Theriogenology Week 10 Slides PDF

theriogenology week 10 Ashley Vasel the end of equine material practice question aka he wants you to assume this vague sentence is telling you this is the first ejaculate sample tell the owner they CANNOT breed bc the stallion does not meet the minimum parameters remember: min. 1 billion (× 109) pro...

theriogenology week 10 Ashley Vasel the end of equine material practice question aka he wants you to assume this vague sentence is telling you this is the first ejaculate sample tell the owner they CANNOT breed bc the stallion does not meet the minimum parameters remember: min. 1 billion (× 109) progressively motile, morphologically normal sperm in the second of two ejaculates collected 1hr apart after a week of sexual rest how many mares can you breed with this 20ml of volume? 20ml of total volume / 3.12 ml of semen = 6.4, so can only do 6 horses How many mares can be bred if this was cooled shipped dose? only 3 bc you need double the amount YES now we meet the minimum parameters 12 practice question YES we meet the minimum parameters, we have 2.8 bill morphologically normal sperm and 3.2 billion motile min. 1 billion (× 109) progressively motile, morphologically normal sperm in the second of two ejaculates collected 1hr apart after a week of sexual rest I want to know how many out of my 20ml’s do I need to use to breed the mare I know that in each of the 1mls out of 20ml I have 200 million sperm but only 80% are motile, so let’s find out how many of the 200 sperm per 1ml are actually motile → 160 mil motile sperm per 1ml! Ok now I plan to breed her with fresh semen, and that dose is 500 million motile sperm so let’s do the math and see how many of my 20ml’s would get me there 500mil motile ÷ 160mil motile = 3.12ml I only need 3.12ml out of my total 20ml! 13 stallion disorders abnormal ejaculates spermia = ejaculate (volume, presence) urospermia zoospermia = spermatozoa (sperm itself) urine in ejaculate pyospermia alkaline urine pH and high osmolarity affects sperm!! pus in the ejaculate urine can cause excessive post-breeding inflammatory response in mares, affecting fertility leukospermia present (leukocytes, neutrophils) can be d/t lesions dx via fractionated semen collection or endoscopy collect & culture fractions, usually only use sperm rich to inseminate mares fractionated semen collection – know each!! 5 to 8 jets (pulses in the urethra) pre-sperm = from bulbourethral glands, urethra sperm rich = from epididymis and ampullae sperm poor = from prostate and vesicular glands gel fraction = from vesicular glands hemospermia blood in ejaculate dx: fractionated ejaculate, endoscopy, localize source tx: sexual rest emission thoracolumbar reflex is the same muscle that closes the ductus deferens, accessory glands, and bladder some don’t have this reflex causing urine to go into the semen causes usually idiopathic – challenging prognosis diagnosis pH greater than 7.7 (alkaline) urine crystals test strips for urea [] treatment tx the primary condition, challenging though bc you don’t know what is causing it manage by having them urinate prior to semen collection 15 pathology infectious orchitis (FYI) hydrocele/ vaginocele (FYI) testicular neoplasia inguinal hernia testicle infection can be d/t infection can be more severe if not treated → peritonitis treatment antimicrobials supportive unilateral orchiectomy uncommon seminoma in older mature stallions teratoma in young unilateral the enlarged testicle interferes w/ thermoreg. of the normal testicle differentiate from a tumor usually congenital (foals) diagnosis notice no testicular parenchyma, it is intestine treatment surgery accum. of fluid inside scrotum usually idiopathic could be d/t heat fluid could make temp. control challenging diagnosis palpation, U/S treatment spontaneous resolution cool / exercise 16 pathology spermatic cord torsion spermatic cord varicocele twisting related to size of testicle or proper ligament could be d/t excessive exercise 180o torsion subclinical – most common may have a difference in semen quality 360o torsion severe / acute torsion signs of colic must surgically remove ASAP to save the other testicle! enlargement of the veins of the spermatic cord low blood flow can affect sperm production and quality makes temperature control harder treatment supplementation – antioxidant pentoxifylline 17 testicular degeneration forms acute assoc. with other pathologies incr. testicular temp. see a sudden drop in sperm values treat the primary cause – cryotherapy, hydrotherapy, supplements, pentoxifylline chronic assoc. with older age parenchyma fibrosis, cannot be treated if any of the above pathologies are not tx’d this can occur acquired atrophy of the seminiferous tubules therefore affecting sperm definitive dx via biopsy check your ALP! differentiate from hypoplasia via history testicular degeneration = normal sperm prior to this event hypoplasia = always abnormal sperm d/t smaller testicles, genetic 18 seminal vesiculitis aka vesicular adenites uncommon but imp. bc it can affect fertility unilateral > bilateral non-painful, no CS, normal behavior diagnosis fractionated semen collection culture urethra before and after ejaculation usually bacterial = Psuedomonoas, Klebsiella, Brucella abortus, Streptococci, Staphylococci treatment treatment is inefficient last fraction will have pus condition usually returns can have blood, leukocytes, bacteria could remove affected gland – uncommon endoscopy difficult to see mucosa d/t amount of pus could collect fluid sample could culture for antibiotics but usually unsuccessful 19 urethral rent causes hematuria or hemospermia hemorrhage from corpus spongiosum going into ejaculate pressure increases during ejaculation and end of urination urethra exits at the spongiosum! diagnose via endoscopy treatment sexual abstinence / rest perineal urethrostomy or urethral infusion of policresulen to cauterize 20 plugged ampullae aka ampullar spermiostasis condition in ampulla (sperm reservoir) rectal palpation excessive accumulation of spermatozoa that become inspissated and block the lumen ultrasound occurs when at rest or not being collected many sperm with only heads treatment palpate ampulla and massage block presents with lower sperm counts / no sperm oxytocin IV prior to massage and semen collection diagnosis could recur alkaline phosphate concentration IF unilateral it will be normal (high) IF bilateral occlusion it will be abnormal 21 cryptorchidism normal testicular descent during last 30d in utero or first 10d after birth do not breed – genetic QH, Percheron, ASH, pony hCG / GnRH see if they make testosterone after admin. need a pre- and post- sample basal estrone sulfate diagnosis AMH rectal exam treatment ultrasound – challenging surgery test testosterone [] usually successful if bilateral if untreated, risk of developing a teratoma 22 tumors of the penis penile hematoma (FYI) squamous cell carcinoma is most common d/t trauma – kick to erect penis esp. if white colored / unpigmented malignant will affect thermoregulation can lead to testicular degeneration treatment ASAP! could stop circulation to corpus cavernosum / thrombose → minimize hemorrhage, tight bandage, prevent sexual arousal also papilloma, sarcoid, and melanoma treat via surgical removal 23 habronemiasis uncommon if parasite control is in place urethral process, preputial ring or orifice, penis presentation yellow granules eosinophils on hist treatment surgery if granulated parasiticide – ivermectin, moxidectin, steroid 24 paraphimosis (FYI) priapism (FYI) inability to retract penis persistent erection without sexual arousal can be d/t trauma, tranquilizer, neuro treatment ASAP → thrombosis in corpus cavernosum → hematoma adrenergic drugs can be d/t trauma, neuro, or a tranquilizer treatment resolve the primary cause reduce the swelling support the penis hydrotherapy, light exercise complications phallectomy parasympathetics benztropine mesolate – human drug, DOC clenbuterol phenylephrine surgical irrigation of corpus cavernosum 25 vet prep J 26 viral venereal infections equine herpesvirus 3 “coital exanthema” no abortion or systemic reaction EHV1 DOES cause abortion and resp. dz transmitted via inhalation pustule external genitalia lesions will heal and leave behind an ulcer / scar test via serology IF negative, can be exposed & be positive down the road vaccinate! will be positive on serology but will have a doctors note proving its just the vx equine viral arteritis causes abortion storms!! foal born with severe resp. disease / pneumonia venereal transmission via stallion IF stallion is exposed before puberty → develop antibodies → will not develop disease in semen IF exposed after puberty → persistently infected → do not use for breeding! test via serology IF negative = can travel no prob IF positive = need to test semen, if neg. then can travel 27 vet prep J Presentation Title 28 vet prep J 29 bacterial infections culture of stallion and semen Taylorella equigenitalis prewash penis