Scientific Writing and Literature Evaluation (PHL-609) Jazan University Course Outline PDF

Scientific Writing and Literature Evaluation (PHL-609) Master of Pharmaceutical Science in Applied Toxicology 2nd year, level 3 September 13, 2024 1  Prepar...

Scientific Writing and Literature Evaluation (PHL-609) Master of Pharmaceutical Science in Applied Toxicology 2nd year, level 3 September 13, 2024 1  Prepared by Rayan A. Ahmed Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences Jazan University Department of Pharmacology September 13, 2024 2 September 13, 2024 3 September 13, 2024 4 September 13, 2024 5   Instructor and Information  Course Information  Course Requirements and Assessment # Assessment task Week Due % 1 Quizzes (MCQ, T/F and problem 3rd to 13th 5% solving) 2 Mid Term (MCQ, T/F and problem 7th 25 % solving) 3 Presentation Before 13th 10 % 4 Final (Essay) Before 15th 60 % September 13, 2024 6 September 13, 2024 8   Blackboard: use your student information to get in. (Demo) https://lms.jazanu.edu.sa/webapps/login/?action=login  Check the assigned virtual classroom frequently for updates (Classroom code pyekizj on Google classroom) 1 point for today registration with a real name.  E-mail: [email protected] September 13, 2024 9 September 13, 2024 10   Students will be able to use of proper word(s) for the search of literature.  Enhance the writing skill on scientific topics.  Requirements:  Gain Skills  Search about the scientific information and evaluate it.  Writing about assigned topic in a scientific way.  Choose an instructor for evaluation according sent criteria  Presentation. September 13, 2024 11 September 13, 2024 12  CLOs Aligned PLOs 1 Knowledge and Understanding 1.1 Remember some basic introduction to the scientific writing and literature evaluation and K3 discuss in detail about how to search scientific literature online related to assign topics and how to review the articles. 1.2 Describe the details of scientific writing to provide knowledge of scientific writing such as K3 review paper, research article, book chapter etc. 1.3 Demonstrate an understanding of how scientific writing skill will help to make the K3 dissertation projects/ original research articles/ review papers etc. 2 Skills: 2.1 Introduction: master several skills needed to improve the scientific writing and literature S2 evaluation will be explained and trained the students to master helping them to generate a piece of writing in a scientific way and how could be published. 2.2 Describe how scientific writing can be utilized to improve the effective scientific writing S2 skill. 2.3 Utilize acquired skills and knowledge to recognize underlying scientific writing evaluation S2 in order to monitor the research article. 2.4 Demonstrate how scientific articles reviewing writing process. S2 3 Values: 3.1 Demonstrate self-discipline, take responsibility for their own behavior, acquire the V3 knowledge and skills required for getting along with others both within and beyond the college, and choose ways of interacting positively with others in a variety of situations September 13, 2024 13  Contact No List of Topics Hours Introduction: several skills needed to improve the scientific writing and literature 1 evaluation will be explained and trained the students to master helping them to 10 generate a piece of writing in a scientific way and how could be published. Different topics on the subjects of three semesters will be given to the students. They 2 4 )have to search extensive literature on the given topic. articles 3 Search of literature on the given topic using internet. 8 4 Write on the given subject in the light of searched literature. 2 5 Editing on the submitted proposal. 2 6 Presentation 4 Total 30 September 13, 2024 14   List Required Textbooks  Writing Scientific Research Articles: Strategy and Steps By Margaret Cargill, Patrick O'Connor Wiley Blackwell  A Scientific Approach to Scientific Writing By John Blackwell, Jan Martin publisher springer.  List Essential References Materials (Journals, Reports, etc.)  http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bes2.1258/full  www.sciencemag.org/careers/2012/03/how-write-scientist  https://rmobando.wordpress.com/  List Electronic Materials, Web Sites, Facebook, Twitter, etc.  Videos, e-learning sources, graphical and pharmacological models  Other learning material such as computer-based programs/CD, professional standards or regulations and software.  First Steps in Academic Writing SECOND EDITION BY Ann Hogue  Effective Academic Writing 3: The Essay BY Davis, Jason, Liss, Rhonda  Writing academic English fourth edition by Alice Oshima and Ann Hogue September 13, 2024 15 September 13, 2024 16 September 13, 2024 17  Introduction  Challenges  Literature search and evaluation  Writing process  Showing your work (essay, presentation and publication) September 13, 2024 18  Introduction  Importance  Challenges  Literature search and evaluation  Writing process  Showing your work (essay, presentation and publication) September 13, 2024 19  Introduction  Importance  Challenges  Sample of student writing: write one page about anything  Reading  Writing  Grammar  Taking notes  Organizing work  Presentation skills  Others  Literature search and evaluation  Writing process  Showing your work (essay, presentation and publication) September 13, 2024 20  Introduction  Importance  Challenges  Literature search and evaluation  Where to search and how to evaluate  Types of papers (original, review, mini-review, case report, book and essay others)  What special about of each section of paper  Others: title, affiliations, authorship, abstract, key words, introduction, material and methods, results, discussion, conclusion, limitation, recommendation, acknowledgement, conflict of interest, funding, references, figures and figure legends  Writing process  Showing your work (essay, presentation and publication) September 13, 2024 21  Introduction  Challenges  Literature search and evaluation  Writing process  Before you start  Organization  Search for articles  Read  Take note  Outline  Using word and PowerPoint  Writing each section assay or others: title, affiliations, authorship, abstract, key words, introduction, body, conclusion, acknowledgement, references, figures and figure legends.  Paraphrase  Paragraphs  Sentences (topic sentence and supporting details)  Connection words  Punctuation  Litters  Grammar  Style: APA  1st draft  Proofreading: jargon, tenses, flow, grammar, plagiarism  2nd draft (final draft)  Showing your work (essay, presentation and publication) September 13, 2024 22  Introduction  Importance  Challenges  Literature search and evaluation  Writing process  Showing your work (essay, presentation and publication)  Publication process (choose journal, guide to author, open access and not, fees and others).  Presentation skills September 13, 2024 23  Essay (60 marks)  Choose a topic- general toxicology  10 papers  Apply all you learn  Rubric evaluation  Supervision by other faculty  Deadline for submission: Final exam week September 13, 2024 24  Presentation skills  Set a time for presentation  Apply all you learn  Give an idea of your topic  Show progress  What did you get from the course  Invite faculty members  Rubric for evaluation September 13, 2024 25 September 13, 2024 26 September 13, 2024 27  Introduction  Importance  Challenges  Literature search and evaluation  Writing process  Showing your work (essay, presentation and publication) September 13, 2024 28  Research: Why do we write a research paper?  Research Teaches Methods of Discovery: may not get final answer but you understand different views.  Research Teaches Investigative Skills: Retrieve information from different sources (library- internet). The challenges with internet is: huge information but you have to find a reliable source.  