PSY 111: 3RD EXAM-Sensation and Perception PDF

PSY 111: 3RD EXAM Sensation & Perception - can't be seen by the naked eye or consciously heard. Sensation - stimulation of sensory receptors and the transmission of Difference Threshold - minimum sensory informat...

PSY 111: 3RD EXAM Sensation & Perception - can't be seen by the naked eye or consciously heard. Sensation - stimulation of sensory receptors and the transmission of Difference Threshold - minimum sensory information to the central difference in magnitude of two stimuli nervous system. required to tell them apart. - located in sensory organs such as Weber’s Law - the eyes and ears. Just Noticeable Difference (JND) Perception - process by which Signal-Detection Theory - explains how sensations are organized into an inner we detect "signals," consisting of representation of the world. stimulation affecting our eyes, ears, nose, skin, and other sense organs. - using that sensory information to form a meaningful pattern. - says that sensation is a judgment the sensory system makes about Stimulus - form of energy that can affect incoming stimulation. sense organs. Sensory Adaptations - a Absolute Threshold - weakest amount alleviation/reduction in sensitivity to a of a stimulus that can be distinguished stimulus after constant exposure to it. from no stimulus at all. o Sensitization - making somebody - detected 50% of the time. more aware of something, especially a problem or something bad. o Desensitization - reduces or eliminates a negative response to a stimulus or substance; makes them more “immune” to a stimulus. Feature Detectors - ability to detect certain types of stimuli, like movements, shape, and angles, requires specialized cells in the brain. - Located in the visual cortex (neurons); respond to certain visual aspects of the environment. - Send information to neural Subliminal Stimulation - sensory networks (supercell clusters) that stimulation that is below a person's can perform tasks. threshold for perception. PSY 111: 3RD EXAM Visual Perception - visual cortex applies Continuity - We prefer smoothly rules to understand the information connected and continuous figures during organization and interpretation. instead of disjointed ones. - Tend to use this without any conscious effort. Perceptual Organization - We always see things in a new way because no two Bottom-Up vs. Top-Down scenes are ever exactly the same; even if some parts are familiar, the objects, Processing lighting, and angles are never identical. Bottom-Up Processing - how the brain The Principles of Gestalt builds patterns by combining small bits of sensory information. Figure-Ground - We organize an image Top-Down Processing - brain so some parts recognizes patterns as complete wholes, appear to stand not as separate parts. out (figure) in front of others Perceptual Constancies (background). recognizing familiar objects as - Reversible having the same shape, size, and figures change brightness, even when what we the ownership of the contour lines. see changes. Closure - Our brains fill in the missing Color Constancy - Perceive an object parts of a as having the same color even through figure. lightning condition changes its appearance. Shape Constancy - perceive an object as being the same shape although the Proximity - We group things that are retinal image varies in shape as it rotates. placed close together. Depth Perception Perceives the depth of objects that there is distance from us. Monocular Cues – our brain uses and Similarity - We group similar items only need one eye to these. together. o Texture Gradient - gradual reduction of detail that occurs in a surface as it recedes into the distance. PSY 111: 3RD EXAM o Relative Size - visually perceive information it could not have received by the object that produces the larger normal, sensory means. image on the retina as being o Telepathy - ability to obtain closer. information psychically by reading o Motion Parallax - as you move the mind of another person. through a scene (like driving), o Clairvoyance - ability to "see" objects in your view move at information that no one else has. different speeds. o Precognition - ability to view Binocular Cues - Our brain uses both events before they happen. eyes working together to provide information about depth and distance (this is especially important for objects that are close). o Convergence - brain detects depth and distance based on the tension in eye muscles when the eyes turn inward to focus on an object o Retinal Disparity - difference in the location of the visual image on the retina. Perception of Motion process of inferring the speed and direction of elements in a scene based on visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive inputs. Kinesthesis - system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts. - Sensors in the muscles, tendons, and joints are continually providing our brain with information. Vestibular Sense - sensory system that contributes to balance and the sense of spatial orientation. Extrasensory Perception - the acquisition by a human or animal mind of