and cough up sputum directly into a wide mouth sterile container Avoid saliva or postnasal discharge 1ml minimum Respiratory samples All respiratory samples except septum are transported in appropriate media Bacteria: Non-nutritive Virus: VTM Transport as quickly as possible to the lab to reduce overgrowth by oral flora For transit periods up to 24 hours Ambient temperature for bacteria 4-8 degrees for viruses Post-mortem samples Human Bio Test 8  Collection: Place in formalin for histopathology Place in transport medium for microbiological testing Place in sterile saline for isolation of viral pathogens Handling and transportation: Transport specimens in transport media within 24 hours at ambient temperature Transport specimens in sterile saline at 4-8 degrees within 48 hours Water for bacteriology Chlorinated water - add sodium thiosulphate (0.5ml of 10% solution or a small crystal) Tap/pump - remove attachments, wipe clean and flame outset, allow to flow for at least a minute Water course or resoviour - collect from a depth of at least 20cm Dug well - do not allow the bottle to touch the sides of the well Food samples Solid food Cut 100-200f from centre with sterile knife Raw meat or poultry is refrigerated in sterile plastic jar Liquids Shake to mix, use sterile tube Water used for cooking - 1.5L Contact surfaces Moisten swab with sterile 0.1% peptone water or buffered distilled water Put the swab in an enrichment broth Transport should be done as fast as possible Labelling requirements 1. Patients name Human Bio Test 9  2. Clinical specimen 3. Unique ID number 4. Specimen type 5. Date, time and place of collection 6. Name of collector Bio-safety Gloves Lab coats Masks Protective eye-wear Face shields Collect sharps to prevent needle stick injury Summary Specimen Transport media Transport Pending test Throat swab VTM 2-8C -20C NPA/swab VTM 2-8C -20C CSF No 2-8C -20C Stool No 2-8C -20C Urine No 2-8C -20C Serum No 2-8C -20C, 2-8C Whole blood No 2-8C -20C Complementary medicine Complementary Medicine 💙 Complementary medicine: used together with conventional medicine. E.g. massage therapy used in conjunction with prescription medicine to treat anxiety Human Bio Test 10  Complementary medicine practitioners have to be licensed and recognised by the Complementary Medicine Association (CMA) Most common CMA therapies include: Natural products Deep breathing Meditation Chiropractic Massage and yoga 2/3 Australians use some form of CMA Things that lead people to CMA: Discomfort with impersonal medical treatment Discontent with technological procedures that only look at one way to solve the problem Unresolved chronic medical problems and reduced faith in advent of medical breakthroughs Growing fascination with spiritual dimensions of health Decreased communication and understanding from medical providers CMA is most used for: Migraines Insomnia Neck pain Colds Back pain Alternative Medicine Systems 💙 Alternative medicine: any practice that aims to achieve the healing efforts of medicine despite lacking biological validity, test ability, repeatability or evidence of effectiveness Human Bio Test 11  1. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM): the concept is that a vital force of life, called Qi, surges through the body, and any imbalance to Qi can cause disease and illness. Treatments include: Acupuncture Moxibustion (the burning of herbal leaves on/near the body) Cupping Massage Herbal remedies Tai chi 2. Ayurvedic medicine: based on the ides that disease is due to an imbalance or stress in a persons consciousness, Ayurveda encourages certain lifestyle interventions and natural therapies to regain a balance between the body, mind, spirit and the environment. Treatment: Starts with an internal purification process, followed by a special diet, herbal remedies, massage therapy, yoga and meditation 3. Homeopathy: a pseudoscience developed in 1796 based on the idea that like kills like. Herbal medicine is diluted before being used to kill or ward of illness. The chemicals are diluted to the point that none of the actual chemical remains, only the water or alcohol they were diluted in 4. Natureopathy: emphasises restoring health rather than curing the disease. Using some fraudulent treatments and other use accepted scientific practices. Practitioners are recommended against following modern medical practices. Treatments include: Diet and clinical nutrition Homeopathy Acupuncture Herbal medicine Varieties of Complementary and Alternative Medicine 1. Manipulative and body based practices 2. Energy medicine 3. Mind-body medicine Human Bio Test 12  4. Biologically based practices Name Description Effectiveness Focuses on manipulation as a key therapy. Is based on pseudo Chiropractic scientific ideas, such as Only some types of back pain Medicine that regular ‘spinal adjustments’ improves general health Pain relief from musculoskeletal Soft tissue manipulation Massage injuries, reducing stress