Theriogenology Week 7 PDF

theriogenology week 7 Ashley Vasel week 2 slide reminder ovaries differ among species mare ovary is inside out – medulla / vascular zone is superficial, cortex internal follicle will develop in the medulla then move into the center of the ovary ovulation fossa acts like a funnel for the infundibulum...

theriogenology week 7 Ashley Vasel week 2 slide reminder ovaries differ among species mare ovary is inside out – medulla / vascular zone is superficial, cortex internal follicle will develop in the medulla then move into the center of the ovary ovulation fossa acts like a funnel for the infundibulum “catcher’s mitt” site of follicle and CL development week 2 slide reminder female summary cow cartilaginous cervix muscular folds that change d/t cyclic hormones broad ligament loosely attached to horns broad ligament firmly attached – uterus v. stationary allows for a greater birth contraction “volatile” fornix vagina is a dead end pouch – makes AI hard the equine embryo has an embryonic glycoprotein capsule!!! equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) aka pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) is produced by mare endometrial placental cups / chorionic girdle cells maternal caruncles that attach to placental cotyledons PGF2a is always secreted secretion is decreased when pregnant due to embryo bouncing around signaling pregnancy sow mare ewe (sheep) bitch goal of 14-16 piglets ovary has multiple follicles at the same stage super long uterine horns ½ of blood flow is from uterus, ½ is from ovary similar to cow LOTS of cervical rings/folds could cause ring-womb and lead to dystocia – requires a Csection! cranial vagina is HUGE gets thick as cell layers increase cornified cells indicate she is going into heat corkscrew cervix – mimic this spiral for AI placenta secretes supporting factors (P4) NOT the CL does (goat) do NOT do this lots of adipose tissue risk of ovarian remnant syn. monoestrous week 2 slide reminder female structures femalereproductive reproductive structures infundibulum (oviduct) captures the egg fimbriae allow egg to be caught and go in ampulla (oviduct) thick part of the oviduct site of fertilization! unique to cattle: fertilziation in the ampulla-isthmic jnx isthmus (oviduct) t h i c k e r, c o n n e c t i o n t o t h e u t e r u s t h a t c o l l e c t s s p e r m uterotubal junction aka oviductal papilla i m p. a n d u n i q u e t o m a r e s , c o n n e c t s u t e r u s t o o v i d u c t a l l o w s O N LY n o r m a l s p e r m a n d f e r t i l i z e d e m b r yo t o p a s s t h r o u g h o va r i a n b u r s a unique to dogs and cats, fat that assists the infundibulum mare BSE ! breeding soundness exam anatomical evaluation vulva proper restraint lips should have a tight seal – barrier rectum palpation works with all 3 barriers to prevent infection buscopan relaxes rectum vertical, 2/3 ventral from ischial arch lots of lube, be gentle, be thorough perineal body vestibule located between the vulva and vagina vestibulo-vaginal junction imp. barrier clitoris imp. location to sample and check for disease mammary gland (udder) one udder, 2 teats don't forget to look during your PE J perineal body (triangle) almost touches ischial body (blue highlighter) creates a seal between vestibulum and vagina second degree perineal laceration is common and causes problems with function just looks like vulva got longer pneumovaginas can occur if poor conformation non-functional perineal body is a significant prob.! be sure it’s a good conformation!! – problem in older mares the cervix thick muscular wall, longitudinal folds of epithelium changes with cycle luteal phase, protecting devel. embryo: tightly, long, thin, rigid – barrier estrus/ovulation/allow passage of sperm: flaccid, short, broad, softer makes sense bc ejaculation is intrauterine never impenetrable integrity best assessed through palpation, just feel around “clock face” speculum exam of cervix estrus cervix is relaxed – short, broad, soft edematous, moist, pink, dilated diestrus cervix is tightly closed – elongated, thinner, toner/turgid pale pink, dry, elevated off vaginal floor pregnant cervix is tightly closed coated with mucus anestrus cervix is relaxed near vaginal floor open “can see right into uterus” vaginal mucosa is white/pale with sparse vasculature mare anatomy ovaries utero-tubo-junction / oviductal papilla inside out connects the uterus with the oviduct blood vessels disperse around the cortex, follicular a barrier for retrograde movement / prevent backflow! development is central can only ovulate through ovulation fossa (indentation on ovaries) damage to that part of the ovary ➝ no more ovulation tumors tend to start at ovulation fossa first sign of a granulosa cell tumor is fucked up ovulation fossa ➝ no longer kidney bean shaped, now rounded uterine / fallopian tubes (oviducts) long, tortuous, site of ovulation sperm reservoir selects sperm that can get inside the oviduct! only viable embryos can travel through here and get to the uterus uterus uterus hangs UNDER tight short broad ligament stability, doesn’t move around, convenient for palpation less likely to suffer from uterine torsion vs. cows luminal epithelium ➝ glands ➝ endometrium (stratum compactum & spongiosum) site of implantation / sperm mare reproductive cycle seasonal (spring) important hormones polyestrous (keeps cycling until the fall) estrogen = from follicles long day breeder (likes sunlight) progesterone = from CL (diestrus) correlates to location too! oxytocin = from CL old enough to have reached puberty prostaglandins = endometrium be sure they are in a good nutritional plane – leptin! IF CL is not fertilized ➝ CL will release oxytocin ➝ pineal-hypothal-pituitary-axis photoperiod driven ↑ light to retina ➝ positively stimulates pineal gland ➝ less melatonin made ➝ ↑ GnRH from hypothalamus ➝ ↑ FSH & LH from pituitary gland ➝ ovaries winter anestrus no ovulations in winter, even if showing cyclicity stimulates ENDOMETRIUM to release prostaglandin ➝ lyse CL ➝ cycle starts again vet prep J the seasons of the equine uterus