Research Develops Inquiry-Based Techniques: increase the data available for future research by others.  Research Builds Career Skills.  Research Teaches Critical Thinking.  Research Teaches Logic.  Research Teaches the Basic Ingredients of Argument. September 13, 2024 29 September 13, 2024 30 September 13, 2024 31  Introduction  Importance  Challenges  Sample of student writing: write one page about anything  Reading  Writing  Grammar  Taking notes  Organizing work  Presentation skills  Others  Literature search and evaluation  Writing process  Showing your work (essay, presentation and publication) September 13, 2024 32  Sample of student writing: write one page about anything  Lack reading skills  Lack writing skills  Bad Grammar  Taking notes problems  Organizing work (outline)  Structuring of argument (hypothesis)  Textual Organization  Relating Text to Audience  Paraphrasing  Use of Citations  Presentation skills  Using software  Others September 13, 2024 33  https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/234095144.pdf September 13, 2024 34 September 13, 2024 35 September 13, 2024 36 September 13, 2024 37 September 13, 2024 38  Introduction (Importance – Others)  Challenges  Literature search and evaluation  Where to search and how to evaluate  Types of papers (original, review, mini-review, case report, book and essay others)  What special about of each section of paper  Others: title, affiliations, authorship, abstract, key words, introduction, material and methods, results, discussion, conclusion, limitation, recommendation, acknowledgement, conflict of interest, funding, references, figures and figure legends  Writing process  Showing your work (essay, presentation and publication) September 13, 2024 39 1. Web-Based Resources 2. Library Resources 3. Field Research September 13, 2024 40  Searching for viable academic information on the Web.  Like (PubMed-Google Scholar-Web of Sciences-Scopus-Research Gate-Saudi Digital Library (SDL) etc.  Major today (easy-without the hassle of photocopying but costly).  Accessing online sources.  Evaluating and filtering the complex web of internet sites. September 13, 2024 41  Library: books and periodicals, the articles. (ask librarian help to find what you need)  Steps:  Accessing library sources to launch the search  Developing a working bibliography  Finding credible sources on your topic  Utilizing indexes for topic development Launching the Search  Conduct a preliminary search for relevant sources.  Refine the topic and evaluate the sources  Take shortcuts  Read and take notes  Consult with a librarian. Developing a Working Bibliography  It locates articles and books for notetaking purposes. September 13, 2024 42  Working Bibliography vs. work cited  Working Bibliography  Author’s name  Title of the work  Publication information  Medium of publication (Web, Print)  Date of access (Web only)  A personal note about the location or contents of the source (optional) September 13, 2024 43  Finding books on your topic:  Search by keywords using your library’s electronic book catalog.  Using the library’s bibliographies.  Finding articles in magazines and journals:  Go to your library home page and find the links to the databases.  Select a database and search by keyword for articles on your topic.  Locate the full text of the articles you need.  Searching for a Biography:  Searching for articles in newspaper indexes. Searching special subject directories:  ProQuest provides archives of sources such as newspapers, periodicals, dissertations, and other aggregated databases. September 13, 2024 44  Social Issues Resources Series (SIRS) vs. CQ Researcher  Social Issues Resources Series (SIRS): Collects articles on special topics and reprints them as one unit on a special subject  The CQ Researcher: Central issues on the topic, give background information, show a chronology of important events or processes, express an outlook, and provide an annotated bibliography.  Searching for government documents  Country-wise information  Searching for essays within books September 13, 2024 45 September 13, 2024 46  Field research refers, in general, to any studies conducted outside the library, such as digging at an archeology site, measuring a sinkhole fault, observing student behavior at a parking lot, or surveying a selected group with a questionnaire.  Provide valuable information.  Observation study starts with hypothesis. However, you can begin without a hypothesis and let the results lead you to conclusions.  Interviewing knowledgeable people  Writing letters  Corresponding by e-mail  Reading personal papers  Attending lectures  Public addresses  Examining audiovisual materials (television and radio)  Investigating government documents and local source  Researching within a discipline  Developing a survey or questionnaire  Conducting experiments, tests, and observation September 13, 2024 47 September 13, 2024 48 September 13, 2024 49  Generally, a report on an experiment or observation follows an expected format featuring four distinct parts:  Introduction  Method  Results  Discussion September 13, 2024 50 1. How do I find and evaluate the best, most appropriate sources? 2. How can I evaluate a source by analyzing its parts or just part of a source? 3. How do I respond to the source information? 4. Other evaluation criteria:  Internet source (impact factor-odd ratio-ISI-SCOPUS-Quartiles).  Books  Field Study September 13, 2024 51  Preparing an annotated bibliography or review of literature  Constantly review and verify to your own satisfaction September 13, 2024 52  Finding Reliable Sources  Your instructors  Librarians  The library  Internet  The date: use recent sources  Choices: An inverted pyramid shows you a progression from excellent sources to less reliable sources.  Biography  Refer to biography for these reasons: reputation of somebody  To provide biographical details in your introduction  To discuss a creative writer’s life in relation to his or her work September 13, 2024 53  Selecting a mix of primary and secondary sources  Primary sources include novels, speeches, eyewitness accounts, interviews, letters, autobiographies, and the results of original research.  Feel free to quote often from a primary source if it has direct relevance to your discussion.  Secondary sources are writings about the primary sources, about an author, or about somebody’s accomplishments.  Do not quote from secondary sources.  Be selective.  Use a well-worded sentence, not the entire paragraph.  Incorporate a key phrase into your text, not eight or nine lines. September 13, 2024 54  Evaluating the key parts of an article: (previously the whole source)  The title: words that have relevance to your topic before you start reading the article  An abstract  The opening paragraphs  The topic sentence: a digest of the author’s main points.  The closing paragraph(s)  Author credits: brief biographical profiles of authors. author’s academic affiliation and credentials  Evaluating the key parts of a book  The table of contents  Chapters  The book jacket  The foreword, preface, or introduction. a critical overview of the book, pinpointing the primary subject of the text and the particular approach taken  The index. lists names and terms September 13, 2024 55  Evaluating the key parts of an internet article: *The techniques listed previously for evaluating periodical articles apply also to internet articles in addition to  The home page: sponsored by universities and professional organizations  Look for hypertext links: tags edu, org, mil or gov.  The gov (government) and mil (military) sites are generally considered to be reliable, but look closely at (politically sensitive materials).  