Lecture 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology PDF

An Introduction to … Dr. Hisham S. Elbatarny MBBCh MSc MD  Definitions Anatomy: study of structure of the body s Physiology: study of of body structures functions  All specific physiological functions are performed by speci...

An Introduction to … Dr. Hisham S. Elbatarny MBBCh MSc MD  Definitions Anatomy: study of structure of the body s Physiology: study of of body structures functions  All specific physiological functions are performed by specific anatomical structures Relationship Between Anatomy & Physiology Specialties of Anatomy Macroscopic (gross) anatomy: examines large, visible structures Microscopic anatomy: examines cells and molecules Macroscopic Anatomy Surface anatomy: ̶ exterior features Regional anatomy: ̶ body areas Systemic anatomy: ̶ groups of organs working together Developmental anatomy (embryology): ̶ from embryo to maturity Clinical anatomy: ̶ medical, radiological and surgical specialties Microscopic Anatomy Histology: ̶ tissues and their structures Cytology: ̶ cells and their structures Specialties of Physiology Cell physiology: ̶processes within and between cells Special physiology: ̶functions of specific organs Systemic physiology: ̶functions of an organ systems Pathological physiology (Pathophysiology): ̶effects of diseases Organization of Living Organisms  Organism Level Levels of Organization Organ System Level Cardiovascular Organ Level The heart Atoms in Cardiac combination muscle tissue Tissue Level Heart muscle Complex protein Organelle Level cell molecule Protein filaments Chemical or Cellular Level Molecular Level Example of Levels of Organization Chemical level: e.g., protein molecules Organelle level: e.g., protein filaments Cellular level: e.g., muscle cells Tissue level: e.g., cardiac tissue Organ level: e.g., heart Organ system level: e.g., cardiovascular system Organ Systems Homeostasis Homeostasis The process of maintaining a stable internal environment within the body Normal range rather than a fixed level (dynamic process) Failure to function within a normal range → diseases Mechanisms of Homeostatic Regulation Intrinsic regulation (autoregulation): automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ Extrinsic regulation: responses controlled by: Parts of Regulatory Mechanism Receptor: ̶receives the stimulus Center: ̶processes the signal ̶sends instructions Effector: ̶carries out instructions Maintaining Normal Limits Negative Feedback The response of the effector reverses the stimulus Stimulus   Response Examples: ̶body temperature ̶blood glucose level ̶calcium regulation Regulation of Body Temperature Regulation of Blood Glucose Level Calcium Homeostasis Positive Feedback The response of the effector reinforces the stimulus Stimulus   Response Examples: ̶blood clotting ̶oxytocin during labour Control of Blood Coagulation Clotting accelerates Positive feedback loop Chemicals Blood clot Chemicals Damaged cells in the blood The chemicals start chain As clotting continues, each This escalating process vessel wall release chemi- reactions in which cells, step releases chemicals is a positive feedback cals that begin the clotting cell fragments, and soluble that further accelerate the loop that ends with the process. proteins in the blood begin process. formation of a blood clot, to form a clot. which patches the vessel wall and stops the bleeding. Control of Oxytocin During Labour Working Together Systems integration: ̶systems work together to maintain homeostasis Homeostasis Organ System Function Body Temperature  Integumentary  Heat loss  Muscular  Heat production  Cardiovascular  Heat distribution  Nervous  Coordination The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment is known as: A. Positive feedback B. Hemostasis C. Metabolism D. Homeostasis E. Inflammation The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment is known as: A. Positive feedback B. Hemostasis C. Metabolism D. Homeostasis E. Inflammation Language of Anatomy Proxima Caudal l Craniu m Dorsal Brachial Inguinal Sagittal Mapping the Human Body Superficial anatomy: s ks n r n s i o a i o it m g os nd e a PSectional anatomy: R  L slice through to view the inside of the body Anatomical Positions