and fossas glandis aka contagious equine metritis post-wash urethra mare will have severe mucosal post-ejaculate urethra discharge (covered in mare section) “you have bact coming from this post-ejaculation, you know bact is internal” semen vesicular gland fluid 30 vet prep J 31 protozoal infections dourine aka Trypanosoma equiperdum not in the USA edema/swelling of external genitalia can see rounded lesions – “silver dollar plaques” affects stallions and mares progressive emaciation and weakness neurological problems it takes years to show signs find in tissue samples hard to diagnose 32 CANINE ESTROUS CYCLE NORMAL CANINE ANATOMY you can collect cells from the cranial vagina to know where in the estrous cycle the dog is folds change in character and appearance throughout the cycle dorsal median vaginal fold is a landmark AI catheter can go in here making it hard to access the cervix can do AI with fresh, cooled/chilled, or frozen and thawed semen frozen is most common when performing AI keep in mind the vagina is super long and the cervix is intraabdominal ovary is surrounded by adipose/fat don’t leave behind a remnant by mistake! PUBERTY when they have attained the ability to reproduce ability of the hypothalamic neurons to produce enough GnRH the exact time depends on growth and breed – we are concerned if its has not been reached by 2yrs dogs reach their maximum reproductive capability at their 2, 3, or 4th estrus, or at about 3 years of life dogs that have reached puberty will not usually ”show” estrus when ovulation occurs instead, they have split or false heats exhibit signs of proestrus (bleeding), but estrus might not occur immediately after! INTERESTRUS PERIOD the time from the beginning of 1 estrus (receptivity/heat) to the beginning of the next estrus average time can be anywhere from 5-7 months minimum cycle length = 4mo maximum cycle length = 12mo – if longer than 12 you should investigate! **ESTROUS CYCLE IN THE BITCH** canine background proestrus monoestrus estrogen is predominating – LH, FSH, P4 low non-seasonal attracting males with pheromones BUT not accepting mating spontaneous ovulators ovulates oocytes in prophase 1 cycle about every 7 months anestrus longest phase – 2-5mo (minimum 90 days) period of quiescence and repair male and female are not sexually interested vulva is not swollen few cells on cytology thin vaginal wall progesterone is baseline physical changes: turgid swelling of vulva – mucosa edematous (speculum) hemorrhagic vulvar discharge diapedesis of RBC’s through uterine vessels vaginal cytology cornification of squamous epithelial vaginal lining – “corn flakes” superficial and large intermediate cells increase, erythrocytes, neutrophils, WBC, debris, RBC, nucleus still present **ESTROUS CYCLE IN THE BITCH** (CONT.) estrus – ~7-9d diestrus change in behavior 2mo long / 60d standing to be mounted indicates its time to breed! progesterone has peaked tail deviated opposite to side stimulated & elevated CL is present estrogen decreases & progesterone increases, LH & FSH peak no longer accepting mating 1st sharp rise of P4 is correlated with LH peak physical changes pregnant OR experiencing pseudo-pregnancy softening of vulvar swelling scant blood discharge vaginal cytology cornification continues – 90% of cells cornified superficial epithelial cells, lots of anuclear squames no WBCs, few RBCs, no debris caution for pyometra recall from week 1 (?) maternal recognition of pregnancy the dog does not require a signal for MRP because the CL will be there regardless whether pregnant or not (pseudo-pregnant) hence no known luteolytic PGF2a from the uterus in non-preg. vulva rises due to muscle contraction stiffening of back legs, skin rolled on the back pseudo-pregnancy is completely normal in dogs VAGINAL CYTOLOGY collect from the cranial vagina cells change due to a response of the vaginal stratified squamous epithelium to estrogen the epithelium will cornify which helps us predict breeding coordinate the cytology with a hormone concentration and speculum exam VAGINAL CYTOLOGY SUMMARY proestrus estrus cornification – “corn flakes” cornification continues notice there is a lot going on we have large cells but we’ve also got erythrocytes and neutrophils too 90% of the cells are the cornified superficial epithelial cells there are anuclear cells looks like big cells with some debris NO WBCs, few RBCs, no debris just the big thick clustered up cells and nothing else VET PREP J VET PREP J VET PREP J VET PREP J VET PREP J VET PREP J