Pure Science: Theriogenology PDF

# Pure Science ## THERIOGENOLOGY ### OBSTETRICAL DEFINITIONS ## - Fifth year - 4.00 - عملي ولاه # Obstetrical Definitions ## NB - Puberty: age at which first estrus cycle. - No breeding until complete development of somatic and ovarian structure which is called sexual maturity - **Premature bread...

# Pure Science ## THERIOGENOLOGY ### OBSTETRICAL DEFINITIONS ## - Fifth year - 4.00 - عملي ولاه # Obstetrical Definitions ## NB - Puberty: age at which first estrus cycle. - No breeding until complete development of somatic and ovarian structure which is called sexual maturity - **Premature breading:** - Breading at 1st heat - Lead to abortion or dystocia (due to juvenile pelvis) - **Delayed breading:** - Breading after long time - Dystocia (due to ossification of the false joints of pelvis) - **Breeding** → fertilization → pregnancy → parturition → puerperium (post-partum period) ## Obstetrics: - It is the science that deals with the pregnant animals, from the time of pregnancy "fertilization” till the end of the postpartum period. - It includes the study of the normal and abnormal (pregnancy, parturition, postpartum period). ## Gestation period (Pregnancy): - It is the time from fertilization till parturition (from conception till birth). - It is divided into three stages of development: ### Ovum stage - Start from fertilization (in FT) till implantation (in uterus) - From day 0 to day 12th -13th - **Division** - features of embryo ### Embryonic stage - Start from implantation till appearance of ext. features of embryo - From day 12th-13th to day 35th-45th - **Organogenesis**, so it is the most dangerous stage due to appearance of congenital anomalies - embryo till parturition ### Fetal stage - Start from appearance of ext. features of embryo - From day 35th- 45th day to parturition - Just growth - **Zygote (0 day)** - **2 cells (1 day-cow) (14-16 hours-sow)** - **8 cells (3 days cow)(3-4 days sow)** - **Morula (4-7 days-cow) (4-5 days-sow)** - **Blastocyst (7-12 days-cow) (5 days-sow)** - **Elongation of blastocyst (14-16 days-cow)(9 days-sow)** ## Each animal has its own gestation period. | Animal | Pregnancy (months) | Pregnancy (days)| |---|---|---| | Cow (bovine) | 9 | 270±15 | | Buffalo (bubaline) | 10 | 310±15 (9 شهور و 9 ايام) | | Mare (equine) | 11 | 330±15 (10 شهور 10 ايام) | | She Donkey(Solipeds) | 12 | 365 ± 15 | | She Camel (Camelid) | 13 | 390 ± 15 | | Sheep & Goat (ovine) | 5 | 150±15 | | Dog (canine) | 2 | 59 (58-67) | | Cat (feline) | 2 | 63 (58-67) | | Pig (porcine) | | 114 (3 شهور و 3 اسابيع و 3 ايام) | | Rabbit | 1 | 31 | | Elephant | | 645 | | bear | | 7-8 | | giraffe | | 230 | | Lion & tiger | | 108 | | mouse | | 19-21 | | wolf | 2 | 64 | | deer | | 201 | | kangaroo | 1-1.5 | 42 | | Monkey | | 164 | | Zebra | 12-13 | 375 | | Hamster | | 20 | ## Classification of animal acc. to No. of previous parturition = Parity: - **Nulliparous**: It is a female which never carries a fetus before - **Primiparous**: It is a female which have the first gestation period (or gave one birth before). - **Pluriparus**: It is a female which gave more than one birth before. ## Classification of animal acc. to No. fetus per each parturition: **Monotocous animal**: - It is a female which carries only one fetus in one pregnancy. - Twins possibility is rare. - Cow, buffalo cow, she-camel → twins is rare and accompanying with dystocia - Horse with twins → not complete (abortion) **Polytocous animal**: - It is a female which carries more than one fetus in one pregnancy. - Sheep, Goat, Dog, Cat & pig. ## Parturition definitions: **Eutocia (Eu = normal / easy & tocia = parturition)**: - It is the self-expulsion (without any external interference) of normal, mature, full term and alive fetus from the uterus to the outside, - Without any harm to the mother animal or the fetus. ## Dystocia (Dys= difficult or abnormal parturition): - Presence of abnormality or difficulty prevents the normal delivery of fetus. - It needs external interference (maternal effort is not enough for delivery). - This abnormality may be from: - **Fetus** - As big sized fetus, abnormal P.P.P or dead fetus - So fetus must be of normal size, P.P.P & alive - **Dam** - As has juvenile pelvis - So mother must be of normal birth way & normal birth pain - **Fetal membrane** - As hydropsy - F.M when enter the cervix → stimulate oxytocin secretion & when rupture release fetal fluid lubrication for birth way ## Uterine inertia: - It is weakness or absence of uterine contractions during parturition. - It is either primary or secondary inertia. - **Primary uterine inertia** → means absence or weakness of the uterine contractions during beginning of parturition (due to ↓ Ca or Mg/or | E4 / or oxytocin) - **Secondary uterine inertia** → due to prolonged unsuccessful birth help in dystocia or muscle exhaustion due to prolonged contraction (fatigue). ## Embryotomy (fetotomy): - Intra-uterine cutting of dead or weakly alive fetus into small parts to facilitate it's extraction out from birth way - "Embryotomy" word is not accurate, "Fetotomy" is more accurate. - **Caesarian section (C-section)**: - Surgical extraction of fetus through abdominal wall & uterus - **Episiotomy**: - Cut (incision) made in tissue between vaginal opening & anus during birth ## Abnormal parturition definitions: **Still birth fetus**: - Fetus born dead or dies during or within 24hrs time after parturition after complete term of pregnancy **Early embryonic death (E.E.D)**: - Fetus dead within 45th days of gestation period - a) Death occur before 16th day → regular estrus cycle (repeat breeder) - b) Death occur after 16th day → irregular estrus cycle **➤ Abortion**: - Fetus dead at time between 45th days of gestation period to 20th day before parturition **➤ Premature birth**: - Parturition at the last 20 days of pregnancy ## Postpartum period definitions: **Puerperium (Postpartum period)**: - It is a time after parturition, which is required for the genital organs to restore the normal: - **Physiological** (uterine involution & ovarian rebound) and - **Histological conditions** (re-epithlization of uterus & ovary) as nearly as before pregnancy. - It differs in length in the different animals. **Uterine involution**: - Reduction of the uterine size after parturition to be as nearly as before pregnancy. **Lochia = Uterine puerperal discharges = Postpartum uterine discharge**: - It is normal physiological uterine discharge contain blood, remnant of F.M & fetal fluid and degenerated crancle - Odorless or fleshy discharge (if infected lochia → offensive odor and white in color) - Start on the 2nd day after parturition, reaches its peak during the 2nd week and subsides towards the end of the 3rd week. - There are three types of lochia: - **Lochia Rubra**: red / 2-5 day - **Lochia Sanguinolenta**: brownish or chocolate like/ 6-9 day - **Lochia Alba**: whitish or glassy / 10-21 day