Anatomical position: ̶standing erect, face forward, arms at the sides, palms and toes directed forward Supine: ̶lying down, face up Prone: ̶lying down, face down  Frontal or forehead Nasal or nose Ocular, orbital or eye Cranial Otic or ear or skull Cephalic or head Cephalic or head Buccal or cheek Facial Acromial or or face shoulder Cervical Oral or mouth Cervical or neck or neck Dorsal or Mental or chin Thoracic or back al Axillary or armpit thorax, chest s Mammary or breast Lan mic a rk Brachial or arm Abdominal Trunk Olecranal Upper (abdomen) or back limb Antecubital of elbow or front of Umbilical elbow or navel Lumbar Antebrachial Pelvic or loin dm or forearm (pelvis) o Carpal or wrist t Palmar or palm An a Manual or hand Gluteal Pollex Digits Inguinal or buttock or thumb (phalanges) or groin or fingers (digital Lower or phalangeal) Popliteal or limb Pubic back of knee Patellar (pubis) or kneecap Femoral or thigh Crural Sural or leg or calf Tarsal or ankle Calcaneal or heal of foot Digits (phalanges) or toes (digital or phalangeal) Pedal or foot Plantar or Hallux or sole of foot great toe a Anterior view b Posterior view Quadrants & Regions 4 abdominopelvic quadrants (Clinical) Right Upper Left Upper Quadrant Quadrant (RUQ) (LUQ) Right Lower Left Lower Quadrant Quadrant (RLQ) (LLQ) Quadrants & Regions 9 abdominopelvic regions (Anatomical) Right Left hypochondriac hypochondriac region Epigastric region region Right lumbar Umbilical Left lumbar region region region Right Hypogastric (pubic) Left inguinal inguinal region region region Internal Organs Associated with Abdominopelvic Regions Liver Stomach Gallbladder Spleen Large intestine Small intestine Appendix Urinary bladder  Cranial or Cephalic Superior: Above; at a higher level (in the human body, toward the head) Cranial or Cephalic Superior Directional Terms Toward the head Right Left Proximal Toward an attached base Posterior or Dorsal Anterior or Ventral Anterior: The front The back surface Ventral: The belly side Lateral Medial Away Toward from the the midline midline Proximal Caudal Distal Toward the tail; Away from an (coccyx in attached base humans) Superficial Distal At, near, or relatively close to the body surface Deep Toward the interior of the body; farther from the surface a Anterior view b Lateral view Inferior: Below; at a lower level; toward the feet Inferior Planes & Sections Plane: an axis through a 3-dimensional object Section: a slice along a plane Anatomical Planes Sagittal plane Frontal (Coronal) plane Transverse plane (inferior view) Anatomical Planes Sagittal (vertical) Plane: Sagittal divides the body into right and left portions Frontal (coronal) Plane: Frontal divides the body into anterior and posterior portions Transverse Transverse (horizontal) Plane: divides the body into superior and inferior portions Sectional Anatomy & Clinical Imaging Technology X-ray Ultrasonography (US) Computerized Tomography (CT) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) X-ray: Chest Ultrasound (US) Abdominal US 32 weeks pregnancy 3D fetal face 28 weeks Computerized Tomography (CT) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Body Cavities POSTERIOR ANTERIOR Ventral cavity: Thoracic cavity divided by the diaphragm into: Pleural cavity Pericardial cavity thoracic cavity abdominopelvic cavity:  abdominal cavity Diaphragm  pelvic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Other cavities: e.g., Peritoneal cavity Abdominal cavity cranial cavity – brain vertebral canal – spinal cord Pelvic cavity Cross Section in The Thoracic Cavity ANTERIOR Pericardial cavity Heart Pleural cavity Right lung Parietal pleura Left lung Mediastinum Spinal cord POSTERIOR Isolating Organs Serous membranes: ̶consist of parietal layer and visceral layer Visceral pericardium Heart Air space Pericardial cavity Balloon Parietal pericardium An anatomical plane that divides the body into right and left portions is called: A. Coronal B. Sagittal C. Transverse D. Medial E. Horizontal An anatomical plane that divides the body into right and left portions is called: A. Coronal B. Sagittal C. Transverse D. Medial E. Horizontal Summary Definitions of anatomy and physiology Levels of organization Homeostasis Language of anatomy Planes and sections