Be wary of sites that have the tag.com. (commercial)  Does the site contain hypertext links to other professional sites or to commercial sites?  Look for the professional affiliation of the writer.  Look for a bibliography that accompanies the article.  Look for the timeliness of the information on the site. (update) September 13, 2024 56  Outlining a source to capture an author’s primary themes by listing statements that reveal the major issues and any supporting ideas.  Summarizing a source: summary can serve the researcher as he develops the paper.  Preparing a review of the literature on a topic: it helps you investigate the topic because it forces you to examine and then describe how each source addresses the problem.  It organizes and classifies the sources in some reasonable manner for the benefit of the reader.  Generate your outline. September 13, 2024 57 September 13, 2024 58 September 13, 2024 59 September 13, 2024 60  Introduction (Importance – Others)  Challenges  Literature search and evaluation  Where to search and how to evaluate  Types of papers (original, review, mini-review, case report, book and essay others)  What special about of each section of paper  Others: title, affiliations, authorship, abstract, key words, introduction, material and methods, results, discussion, conclusion, limitation, recommendation, acknowledgement, conflict of interest, funding, references, figures and figure legends  Writing process  Showing your work (essay, presentation and publication) September 13, 2024 61 September 13, 2024 62 September 13, 2024 63 September 13, 2024 64  Case report: a detailed report of the symptoms, signs, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient.  Case reports may contain a demographic profile of the patient, but usually describe an unusual or novel occurrence. September 13, 2024 65  Conference papers can be an effective way:  To try out new ideas.  To introduce your work to colleagues.  To refine your research questions.  Presenting at a conference is a great opportunity:  For gaining valuable feedback from a community of scholars.  For increasing your professional importance in your field. 9/13/2024 66  Research report is a condensed form of a brief discussion of the research done by the researcher.  A research report is usually shorter than a thesis but longer than a typical journal paper (approximately 20-100 pages).  Purpose  To present in conferences  Publish in journals or articles  Get grant or financial aid  Have implications or recommendations in clinical practice education and administration 9/13/2024 67 September 13, 2024 68  A thesis is a document submitted in support of candidature for an academic degree or professional qualification presenting the author's research and findings.  Contains more details which is needed to adequately understand or reproduce the work. 9/13/2024 69 9/13/2024 70 9/13/2024 71 September 13, 2024 72 September 13, 2024 73 September 13, 2024 74  Introduction (Importance – Others)  Challenges  Literature search and evaluation  Where to search and how to evaluate  Types of papers (original, review, mini-review, case report, book and essay others)  What special about of each section of paper  Others: title, affiliations, authorship, abstract, key words, introduction, material and methods, results, discussion, conclusion, limitation, recommendation, acknowledgement, conflict of interest, funding, references, figures and figure legends  Writing process  Showing your work (essay, presentation and publication) September 13, 2024 75 9/13/2024 76   Definition  Title  Introduction  The research problem  The objectives of the research  Literature review  Methodology  Analysis  Conclusion  References 9/13/2024 77  A research proposal is a document written by a researcher that provides a detailed description of the proposed program. 9/13/2024 78   Title indicates the name of the research proposal.  It should be short but descriptive, and attractive.  Unambiguous.  Avoid fillers.  Avoid jargons. 9/13/2024 79   It helps the reader to get an overview of the topic.  Introduction should be short about one or two pages.  Re-establish the topic of research.  Give objective of the research.  Indicate the methodology used.  Present the main finding and conclusion. 9/13/2024 80   The problem statement describes the issue exists in theory that leads to need for study.  The 5WH’s can be used to spark the discussion about the problem. 9/13/2024 81   Summarize what is to be achieved.  Clear and specific.  Too many objectives to be avoided.  If there is more than one objective the objectives can be presented in the appropriate order of importance. 9/13/2024 82   It provides the background and context for research problem.  The purpose is to convey to the reader what knowledge and ideas have been established on a topic, and what their strengths and weaknesses are.  The literature review must be defined by a guiding concept (e.g. your research objective, the problem you are discussing). 9/13/2024 83  Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem.  It includes:-  Research design  Sample selection  Sample technique  Source of data 9/13/2024 84   It is the process of systematically applying logical techniques to describe the research data. 9/13/2024 85   The last main division of a discourse, usually containing a summing up of the points and a statement of opinion or decisions reached. 9/13/2024 86  List all references cited in proposal.  Make sure these references are:-  Relevant  Original source  Well cited  For example:- 9/13/2024 87   Use a citation manager (Mendeley-Endnote etc.).  Paraphrasing your work.  Use a future tense for methodology.  Write down the affiliation.  Write briefly and concisely.  Follow a writing style (APA).  Include some preliminarily data or piolet study. 9/13/2024 88 September 13, 2024 89 9/13/2024 90  Can capture the reader’s attention.  Give a special identity in the scientific community.  Helps to acquire a job easily in the market.  Deliver the clear message to scientific readers.  Contribute to the advancement of knowledge.  Get an award for their special research. 9/13/2024 91  Each subjects has a number of “journals” where the findings in the discipline are published  Peer reviewed  Non-peer reviewed  A peer-reviewed journal:  Articles are reviewed and evaluated by a panel of experts “peers” in the discipline to determine the suitability for publication.  Only peer-reviewed publications are of significance as scientific research publication. 9/13/2024 92  Having something important enough to share.  Intelligent reviews of old facts and ideas.  Mature results.  Research milestone completed.  Clear problem statement with solution.  Never published. 9/13/2024 93  Choose your topic Make a working outline Gather the relevant material Compose your research paper Strengthen the research paper 9/13/2024 94  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xM7sAD_oEDk&list=WL&index=93 September 13, 2024 95  Title  Authorship  Abstract  Introduction  Methodology  Results  Discussion  Conclusion  Acknowledgment  References 9/13/2024 96 September 13, 2024 97  The title:  Title without results.  Title with results.  No abbreviation, main issue, matter of the work, cause and effect-methods, study design.  Forms attraction  Forms an important part of your communication  Narrow and concise  Use keywords prominently  Choose strategically: noun phrase, statement, or question?  Avoid ambiguity in noun phrases 9/13/2024 98 9/13/2024 99  Affiliation:  College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.  Authorship:  Name of the authors and supervisor  Corresponding author:  Either last name or 1st name of authors who is communicating the research paper. 