Human Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Outline PDF

Lecture Outline C e p a h 1 t Organization of the Body...

Lecture Outline C e p a h 1 t Organization of the Body 1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.  After this lecture, you should be able to 1. Use anatomical term to reference the position of organ 2. appreciate different organ systems and regions in human body 3. Distinguish between “visceral” and “parietal” membrane 4. Understand different abdominopelvic regions 5. Homeostasis: negative & positive feedback 2  Outline 1. Define anatomy 解剖 and physiology 生理 2. Levels of organization 組織 3. Anatomical terms 解剖學上的術語 -directional terms, regions, planes and sections 4. Cavities 空腔 and membranes 膜 5. Body System 6. Homeostasis 體內平衡 3 1.1 The Human Body It is important to understand the structural and functional relationship between differen body part, as below: o Anatomy解剖– structure of a body part o Physiology生理– function of a body part 4  Organization of Body Parts o Levels of Organization Chemical 化學上 (e.g. protein) Cellular 細胞 (e.g. myocardiac cells) Tissue 組織 (e.g. myocardiac fiber) Organs 器官 (e.g. heart) Organ Systems 器官系統 (e.g. cardiovascular system: heart, blood vessels, capillaries, blood, etc) Organism 生物 (e.g whole human body) 5  Levels of organization Chemical Cellular 6 1.2 Anatomical Terms 解剖學上的術語 Used to describe: o Location of body parts o Regions of the body o Imaginary planes 平面 by which the body can be sectioned (divided) 7 Anatomical Terms Anatomical position – common reference for all anatomical terms 1. Stand erect 2. Face forward 3. Arms at sides 4. Palms and toes directed forward S  Anatomical Terms I - Directional Terms 1.Proximal=closer to the trunk軀幹; Distal=further away from the trunk 2. Superior=closer to the head; Inferior=further away from the head 3. Medial=closer to the midline; Lateral=further away from the midline 4. Anterior (ventral前)=front; Posterior (dorsal後) =back 9 Anatomical terms I - Directional Terms 5. Superficial = closer to surface; Deep = further away from the surface 6. Central = situated at the center of the body; Peripheral = situated away from the center of the body (e.g. central nervous system and peripheral nervous system) 7. Ipsilateral = same side 同側 ; Contralateral = other side 對側 10 上 中 接近軀幹 表面 下 側 遠離軀幹 內部 同側 對側 Anatomical Terms II - Regions of the Body o Axial portion 軸心– head, neck, and trunk (Body) o Appendicular portion 四肢 – upper and lower limbs 12  Axial portion Axial portion Cephalic 頭部的 Abdominal 腹部的 Thoracic 胸的 Lumbar 腰的 13 Cervical 頸的 Pelvic 骨盆的 Sacral 骶骨的  o Appendicular portion Brachial 臂的, 上肢的 Femoral 股骨的 Popliteal 膝後窩的 14 Palmar 掌的 Plantar 足底的 Anatomical Terms III - Planes and Sections o Sagittal(median) 中間 plane – divides body into right and left portions o Frontal (coronal) 皇冠 plane – divides body into anterior and posterior portions o Transverse (horizontal) 橫切面plane – divides body into superior and inferior portions 15  1.3 Body Cavities and Membranes o Posterior (dorsal) Cranial 顱的 cavity – contains the brain Vertebral 脊椎的 canal – contains the spinal cord脊髓 Meninges 腦膜 – membranous layers lining dorsal body cavity 16  Body Cavities and Membranes o Anterior (ventral) Thoracic cavity ❑ Medial portion (mediastinum) 縱隔 – contains the heart, thymus gland 胸腺, trachea 氣管, esophagus 食道, and other structures ❑ Right and left (mediastinum) portions – contain the lungs 肺 17  Body Cavities and Membranes o Anterior (ventral) Abdominopelvic cavity 腹骨盆的空腔 ❑ Superior portion (abdominal cavity) – contains the stomach 胃, liver 肝, spleen 脾, gallbladder膽囊, and most of the small and large intestines大腸 ❑ Inferior portion (pelvic cavity) – contains the rectum 直腸, urinary bladder膀胱, internal reproductive organs 生殖器官, and the rest of the large intestine 大腸 18 Body Membranes 19  Body Cavities and Membranes o Parietal serous o Visceral serous membrane體壁漿膜– membrane內臟漿膜 – line walls of anterior covers organs of the body cavities anterior body cavity Thoracic cavity Thoracic cavity ❑ Parietal Pleura 胸膜壁層– ❑ Visceral pleura肺胸膜– lines thoracic cavity covers lung tissue ❑ Parietal pericardium 心包 ❑ Visceral pericardium 心 壁層– creates pericardial 外膜– covers heart 心包的cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity ❑ Visceral peritoneum腹膜 ❑ Parietal peritoneum 腹膜 臟層 – covers many 壁層– lines the wall of the organs in abdominal cavity abdominopelvic cavity 20 Body Regions: Abdominopelvic regions Nine regions & Four quadrants 21 Think clinically ! Image that you are caring for a small child, who tells you that his stomach hurts. However, he points to his umbilical 臍側的 region, about an inch below his navel 肚臍. What organ is more likely the source of his pain? 22 1.4 Organ Systems Support, Movement, and Protection oIntegumentary System 皮膚系統 oSkeletal System 骨骼系統 oMuscular System 肌肉系統 Integration and Coordination oNervous System 神經系統 oEndocrine System 內分泌系統 23 Organ Systems Maintenance of the Body o Cardiovascular System 心血管系統 o Lymphatic System o Respiratory System 呼吸系統 o Digestive System 消化系統 o Urinary System 泌尿系統 Reproduction 生殖 & Development 發展 o Male Reproductive System o Female Reproductive System 24 1.5 Homeostasis 體內平衡 Homeostasis is the relative constancy 不變 of the body’s internal environment o External conditions may change dramatically o Internal conditions stay within a narrow range o Dynamic equilibrium 動態平衡 – internal conditions are not absolutely constant o Illness results if internal conditions change to any great degree 25  Homeostasis o Components of homeostatic mechanisms Sensor 感應器– detects a change in the internal environment =18.9 oC Control center 控制中心– activates the effector Effector 受動器– produces a response to the change 26 Homeostasis I: Negative Feedback負反饋 o Primary homeostatic mechanism o Effector reverses the change in the internal environment 27 動脈的 28  Negative feedback o is the primary homeostatic mechanism that keeps a variable close to a particular value, or set point. o If the sensor detects a change in the external or internal environment, it alerts the control center. The control center activates the effector and the effector reverses the initial change and brings conditions back to normal again. The sensor is no longer activated now. That is effector reverses the change in the internal environment. 29  Homeostasis II: Positive Feedback 正反饋 o Effector continues to stimulate the sensor so that a greater change in the internal environment occurs o Helps in completing a process that has a cutoff point Blood clotting 凝結 Childbirth **Can be harmful 30  Homeostasis II : Positive feedback o also triggers the control centre by sensor. o The control center then activates the effector. However, the effector continues to stimulate the sensor so that a greater change in the internal environment occurs. o The mechanism can be harmful and has definite cutoff point. e.g. Blood clotting, Child birth. 31 Homeostasis and Body Systems o All body systems contribute towards maintaining homeostasis o Disease occurs when homeostasis fails Local disease – restricted to a specific part of the body Systemic 全身/ 系統的 disease – affects several organ systems or the entire body Acute 急性的 disease – occurs suddenly and last a short time Chronic 慢性的 disease – develops slowly over a long term 32