ولادة بيتر - Theriogenology - Pure Science - المرحلة الخامسة

# Pure Science - Theriogenology ## Fifth Year - 8:00 - عملی ولاده ### **The Birth Canal ** - It is a canal through which the fetus or foeti can pass to the outside during the process of normal parturition. - It includes both the soft and the bony birth canals. ### **The Soft Birth Canal Includes:...

# Pure Science - Theriogenology ## Fifth Year - 8:00 - عملی ولاده ### **The Birth Canal ** - It is a canal through which the fetus or foeti can pass to the outside during the process of normal parturition. - It includes both the soft and the bony birth canals. ### **The Soft Birth Canal Includes:** 1. **Uterus** - It acts as an incubator organ for the growing fetus during pregnancy. - It acts as an expulsive organ expelling the fetus and fetal membranes during the process of parturition. 2. **Cervix** - It acts as a keeping door for the uterus along the gestation period (tightly closed by cervical plug under effect of P4) - The cervix becomes widely opened and enables the uterine contents to get out from the uterus (under effect of E2 which ripening of cervical cartilage). 3. **Vagina** - It acts as a connecting tube between the cervix and vulva. **N.B:** 3 points of difficulty can face the delivered fetus in the soft birth way → the cervix, the hyminal ring and the vulva. 3 parts in the fetus which face difficulties during delivery → the head, the shoulders and the pelvis (hips) ### **The Bony Birth Canal (Pelvic Bone) Includes:** 1. **The Roof** - Partial of the wing of the ilium, and 1st 3 coccygeal vertebrae, anteriorly. 2. **The Floor** - The pubis, anteriorly. 3. **The Walls** - The shafts of the iliac bones and the ischial bone, posteriorly. - The pelvic ligaments "complete the lateral walls of the bony birth canal". **Both the pubic and the ischial bones of the right side unite with those of the left side, in the mid line forming the pelvic symphysis** ### **Pelvic Ligaments:** 1. **Sacro-iliac ligaments** - It extends from the medial wing of the ilium to the lateral portion of the sacrum and the summite of the sacral spincs. 2. **Sacro-ischiatic ligaments** - It extends from the lateral border of the sacrum and the transverse processes of the 1st 2 coccygeal vertebrae to the ischiatic spine and the tuber ischii (ischial tuberosity). ### **Pelvic Inlet (linea terminalis)** - It is formed by: - Dorsally → the promontorium of sacrum and the iliac crests - Laterally → The anterior borders of the shafts of the ilium - Ventrally → Pectin of the pubis ### **Pelvic Outlet** - Dorsally → the 3rd coccygeal vertebrae - Laterally → Pelvic ligament (sacro-sciatic ligament) - Ventrally → Ischial arch ### **Pelvic Dimensions (Rice Pelvi-metry)** - To full describe the pelvic cavity. **N.B:** - Indicates the height "and the orientation" of the pelvic cavity. - In cow → the column fall on the mid sacrum - In mare → the caudal half of sacrum ### **Pelvic Axis** - It is an imaginary line extending through the pelvic inlet, cavity and outlet. - Indicates the directions of the passage of the fetus. ### **The Pelvic Inlet:** | Boundaries | Bony birth canal | |:---:|:---:| | Roof | 1st. 3 coccygeal vertebrae + sacrum | | Floor | Promontorium of sacrum | | Walls | Shafts of the iliac + Pelvic ligaments | | Shafts of the ilium + Pelvic ligament | Ischial arch | ### **The Pelvic Outlet:** | Boundaries | Bony birth canal | |:---:|:---:| | Roof | 3rd coccygeal vertebrae | | Floor | Promontorium of sacrum | | Walls | Pubis + Pectin of the pubis | | Shafts of the iliac | Shafts of the ilium | | Pelvic ligaments | Ischial arch | <h3> **The Pelvic Dimensions:**</h3> - **The Conjugate Vera**: - Extend → from promontorium of the sacrum to the pectin of pubis. - Indicates the approximate length of the pelvic cavity, excluding the floor of the cavity "length of the pelvic inlet". - **The Conjugate Diagonalis:** - Extend from promontorium of the sacrum to the bottom of the ischial arch. - Indicates → the approximate length of the pelvic cavity, including the floor of the cavity. - **The Transverse Diameter (the Bis-iliac):** - Extends → between the 2 iliac shafts just above the psoas tubercle. - Indicates the width of the pelvic cavity. - **The Pectin Verticalis:** - It is a column erected → from the pectin of the pubis, falling on any pinot on the ventral surface of the sacral bone. - Indicates the height “and the orientation” of the pelvic cavity. ### **The Arrangement of Animal Species According To Suitability For Parturition (From Easy To Difficulty)** Mare > She-camel > Dog > Cat > Saw > Goat > Sheep > Buffalo > Cow ### **Birth Canal of Cow and Mare** | Point of Comparison | Cow | Mare | |---|---|---| | 1 - Pelvic inlet | Oval (as the conjugate vera > Bis-iliac) | Round /circular (as the conjugate vera = Bis-iliac) | | Broad lig. fixation | Loose | Firm | | Unequal horns | Equal horns | | Abdominal horns | Both horns | ### **Parturition in Mare is Easier than in Cow. Why?** 1. Muscle of abdominal wall is more tense in mare. 2. Fetus floats in abdominal cavity in cow, and need more effort to reach the pelvic cavity so cow lying laterally at the beginning of parturition. ### **Uterine Torsion is More Common in Cow than Mare. Why?** - Pregnancy in mare is bicornal while in cow is uniconal. - In Cow, during standing with hind legs first → make space in front of uterus which give uterus chance to torsion. - In Cow, fixed with broad lig. From lesser (ventral) curvature → make pregnancy out of fixation point. ### **Dystocia in Cow & Abortion in Mare** - Cervix in cow fibro-elastic → hormonally diluted. - Cervix in mare muscular fleshy → manual diluted. ### **Cow Pelvis and its Relation to Fetal Hips**