9/13/2024 100  Should be agreed on before stating the research  Follow guideline of authorship (ICMJE)  http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and- responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html September 13, 2024 101  Brief summary of research.  Background/setting the scene.  The problem & importance of the work.  Methodology.  Results in short with full information (main).  Concluding sentence  One of the hardest parts to write 200-300 words  Figurative-Videos  For indexing purpose  Written lastly  Objective 15%: present tense.  Methods 20%: past tense  Results 50%: past tense  Conclusion 15%: present tense  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lbCh94nJqIo 9/13/2024 102  5-6 words to make your research distinguishable to others  For indexing  Represent the title.  Research highlight:  Generalization about the work and its impact  (results and methods)  Novelty  85 characters or less  4-5 bullets  What is new  With abstract increase discoverability September 13, 2024 103   General to specific.  Provides the background the reader may need (What). 3-5 paragraphs.  Explains (why) your research is important.  Defend the model.  Knowledge gap.  Literature review: chronology, significant work.  Implication  The last part of the introduction should specify the objectives of the study. 9/13/2024 104 September 13, 2024 105  Document all specialized materials and procedures.  Include a diagram, table or flowchart to explain the complicated methods.  Do not put results in this section.  Mention relevant ethical considerations.  Consent Form  IRB  IACUC 9/13/2024 106  Include materials that are not commonly found in laboratories.  Materials may be reported in a separate paragraph or along with procedures.  Present methods under headings devoted to specific procedures.  Including concentrations of all reagents and pH of aqueous solutions.  Report the methodology for the experimental groups of animals.  For well documented procedures, report the procedure by name with reference.  Cite all methods and the material used for the study.  Use past tense to write with passive voice.  Indicate statistical methods used for analysis.  Cited work: no need for details. However, new method need to be explained in details. 9/13/2024 107  Results should be tabular form or graph/chart form.  Results should be reproducible.  Results should be comparative with control.  Find trends in the results and report them as shown in the figures (past or presents tense). 9/13/2024 108  Highlights the important findings.  Locates the figure(s) or table(s) where the results can be found; and comments on (but does not discuss) the results.  Don’t repeat what in figures in the text.  Negative results can be included.  Extra results can be put as supplementary. September 13, 2024 109  State your interpretations of your findings.  Answer the research questions and explain how the results support the answers.  Relating the discussion closely to the paper’s title.  Relating the discussion closely to the introduction (not repeated).  Include relationship with previous studies and limitations of your study. Compare and contrast with other findings.  Organize the discussion from the specific to the general.  Discuss any unexpected findings.  End with a short summary regarding the significance of the work. 9/13/2024 110  It is also one of the hardest parts to write. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N5cz9DbmO_w  Summary of the results and major flaws.  Implication of the study.  Conclusion and recommendation.  Structure of the Discussion: questions to be asked  Does the journal you are targeting allow the option of a combined results/discussion section, followed by a separate conclusion?  Would this arrangement suit your story?  Does the journal permit a conclusion where the discussion is relatively long?  Does the journal publish discussion sections which include subheadings?  Would this option help you signal your main messages to the reader? September 13, 2024 111  Explanations for the findings, supported by references to relevant literature, and/or speculations about the findings, also supported by literature citation.  Limitations of the study that restrict the extent to which the findings can be generalized beyond the study conditions.  Implications of the study (generalizations from the results: what the results mean in the context of the broader field).  Recommendations for future research and/or practical applications.  Negotiating the strength of claims. September 13, 2024 112   Over presentation of the results.  Unwarranted speculation.  Inflation of the importance.  Conclusions that are not supported by the data. 9/13/2024 113   Summarize main important points  Implication  Future direction 9/13/2024 114  This section includes the name of the funding agency, and others who helped in the research whose names are not in the authorship.  The authors are thankful to the deanship of scientific research at King Saud University for funding and supporting this project.  Anyone who did not meet the ICMJE guideline. 9/13/2024 115   Declare whether or not having conflict of interest.  Bias September 13, 2024 116   A bibliography is a list of books, articles, and other publications which serve as the sources of information for your paper.  Ideas come from many sources.  You must give credit to your sources of information.  You are guilty of plagiarism if you have used someone else’s ideas as your own.  Enough citations.  Current 9/13/2024 117  Funding or grant information must be reported in details.  Using design software.  Structure: title- method-results-symbols and statistics. 9/13/2024 118 September 13, 2024 119 September 13, 2024 120  Introduction (Importance – Others)  Challenges  Literature search and evaluation  Writing process (general)  Before you start  Organization  Search for articles and topic selection  Read  Take note  Brain Storming & generating outline  Using word and PowerPoint (‫)مراد‬  Writing each section assay or others: title, affiliations, authorship, abstract, key words, introduction, body, conclusion, acknowledgement, references, figures and figure legends.  Paraphrase  Paragraphs  Sentences (topic sentence and supporting details)  Connection words (‫)هشام‬  Punctuation (‫)علي‬  Litters  Grammar  Style: APA (All)  1st draft  Proofreading: jargon, tenses, flow, grammar, plagiarism  2nd draft (Final draft)  Showing your work (essay, presentation and publication) September 13, 2024 121  Gather your notes: electronic or handwritten, supported by other sources of information such as sketches or photographs, Use them in writing.  Find somewhere quiet: disturbances are minimal, intense concentration. Ideally, ‘Do not disturb’ note on the door.  Selectively review the literature: supporting your points by references (essential and illustrative), Source of information, data bases.  Identify a target journal: roughly assessed by considering the applicability, novelty and generality of the results. field of interest, impact factor, journal guideline.  Awareness of linguistic limitations: Write simple, clear and concise sentences  Defining and delimiting ‘the study’: rationale (hypothesis), objectives (goals), what was done, findings and implications (conclusion).  Information must be arranged: (outline): brain storming.  Failure to take these steps will make writing more difficult and seriously compromise the chances of publication. September 13, 2024 122   Computers  Several copies: email-cloud etc  References: numbered  Working schedule  Mode of writing September 13, 2024 123   Databases: SDL, Pubmed- Scopus- Google scholar.  