and anxiety, by trained therapists for Therapy rehabilitating sport injuries, blood healing purposes pressure and heart rate Systems of movement, Feldenkrais floor exercises and (Bodywork) bodywork to retrain central nervous systems Aims to restructure the Rolfing musculoskeletal system (Bodywork) by working on tension held in deep tissue Traditional Japanese healing art that applies Shiatsu firm finger pressure on (Bodywork) specific points to increase circulation of vital energy Employs gentle, shaking Trager motions of limbs to (Bodywork) induce states of deep, pleasant relaxation Focuses either on energy fields thought to originate within the body or on fields from other Energy sources Medicine (electromagnetic fields). Includes bio-fields, qigong, reiki, therapeutic touch Human Bio Test 13  The placement and manipulation of acupuncture needles is based on traditional Most people report high levels of Acupuncture Chinese theories of life satisfaction force energy that flows through meridians in the body Similar to acupuncture, Acupressure but uses pressure instead of needles Herbal Natural remedies that Not effective remedies are not necessarily safe Not all supplements on the market are directly Increasing reports in the media on the Special derived from plant health benefits of vitamins, minerals, supplements sources. Types include, amino acids etc. vitamins, minerals, herbals Placebo affect Non-invasive testing 💙 Non-invasive medical imaging: involve tools that do not break the skin or physically enter the body Ultrasound 💙 Ultrasound: uses low power sound waves to produce images of structures within the body Can be used for variety of conditions including gallstones, kidney stones and pregnancy Gel is applied to the skin to ensure the sound waves are not blocked by air between the wand and skin X-rays Human Bio Test 14  💙 X-rays: produced by placing a patient between an x-ray tube and a photographic plate. An image is exposed on film which can then be reviewed It’s common to x-ray teeth, bones and breasts Helps doctors examine broken bones, cavities and foreign objects Computerised Axial Tomography Scan 💙 CT Scan: uses special x-ray equipment to take images at lots of different angles around the body, creating slices of the body, which are then put together to show a 3D cross section of body tissues and organs Helps see more than a single X-ray More useful as they show tissue with greater clarity than a normal x-ray Magnetic Resonance Imaging 💙 MRI: Uses magnetic fields and radio waves to take photos of internal structures. The water in bodies has a magnetic charge; MRI uses radio waves to line them all up along a field to take the image Creates an even clearer image Nuclear Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Imaging 💙 PET Imaging: Uses a radioactive substance, called radio- pharmaceutical, injected into a vein, then tracks where this is in the body (the radioactive glucose is also called a tracer) Human Bio Test 15  Can be used to look at the heart, the brain and are good at detecting cancer and tumours Red is more of glucose, blue is where there is less Measures reaction between positrons and electrons PET scans used for detecting cancer, progression and response to treatment Single Photon Emission Computerised Tomography Imaging 💙 SPECT: uses a radio pharmaceutical and measures gamma rays emitted by the radio-tracer Remains in your body for longer then PET Measures gamma ray emissions Used for progression of heart disease, bone disorders, intestinal diseases and Parkinson Diagnostic techniques 💙 Health: a state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infinity Disease 💙 Disease: describes a condition where normal bodily functions fail in some way to function properly Categories of disease include: Infections - result of a pathogen Environmental - result of pollution Social - result of human factors Genetic - result of genetic abnormality Deficiency - result of nutritional deficiency Human Bio Test 16  Degenerative - result of ageing Mental - result of neurological issues 💙 Symptom: a subjective indication of a disease or disorder that is noticed by the patient 💙 Sign: objective evidence of a disease 💙 Diagnosis: the determination by a doctor of the cause of a patients problem Acute and chronic illness 💙 Acute: a term used to describe a disease of rapid onset, severe symptoms and brief duration 💙 Chronic: describes a disease of long duration involving very slow changes Diagnosing Disease Starts with examination by the doctor, usually involving a physical examination: Visual examination Palpation (feeling affected area) Listening (with a stethoscope) Diagnostic techniques include: 1. Imaging 2. Microbiological tests 3. Biochemical tests Human Bio Test 17  4. Genetic screening tests Diagnostic screening involves the testing of seemingly healthy individuals with the aim of detecting disease at an early stage E.g. blood analysis and cervical smears