Sensation & Perception PDF

SENSATION & PERCEPTION Clemuel Cruz HOW DO WE MAKE SENSE OF THE WORLD AROUND US? Sensation Perception The process by which receptor cells The process by which the brain in the sense organs send nerve interprets the sensation it rece...

SENSATION & PERCEPTION Clemuel Cruz HOW DO WE MAKE SENSE OF THE WORLD AROUND US? Sensation Perception The process by which receptor cells The process by which the brain in the sense organs send nerve interprets the sensation it receives, impulses to the brain giving it order and meaning WHAT ARE THE STIMULI THAT OUR SENSE ORGANS DETECT? Electromagnetic light Sound waves Pressure of surfaces, Chemical compounds temperature, force HOW DO WE MAKE SENSE OF THE WORLD AROUND US? Sensation Perception The process by which receptor cells in the The process by which the brain interprets sense organs send nerve impulses to the the sensation it receives, giving it order brain and meaning Transduction The process by which stimuli received by the sense organs are converted into electrical nerve impulse to be sent out to the brain  ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD It is the smallest amount of stimulation needed for a person to detect. A candle light 48km away Tick of a watch 20 feet on a clear dark night A drop of perfume in an empty room away in a quiet room Teaspoon of sugar Two-degree Celsius change in dissolved in two gallons of skin temperature water  JUST NOTICEABLE DIFFERENCE Also known as the difference threshold; it is the smallest amount of change in a stimulus that sets it apart from another stimulus. #800000 #800000  JUST NOTICEABLE DIFFERENCE Also known as the difference threshold; it is the smallest amount of change in a stimulus that sets it apart from another stimulus. #800000 #800001  JUST NOTICEABLE DIFFERENCE Also known as the difference threshold; it is the smallest amount of change in a stimulus that sets it apart from another stimulus. #800000 #800002  JUST NOTICEABLE DIFFERENCE Also known as the difference threshold; it is the smallest amount of change in a stimulus that sets it apart from another stimulus. #800000 #8B0000  JUST NOTICEABLE DIFFERENCE Also known as the difference threshold; it is the smallest amount of change in a stimulus that sets it apart from another stimulus. #800000 #99000  FECHNER-WEBER LAW States that the just-noticeable difference is proportional to the magnitude (size) of the initial stimulus The smaller or larger the size of the object, the more difficult it is to detect the jnd. E.g. sizes of heavy materials  SENSORY ADAPTATION The process by which a sensory experience decreases with continued exposure to a stimulus Examples Sound of an electric fan Every detail of the thing in front of you The surface of the clothes you wear  DARK ADAPTATION The process by which our vision strengthens and becomes more sensitive when there is limited amount of light available LIGHT ADAPTATION After being in a dark environment, our eyes adjust to an abundant amount of light  VISUAL PERCEPTION THREE GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF VISUAL PERCEPTION 1. Form Perception 2. Perceptual Constancy 3. Depth Perception  FORM PERCEPTION Figure-Ground Perception It is our ability to differentiate an object from its background. Reading is an example of figure-ground perception. FORM PERCEPTION Subjective Contours The tendency to perceive edges and borders despite the absence of a physical sketch E.g., Kanizsa figure FORM PERCEPTION Gestalt Principles Law of Closure The tendency to ignore missing information in a shape and still perceive it completely FORM PERCEPTION Gestalt Principles Law of Similarity The tendency to perceive similar items as a group  FORM PERCEPTION Gestalt Principles Law of Prägnanz Also called as the law of simplicity; it is the tendency to see complex patterns in a simpler manner FORM PERCEPTION Gestalt Principles Law of Proximity The tendency to perceive closer objects as a group FORM PERCEPTION Gestalt Principles Law of Continuity Our tendency to perceive the smoothest path possible  FORM PERCEPTION Gestalt Principles Law of Common Region We tend to perceive items when they are in a closed region.  PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCY Size Constancy Our tendency to know that objects remain the same size despite the image it projects to the retina changes. Photo from https://mymodernmet.com/funny-leaning-tower-of-pisa-tourist-photos/  PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCY Shape Constancy Our tendency to know that objects remain the same shape despite the image it projects to the retina changes.  PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCY Brightness Constancy Our tendency to view objects as having constant brightness despite being viewed under different conditions of illumination. Photo from https://www.illusionsindex.org/i/adelson-s-checker-shadow-illusion  ILLUSION A misinterpretation of a sensory stimuli Müller-Lyer illusion Ebbinghaus Illusion  DEPTH PERCEPTION It is our perception and judgment of the distance of objects.  DEPTH PERCEPTION Linear Perspective Parallel lines are perceived as converging in the distance  DEPTH PERCEPTION Texture Gradient The texture of a surface appear smoother as distance increases  DEPTH PERCEPTION Atmospheric Perspective The farther the objects are, the less distinct they are seen due to dust, smog, or haze Photo from https://www.aswangproject.com/mount-arayat-myth/ and https://elevation.maplogs.com/poi/sta_maria_arayat_pampanga_philippines.148237.html  DEPTH PERCEPTION Interposition (Overlap) When an object overlaps another object, it is perceived as closer than the one it covers Cordillera Mountains as viewed from Mt. Amuyao Photo by Soc Tamayo in the Pinoy Mountaineer Facebook page  DEPTH PERCEPTION Motion Parallax Objects far away appear to move in the same direction as the observer, while closer objects move in the opposite direction Access this GIF via https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallax_scrolling#/media/File:Parallax_scroll.gif  DEPTH PERCEPTION Convergence In order to see close objects, our eyes turn inward  DEPTH PERCEPTION Binocular Disparity Our two eyes observe objects from slightly different positions, however, our primary visual cortex in the brain combines the two visual signals in a process called stereopsis.