Others. September 13, 2024 124  Relating personal ideas to a scholarly problem  Talking with others to refine the topic  Refining your topic through online sources  Utilizing databases and electronic resources to perfect your topic  Developing a thesis statement, enthymeme, or hypothesis  Drafting a research proposal September 13, 2024 125 September 13, 2024 126 September 13, 2024 127 September 13, 2024 128   Research is Reading… September 13, 2024 129 September 13, 2024 130   Title  Affiliation  Abstract  Introduction  Material and methods  Results  Discussion  Acknowledgment  Reference list September 13, 2024 131   Read what you are interested in.  Try to get the whole picture from the title. September 13, 2024 132   Read articles of people who are known in the field. September 13, 2024 133   Understand the abstract to see if the study is relevant to what you are looking for. September 13, 2024 134   Give the background about the topic.  Mostly the last section or the last two sentences give you the aim of the study and objectives. September 13, 2024 135   Step by step of how to achieve the goals or the objective.  Know the goal of each experiment.  Each experiment used to prove and objective and draw the whole conclusion.  September 13, 2024 136   Explain finding of the results.  Have a quick look on figure to find trends in the results. September 13, 2024 137   More details.  Other people finding.  Limitation of the study. September 13, 2024 138   Anyone who put an impact on the study in term on funding, doing experiment, consultation or guidance. September 13, 2024 139   If you are interested to read more about this area, go to the articles in the reference list and search for them. September 13, 2024 140   Scan what is highlighted in red in the previous slides.  Then you can read the whole article. September 13, 2024 141  Notetaking is the heart of research, fit the appropriate places in your first draft.  Types of notes:  Personal notes that express your own ideas or record field research.  Quotation notes that preserve any distinguished syntax of an authority.  Paraphrase notes that interpret and restate what the authority has said.  Summary notes that capture in capsule form a writer’s ideas.  Field notes that record interviews, tabulate questionnaires, and maintain records of laboratory experiments and other types of field research. September 13, 2024 142  Gathering printouts, photocopies, scanned images, and downloaded data.  Document everything  Keep everything for citation  Creating effective notes:  Computer or by hand September 13, 2024 143 September 13, 2024 144  Writing personal notes:  An expression of your own ideas as supported by the scholarly evidence.  Personal notes should conform to these three standards:  The idea on the note is yours.  The note is labeled with “my idea,” “mine,” or “personal thought” so that later you can be certain it has not been borrowed.  The note is a rough summary, a sketch of ideas, or, preferably, a complete sentence or two. September 13, 2024 145  Writing direct quotation notes: Quotation notes are essential because they allow you to:  Capture the authoritative voice of the experts on the topic.  Feature essential statements.  Provide proof that you have researched the subject carefully.  Offer conflicting points of view.  Show the dialog that exists about the topic. Quotation notes: follow basic conventions: Select quoted material that is important and well-phrased. Use quotation marks. Use the exact words of the source. Provide an in-text citation. The in-text citation goes outside the final quotation mark but inside the period. Try to quote key sentences and short passages, not entire paragraphs. September 13, 2024 146  Writing paraphrased notes:  A paraphrase is the most difficult note to write.  You act as a bridge between the source and the reader as you capture the wisdom of the source in approximately the same number of words.  Use paraphrase for these reasons:  To maintain your voice in the paper.  To sustain your style.  To avoid an endless string of direct quotations.  To interpret the source as you rewrite it. September 13, 2024 147   Keep in mind these five rules for paraphrasing a source:  Rewrite the original in about the same number of words.  Provide an in-text citation.  Retain exceptional words and phrases from the original by enclosing them within quotation marks.  Preserve the tone of the original.  To avoid unintended plagiarism. September 13, 2024 148  Writing summary notes:  The summary note describes and rewrites the source material without great concern for style or expression.  Your purpose at the moment will be quick, concise writing without careful wording.  Use summary notes for these reasons:  To record material that has marginal value  To preserve statistics that have questionable value for your study  To note an interesting position of a source speaking on a closely related subject but not on your specific topic  To reference several works that address the same issue  Success with the summary requires the following:  Keep it short  Mark with quotation marks any key phrasing you cannot paraphrase  Provide documentation to the author and page number September 13, 2024 149  Writing précis notes:  A précis note differs from a quick summary note. It serves a specific purpose in just a few words the ideas of an entire paragraph, section, or chapter.  Use the précis for these reasons:  To review an article or book  To annotate (intrepret) a bibliography entry  To provide a plot (plan/design) summary  To create an abstract  Success with the précis requires the following:  Condense the original with precision and directness.  Reduce a long paragraph to a sentence, tighten an article to a brief paragraph, and summarize a book in one page.  Preserve the tone of the original.  Write the précis in your own language.  Provide documentation. September 13, 2024 150  Writing notes from field research:  Interview  Questionnaire  Experiments, tests and measurements September 13, 2024 151 September 13, 2024 152 Example: 1: Flight attendants 2: Breast cancer September 13, 2024 153  Writing a formal outline  Not all papers require a formal outline, nor do all researchers need one.  Short research paper can be created from key terms, a list of issues, a rough outline, and a first draft.  However, a formal outline can be important because it classifies the issues of your study into clear, logical categories with main headings and one or more levels of subheadings.  https://youtu.be/hwzfnDbZCRQ September 13, 2024 154 September 13, 2024 155  Topic Outline Sentence Outline September 13, 2024 156  Several models:  All have introduction, body, conclusion.  Be your own from the title to the conclusion.  A general all-purpose model:  Model for advancing your ideas and theories  Model for the analysis of creative works  Model for argument and persuasion papers  Model for analysis of history  Model for a comparative study September 13, 2024 157 September 13, 2024 158 September 13, 2024 159  9 hr word, excel and PowerPoint course. Https://www.Youtube.Com/watch?V=dztcfsdxmp4  41 min word, excel and PowerPoint course. Https://www.Youtube.Com/watch?V=ycvy5kw0l8s September 13, 2024 160 September 13, 2024 161 September 13, 2024 162 September 13, 2024 163   Previously discussed. September 13, 2024 164  Previously discussed. September 13, 2024 165  You should provide an abstract with every paper written in APA style.  An abstract is a quick but thorough summary of the contents of your paper. It is read first and may be the only part read:  Accurate  Self-contained  Concise and specific  Nonevaluative  Coherent and readable  For theoretical papers, the abstract should include:  The topic in one sentence, if possible  The purpose, thesis, and scope of the paper  A brief reference to the sources used (e.g., Published articles,  Books, personal observation)  Your conclusions and the implications of the study  For a report of an empirical study: The four items listed above for theoretical papers, and:  The problem & hypothesis in one sentence if possible  A description of the subjects (e.g., Species, number, age, type)  The method of study, including procedures and apparatus September 13, 2024 166   Consult other similar papers in your field to see which additional keywords they use beyond the ones already included in the title.  