Biochemical analysis is an investigation of the chemical composition of the body’s fluids, used to confirm a diagnosis already suspected by the doctor E.g. blood, urine, spinal fluid, breath Microbiological analysis involves the isolation and identification of the specific micro-organisms that cause disease Species are isolated by growing them on selective media that are formulated to allow pathogens to thrive Specific microbial species will exhibit certain growth characteristics, which allows them to be identified Invasive techniques 💙 Invasive testing: a medical test that utilises instruments that cuts through the skin or are inserted into a body opening Prenatal Diagnosis Simple prenatal diagnoses are used to reassure parents about pregnancy, check foetal growth and check gender, they include: Ultrasound Monitoring Foetal Heart Rate ‘ More invasive prenatal tests are performed to perform chromosomal analysis. They include: Amniocentesis Wide hypodermic needle is used to puncture the uterus and 10- 20 cm^3 of amniotic fluid is removed Chorionic villus sampling Human Bio Test 18  Narrow tube is inserted through the cervix and a sample of the fetal chorionic villi is taken from the placenta, using ultrasound guidance. More fetal cells are obtained from the placenta and can be completed earlier in the pregnancy Endoscopy The visual inspection of a body cavity using an endoscope Can be used to inspect the inside of organs Can also remove tissue samples Examples - arthroscopy, colonoscopy Laparoscopy Used to help identify the source of abdominal or pelvic pain Involves insertion of a laparoscope through a small incision made to the abdominal wall, fitted with a camera and/or surgical tool Can diagnose endometriosis Complete blood count (CBC) Shows the number of white and red blood cells, haematocrits, haemoglobin and platelets in your blood It helps doctors look for signs of anaemia, infection, bleeding or certain diseases and disorders Whats measured in a CBC Red blood cell data Total red blood cell count Haemoglobin Haematocrit White blood cell data Total white blood cell count Platelet count Possibley a white blood cell count differential Red Blood Cell Data Human Bio Test 19  Total red blood cell (erythrocyte) count Total no. circulating red blood cells in 1mm^3 of peripheral venous blood Normal ranges: Men - 4.7-6.1m Women - 4.2-5.4 M/uL High RBC Low RBC Hear, kidney or lung problems Bleeding or anaemia Dehydration Medicines Nutritional problems or diseases Haemoglobin (Hbg) Measure of Hbg in the peripheral blood - thus reflecting the ability of the blood to carry oxygen Normal ranges: Men - 13.2 - 17.3 g/dL Women - 11.7 - 15.5 g/dL High Hbg Low Hbg Heart disease Bleeding or anaemia Lung disease Certain medicines Nutrition problems or disease Haematocrit (Hct) Meaure of the percentage of the total blood volume that is made up by red blood cells Normal ranges: Men - 39% - 49% Women - 35% - 45% High Hct Low Hct Dehydration Bleeding or anaemia Heart or lung conditions Certain medicines Human Bio Test 20  Nutrition problems or disease White Blood Cell Data Total white blood cell (leukocyte) count WBC in 1mm^3 of peripheral blood Normal range: Men - 4.5 - 11.0 K/uL Women - 4.2 - 5.4 K/uL High WBC Low WBC Sign of infection (WBC Medicines fight infection) Cancer treatment Certain diseases White blood cell differential Percentage of each type of leukocyte in a specimen Types of leukocytes: Neutrophils Lymphocytes Human Bio Test 21  Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils Platelet Count (Plts) A count of platelets per cubic mL of blood Normal range: 150-200 K High Plts Low Plts Anaemia Certain medicines Cancer Cancer treatments Diseases Bleeding disorders Comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) 💙 Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP): A CMP is a group of blood tests that check your body’s balance of electrolytes, blood sugar, proteins and how well the liver and kidneys are working What is measured in CMP Sodium Normal range is 133-144 mmol/L An electrolyte that helps keep water balanced in your body and helps muscles and nerves work properly A high level is a sign of dehydration A low level is caused by kidney problems, vomiting, dysphoria or sweating too much Increase serum sodium level - Hypernatremia Decreased serum sodium level - Hyponatremia Potassium Normal range is 3.5-5 mmol/L Human Bio Test 22  An electrolyte that helps your heart, muscles and nerves work properly A high level may be a sign of kidney problems A low level may be caused by a loss of fluid due to vomiting or diarrhoea and medicines such as water pills Increased serum potassium level - Hyperkalemia Decreased serum potassium level - Hypokalemia Chloride Normal range is 98 - 108 mmol/L Works with other electrolytes to keep the amount of fluid inside and outside of the cells in balance, also helps maintain proper blood volume, blood pressure and pH of your body fluids A high