The idea is to select from the list used by the relevant indexing services.  At this stage, think again about your audience and their interests, and try to predict what keywords they might use to search under. September 13, 2024 167   Attractive and encourage the readers to complete reading the whole article.  Background.  Thesis.  Provide the enthymeme  Provide a hypothesis  Relate to the well known  Review the literature  Review the history and background of the subject  Take exception to critical views  Challenge an assumption  Provide a brief summary  Define key terms  Supply data, statistics, and special evidence September 13, 2024 168 September 13, 2024 169 September 13, 2024 170  The length of your paragraphs ought to be: From 4 sentences up to 12 or even 15  Organize by chronology  Compare or contrast issues, critical views, and literary characters  Develop cause and effect  Define your key terminology  Explain a process  Ask questions and provide answers  Cite evidence from the source materials  Use a variety of other methods September 13, 2024 171 September 13, 2024 172 September 13, 2024 173 September 13, 2024 174 September 13, 2024 175 September 13, 2024 176  Restate the thesis and reach beyond it  Close with an effective quotation  Return the focus of a literary study to the author  Compare the past to the present  Offer a directive or solution  Discuss test results September 13, 2024 177 September 13, 2024 178 September 13, 2024 179   Previously discussed. September 13, 2024 180   Previously discussed.  A title which summarizes what the figure is about.  Details of results or models shown in the figure or supplementary to the figure.  Additional explanation of the components of the figure, methods used, or essential details of the figure’s contribution to the results story.  Description of the units or statistical notation included.  Explanation of any other symbols or notation used.  Table but shorter.  has the same September 13, 2024 181   Previously discussed but we will focus on using citation manger (Mendeley). September 13, 2024 182 September 13, 2024 183 Copy and past references from the web page September 13, 2024 184 September 13, 2024 185  Styles:  Modern Language Association (MLA)  American Psychological Association (APA)  Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)  Council of Science Editors (CSE) September 13, 2024 186 Intext citation: Author, A. (date). Ahmed R, (2017) Bibliography: Author Last Name, Author First Name. (Publication Date—could be more than a year) “Article Title.”Publication Title, Vol. #. (Issue #), Page numbers. Salman, William A. (July-August 1997) “How to Write a Great Business Plan.” Harvard Business Review 74. pp. 98-108. September 13, 2024 187 September 13, 2024 188  Organize your documents + references  Collaborate by joining + creating groups  Discover statistics + recommendations  Stay up to date + learn more  Store your data  Manage your career Overview Mendeley Organize PDF Viewer Cite September 13, 2024 189  Academic Software  Cross-Platform (Win/Mac/Linux/Mobile)  All Major Browsers Desktop Web Mobile September 13, 2024 190 OVERVIEW Using Mendeley September 13, 2024 191  Getting started https://www.mendeley.com/ September 13, 2024 11 ORGANIZE Setting Up A Library September 13, 2024 193  Mendeley Desktop 194 September 13, 2024  Mendeley Web 195 September 13, 2024  Adding Documents Select a file or folder to Import from another reference add from your computer manager, or BibTeX Watch a folder Add reference by manually entering details 196 September 13, 2024  Document Details Lookup Enter the DOI, PubMed or ArXiv ID and click on the magnifying glass to start l ookup 197 September 13, 2024  Finding New Research Mendeley Web Importer Mendeley Research Catalog 198 September 13, 2024  Web Importer 199 September 13, 2024  Cont. 200 September 13, 2024  Sync 201 September 13, 2024  Manage your Library Use column headings All items in to order your your personal references library Items added Mark entries in the last two read or unread weeks Entries with Access your attached PDFs recently read can be opened items with the PDF All items you’ve Reader starred in your library Items in need Star items to of review mark them as favorites 202 September 13, 2024  Create and Use Folders References not added to a folder will appear in ‘unsorted’ Your folders will be listed below. Drag and drop to re-order them. Use ‘Create Folder’ to enter a new folder name. September 13, 2024 203  Search your Documents Enter your search term in the search field The main view will be filtered accordingly Click on a specific folder to search within it Use the clear button to remove the search filter Mendeley’s search tool will look at reference metadata, but will also search within the full text of PDF papers. 204 September 13, 2024  Cont. Add tags to papers in your library which share a common theme Use the Filter Menu to filter your library view to only include tagged items You can also filter by Author, Author Keywords and Publication 205 September 13, 2024  Checking for Duplicates 206 September 13, 2024  PDF VIEWER Highlight and Annotate Documents September 13, 2024 207  The PDF Viewer 208 September 13, 2024  Read and Work in the PDF Viewer 209 September 13, 2024  Annotate & Highlight 210 September 13, 2024 CITE Using the Mendeley Citation Plug-In September 13, 2024 211  Install the Citation Plug-in 212 September 13, 2024  The Citation Tool Bar Appears in Word Automatically Mac Windows 213 September 13, 2024  Generate In-Text Citations in Word 214 September 13, 2024  Merging Citations 215 September 13, 2024  Inserting your Bibliography 216 September 13, 2024  Finding a Citation Style 217 September 13, 2024 September 13, 2024 218 September 13, 2024 219 September 13, 2024 220  Using sources to enhance your credibility  Using sources to place a citation in its proper context  Honoring property rights and crediting sources  Properly documenting borrowed ideas and words  Sharing credit and honoring it in collaborative projects  Honoring and crediting sources in online classrooms  Seeking permission to publish material on your website September 13, 2024 221  Internet:  Plagiarism is defined as the act of claiming the words or ideas of another person as your own.  Plagiarism is a serious violation of the ethical standards of academic writing, and most colleges and universities have strict penalties, including academic probation or expulsion, for students who are guilty of plagiarism. September 13, 2024 222  Similarly, unacknowledged use of another person’s ideas, research, or approach is also plagiarism, so write careful paraphrases.  Review the checklist. September 13, 2024 223  First, develop personal notes full of your own ideas on a topic.  Discover how you feel about the issue.  Then, rather than copy sources one after another onto your pages of text, try to express your own ideas while synthesizing the ideas of the authorities by using summary, paraphrase, or direct quotation  Rethink and reconsider ideas gathered during your reading, make meaningful connections, and, when you refer to the ideas or exact words of a source—as you inevitably will—give the other writer full credit. September 13, 2024 224 Major violations:  The use of another student’s work  The purchase of a “canned” research paper  Copying whole passages into a paper without documentation  Copying a key, well-worded phrase into a paper without documentation  Putting specific ideas of others into your own words without documentation  Inadequate or missing citation  Missing quotation marks  Incomplete or missing works cited entry September 13, 2024 225  Unintentional plagiarism is often a result of carelessness.  For example:  The writer fails to enclose quoted material within quotation marks, yet he or she provides an in-text citation with name and page number.  The writer’s paraphrase never quite becomes paraphrase—too much of the original is left intact—but he or she provides a full citation to name and page. September 13, 2024 226 September 13, 2024 227  No need to document information that is considered “common knowledge.” But how do you know what is or is not common knowledge?  Criteria:  Local knowledge.  Shared experiences.  Common facts  Fact book, or dictionary September 13, 2024 228 September 13, 2024 229  Short quotations, a few graphics, and a small quantity of illustrations to support your argument are examples of fair use.  Permission is needed, however, if the amount you borrow is substantial. September 13, 2024 230 9/13/2024 231   Active vs passive  Present simple  Present continuous  Past simple  Past continuous  Present/past perfect  Present/past perfect continuous  Future simple  Future continuous  Modals  A, an, the (articles)  Conditional  Adjective clause, adverb clues and noun clause  Prepositions  List of irregular verbs  Present-past-past participle  Skills (reading - listing - writing - speaking - vocabulary) 9/13/2024 232  Active  When to use:  Structure: Active  Subject + verb + objective  I eat apple ‫أنا أكلت التفاحة‬  Passive  When to use:  Structure: Passive  Objective + verb to be + P.P + Subject  ‫التفاحة أكلت‬ 9/13/2024 233  When to use:  Agreement  Structure: Active  I + verb  Subject + verb + objective+ indication  He she it + verb + S  Does and Do  They + verb  Not  Indication  Regularly  Daily  Structure: Passive  Weekly  Objective + verb to be + P.P + By+ Subject + indication  Is and are  Go to verb list at the end first column.  Go to verb list at the end third column. 9/13/2024 234  ‫جملة مثبتة مبنية للمعلوم‬ I eat an apple everyday ‫جملة مثبتة مبنية للمجهول‬ Everyday an apple is eaten ‫جملة منفية‬ I do not eat apple everyday ‫سؤال ب هل‬ Do you eat apple everyday? wh ‫سؤال ب‬ What do you eat everyday? 9/13/2024 235  When to use:  Structure: Active  Indication  now  Subject + be +verb + ing + objective + indication  Not  Structure: Passive  Objective + be+ being + P.P + By + Subject + indication is and are 9/13/2024 236  ‫جملة مثبتة مبنية للمعلوم‬ I am eating an apple now ‫جملة مثبتة مبنية للمجهول‬ Now an apple is being eaten ‫جملة منفية‬ I am not eating apple now ‫سؤال ب هل‬ Are you eating apple now? wh ‫سؤال ب‬ What are you eating now? 9/13/2024 237  When to use:  Structure: Active  Indication  Yesterday  Subject + verb + ed + objective+ indication  Last week  Did  Not  Structure: Passive  Objective + verb to be + P.P + Subject + indication  Was and were  Go to verb list at the end second column.  Go to verb list at the end third column. 9/13/2024 238  ‫جملة مثبتة مبنية للمعلوم‬ I ate an apple yesterday ‫جملة مثبتة مبنية للمجهول‬ Yesterday an apple was eaten ‫جملة منفية‬ I did not eat apple yesterday ‫سؤال ب هل‬ Did you eat apple yesterday? wh ‫سؤال ب‬ What did you eat yesterday? 9/13/2024 239  When to use:  Structure: Active  Indication  yesterday  Subject + be +verb + ing + objective+ indication  Not  Structure: Passive  Objective + be + being + P.P + By+ Subject + indication  Was and were 9/13/2024 240  ‫جملة مثبتة مبنية للمعلوم‬ I was eating an apple yesterday ‫جملة مثبتة مبنية للمجهول‬ Yesterday an apple was being eaten ‫جملة منفية‬ I was not eating apple yesterday ‫سؤال ب هل‬ Were you eating apple yesterday? wh ‫سؤال ب‬ What were you eating yesterday? 9/13/2024 241  When to use:  Structure: Active  Subject + has/have/had + verb + ed + objective+ indication  Indication  Has, have and had  Unknown in the past  Not  Since  For  Structure: Passive  Objective + has/have/had + been + P.P + By +Subject + indication  Go to verb list at the end third column. 9/13/2024 242  ‫جملة مثبتة مبنية للمعلوم‬ I have eaten an apple since or for or unknown ‫جملة مثبتة مبنية للمجهول‬ an apple has been eaten ‫جملة منفية‬ I have not eaten apple since ‫سؤال ب هل‬ Have you eaten apple? wh ‫سؤال ب‬ What have you eaten? 9/13/2024 243  When to use:  Structure: Active  Subject + has/have/had + been + verb + ing + objective + indication  Indication  Not  Unknown in the past  Since  Structure: Passive  For  Objective + has/have/had + been + being + P.P + By + Subject + indication 9/13/2024 244  ‫جملة مثبتة مبنية للمعلوم‬ I have been eating an apple ‫جملة مثبتة مبنية للمجهول‬ an apple has been being eaten ‫جملة منفية‬ I have not been eating apple yesterday ‫سؤال ب هل‬ Have you been eating apple? wh ‫سؤال ب‬ What have you been eating? 9/13/2024 245  When to use:  Structure: Active  Indication  Subject + will + verb + objective+ indication  Tomorrow  Will vs going to be?  Not  Structure: Passive  Objective + will + verb to be + P.P + By + Subject + indication  Go to verb list at the end third column. 9/13/2024 246  ‫جملة مثبتة مبنية للمعلوم‬ I will eat an apple tomorrow ‫جملة مثبتة مبنية للمجهول‬ Tomorrow an apple will be eaten ‫جملة منفية‬ I will not eat apple tomorrow ‫سؤال ب هل‬ Will you eat apple tomorrow? wh ‫سؤال ب‬ What will you eat tomorrow? 9/13/2024 247  When to use:  Indication  Structure: Active  Tomorrow  Subject + will + be + verb + ing + objective+ indication  Not  Structure: Passive  Objective + will + verb to be + being + P.P + By + Subject + indication  Go to verb list at the end third column. 9/13/2024 248  ‫جملة مثبتة مبنية للمعلوم‬ I will be eating an apple tomorrow ‫جملة مثبتة مبنية للمجهول‬ Tomorrow an apple will be being eaten ‫جملة منفية‬ I will not be eating apple tommorow ‫سؤال ب هل‬ Will you be eating apple tomorrow? wh ‫سؤال ب‬ What will you be eating tomorrow? 9/13/2024 249   Special verbs which behave irregularly in English  Give additional information about the function of the main verb that follows it.  Structure: Active  Subject + can + verb  Not  Structure: Passive  Objective + can+ be+ P.P 9/13/2024 250  ‫جملة مثبتة مبنية للمعلوم‬ I can eat an apple ‫جملة مثبتة مبنية للمجهول‬ An apple cannot be eaten ‫جملة منفية‬ I can not eat apple ‫سؤال ب هل‬ Can you eat an apple? wh ‫سؤال ب‬ What can you eat? 9/13/2024 251 9/13/2024 252  Real Conditional (present) 9/13/2024 253  Unreal Conditional (past) 9/13/2024 254  Clauses: noun, adverve and adjective Who Subject + Which + Description Where That Whose Whom 9/13/2024 255  Ali Who has travel is my friend Ali Whom has travel is my friend The tiger Which is angry Jazan Where I live The person That I know is so helpful Mohamed Whose family is so nice 9/13/2024 256   Base form Past form Past participle Play Played Played https://cla.univr.it/webclass/castelli/b1/verbs/regular%20verbs%20 list.pdf 9/13/2024 257   Base form Past form Past participle Eat ate eaten https://www.e-grammar.org/download/list-of-irregular-verbs.pdf 9/13/2024 258   CNN  Find your interest  Read fast  Scan 9/13/2024 259   BBC Radio  Focus on grammar  Words  Main ideas 9/13/2024 260   Find a book to learn the fundamental of writing.  Types of writing.  Use your word.  Tips:  Use your grammar.  Correct spelling  Correct grammar  Correct punctuation  Use connection words  Use Varity of vocabulary  Coherence  Style 9/13/2024 261   Practice (others- yourself).  Use what you have learn (grammar and words) 9/13/2024 262   Note in your phone for daily word  Oxford dictionary  Long man dictionary http://www.coachmindmap.com/oxford5000cefr.pdf 9/13/2024 263 September 13, 2024 264 September 13, 2024 265 9/13/2024 266 9/13/2024 267 September 13, 2024 268 September 13, 2024 269 September 13, 2024 270 September 13, 2024 271 9/13/2024 272 September 13, 2024 273 September 13, 2024 274 September 13, 2024 275 September 13, 2024 276 https://rmobando.wordpress.com/ Make a plan and start to improve... 