level may be a sign of kidney problems A low level can be caused by vomiting, diarrhoea or dehydration Albumin Normal range is 3.5 - 5.0 g/dL One of the main proteins in the blood and keeps the fluid in body tissues at a normal level A high level may be caused by dehydration A low level may be a sign of not eating enough protein, difficulty with digesting proteins and liver or kidney problems Total Bilirubin Normal range is 0.3 - 1.5 mg/dL It is tests to check how well the liver is working, as if the liver is not working, bilirubin will build up in the blood which will lead to jaundice (skin and whites of eyes going yellow) Bilirubin is a waste product in the blood, and made from the breakdown of old red blood cells Total Calcium Normal range is 8.6 - 10 mg/dL Human Bio Test 23  Calcium is a mineral needed for healthy bones and teeth and is important for blood clotting and helping the heart, nerves and muscles work properly High levels of calcium can be caused by problems with the kidney, parathyroid of some types of bone disease Low levels of calcium may be caused from certain medicines, a lack of nutrients in your diet or kidney problems Glucose Normal range is 70 - 99mg/dL Glucose comes from the different foods we eat and gives the body energy A high level can be caused by diabetes, stress, infection or illness A low level may be from health problems or poor diet Total protein Normal range: 6.4 - 8.3 g/dL Total protein is done to check for nutritional problems and how well you liver and kidneys are working A high level can be caused by long lasting inflammation or infections A low level might be a sign or poor nutrition and or liver and kidney problems Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) Normal range is 6-20 mg/Dl Checks how well kidneys are working A high level is from kidney problems or dehydration A low level from diet low in protein, or liver problems Aspirate Aminotransferate An enzyme present in liver and cardiac muscle cells Carbon dioxide Waste product Human Bio Test 24  Blood typing Blood group Antigen (on cell) Antibody (in plasma) Donates to A A B A, AB B B A B, AB AB A&B None AB O None A&B O, A, B, AB Urinalysis Macroscopic Observations Colour Human Bio Test 25  Normal urine is pale to dark yellow or amber in colour Yellow colour is due to a pigment called urochrome (a metabolic product of haemoglobin) Red/brown colour could be from food dye, eating beets, medicine or presence of haemoglobin or myglobin Pale or colourless urine is dilute - may be caused by long term kidney disease or uncontrolled diabetes Deep yellow urine is concentrated - caused by low fluid intake of dehydration Food and drink can also change the colour Turbidity Determines the cloudiness of urine Bacteria, blood, sperm, crystals or mucus can made urine cloudy Human Bio Test 26  Odour Normal odour is slightly nutty Foods, vitamins and antibiotics can make urine have an unusual odour E.coli can cause a foul odour while diabetes or starvation can cause a sweet, fruity odour Dipstick analysis Microorganism Implication Leukocytes Positive results may indicate renal disease or UTI Nitrite Positive may indicate a UTI Elevated levels may indicate liver abnormalities or excessive Urobilinogen destruction of RBC A positive result indicates renal disease, raised blood Protein pressure of UTI pH Normal range 5-6, above 7 suggests stale urine Presence suggests serious renal or urological disease or Blood renal tract infection Monitors the concentrating and diluting power of the Specific gravity kidney. Low gravity means dilute urine, high means concentrated urine May indicate uncontrolled diabetes or a reduced Ketone carbohydrate diet Bilirubin Indicative of hepatic or biliary disease Glucose Can be caused by Diabetes Definitions 1. Parasite: An organism that lives on or in a host and receives a benefit at the expense of its host 2. Diagnosis: Identification of an illness 3. Stool analysis: Testing done on a stool sample 4. Amniocentesis: An invasive test that involves taking fluid with a hypodermic needle from around a fetus Human Bio Test 27  5. Laparoscopy: An invasive test that looks at the interior of the pelvic/abdominal cavity 6. Symptom: A subjective indication of a disease 7. Consistency: A way of identifying consistency in a stool sample 8. Dysbiosis: An imbalance in a persons normal microbiota Created using the Crossword Maker on TheTeachersCorner.net Down 9. Disease control: Control of disease through modification of where they grow, spread and reproduce 10. Objective sign: An objective indication of a disease 11. Antiviral: A drug used to control or cure a viral infection 12. Invasive: This kind of testing involves entering a body cavity 13. Asymptomatic: A disease or process not accompanied by readily visible signs or symptoms 14. Organ failure: A condition that causes that failure of the bodies normal functions 15. Acute onset: A rapid and serious onset of a disease Human Bio Test 28