9/13/2024 277  Make a plan and start to improve... 9/13/2024 278  American Psychological Association, 6th edition, APA style has gained wide acceptance in the social sciences, and versions similar to it are used in the biological sciences, business, and the earth sciences.  For updates to APA style, consult the association’s Internet site: http://www.apastyle.org/.  Writing theory, reporting test results, or reviewing literature  Writing in the proper tense for an APA research paper  Using in-text citations in APA style  Preparing a list of references  Formatting an APA paper  In the sciences, you may choose between three types of articles:  Theoretical articles  Reports of empirical studies  Review articles  Writing in the Proper Tense for an APA Paper  As shown in this example, use the present tense (exists) for established knowledge and the present perfect (has reported) or the past tense (reported) for a citation. September 13, 2024 279  Using in-text citations in APA style:  Cites last names only.  Cites the year, within parentheses, immediately after the name of the author.  Include only the year in the text citation even if the reference includes a month.  Cites page numbers with a direct quotation but not with a paraphrase.  Uses “p.” or “pp.” before page numbers.  Others:  Citing a block of material  Citing a work with more than one author  Citing more than one work by an author  Citing indirect sources  Citing from a textbook or anthology  Citing classical works  Abbreviating corporate authors in the text  Citing a work with no author  Citing personal communications  Citing online sources in your text:  Online sources: internet article-online newspaper article-online magazine  Other electronic sources:e-mail.-Electronic mailing list posting  CD-ROM September 13, 2024 280  Preparing the list of references:  Double-spaced throughout.  Alphabetize the entries letter by letter  Type the first line of each entry flush left and indent succeeding lines five spaces  Italicize names of books, periodicals, and volume numbers. September 13, 2024 281  Book  Review  Part of a book  Encyclopedia or dictionary  Book with corporate author  Report  Periodical  Non-print material  Journal  Article retrieved from a database  Computer program  Magazine  DVD, film  Newspaper  Unpublished raw data from a study, untitled work  Abstract  Abstract as the cited source  Abstract of an unpublished work September 13, 2024 282  Sources accessed online  Article from a library  Article from an online journal  Article with DOI assigned database   CD-ROM Article from a printed journal, reproduced online  Article from an online-only newsletter  Encyclopedia article  Report from a university, available on a private  Full-text article organization’s website  Abstract  Article from a printed magazine, reproduced online  Article from an online magazine, no author listed  Article from an online newspaper  Blog (web log)  Bulletin  Government document  Message posted to an online discussion group or forum  Newsgroup, message  Online forum or discussion board posting  Podcast  Symposium or virtual conference, report and Wikis September 13, 2024 283 September 13, 2024 284 September 13, 2024 285 September 13, 2024 286  General tips:  As you draft your paper, your voice should flow smoothly and logically from one idea to the next.  You should offer contradictory evidence.  Be practical.  Write what you know and feel, not what you think somebody wants to hear.  Write portions of the paper when you are ready, not only when you arrive there by outline sequence.  If necessary, leave blank spots on the page to remind you that more evidence is required.  Skip entire sections if you are ready to develop later paragraphs.  Be uninhibited  1 st drafts must be attempts to get words on the page rather than to create a polished document.  Write without fear or delay.  Be conscientious about references.  Cite the names of the sources in your notes and text.  Enclose quotations in your notes and text.  Preserve the page numbers of the sources. September 13, 2024 287  Focusing your argument:  Persuasion means convincing the reader that your position is valid and, perhaps, asking the reader to take action.  Inquiry is an exploratory approach to a problem in which you examine the issues without the insistence of persuasion. It is a truth-seeking adventure.  Negotiation is a search for a solution. It means you attempt to resolve a conflict by inventing options or a mediated solution.  Maintaining a focus on objective:  Facts and subjective ideas.  Ethical appeal. If you project the image of one who knows and cares about the topic, the reader will recognize and respect your deep interest in the subject and your carefully crafted argument.  The reader will also appreciate your attention to research conventions.  Logical appeal. For readers to believe in your position, you must provide sufficient evidence in the form of statistics, paraphrases, and direct quotations from authorities on the subject. September 13, 2024 288  Refining the thesis statement  It sets the argument to control and focus the entire paper.  It provides unity and a sense of direction.  It specifies to the reader the point of the research.  Using questions to focus the thesis  Adjust or change your thesis during research if necessary September 13, 2024 289 September 13, 2024 290  Writing an academic title:  Name a general subject, followed by a colon and a phrase that focuses or shows your slant on the subject.  Name a general subject and narrow it with a prepositional phrase.  Name a general subject and cite a specific work that illuminates the topic.  Name a general subject and follow it by a colon and a phrase that describes the type of study.  Name a general subject and follow it by a colon and a question.  Establish a specific comparison. September 13, 2024 291  Drafting the paper from your research journal, notes, and computer files:  To begin writing your research essay, you may work systematically through a preliminary plan or outline.  You may also begin by writing what you know at the time.  Writing from your notes:  Transfer personal notes, with modification, into the draft.  Transcribe précis notes and paraphrased materials directly into the text.  Quote primary sources.  Quote secondary sources from notes. September 13, 2024 292  Writing with unity and coherence:  Unity: refers to exploring one topic in depth to give your writing a single vision.  Coherence: connects the parts logically by:  Repetition of keywords and sentence structures  The judicious use of pronouns and synonyms  The effective placement of transitional words and phrases (e.g., also, furthermore, therefore, in addition, and thus).  Writing in the proper tense  Using the language of the discipline  Writing in the third person  Writing with the passive voice in an appropriate manner September 13, 2024 293  Using visuals effectively in a research essay:  Graphics and visuals enable you to analyze trends and relationships in numerical data.  Use them to support and enforce your text and discussion.  Avoiding sexist and biased language:  Age  Gender  Sexual Orientation  Ethnic and Racial Identity  Disability September 13, 2024 294  Revising the paper on a global scale.  Moving blocks of material around to the best advantage and into the proper format.  Drafting with a line-by-line examination of wording and technical excellence.  Proofreading the final manuscript to assure that the text is grammatically sound.  The key to having a polished, complete research paper is to revise with logic and clarity. September 13, 2024 295 9/13/2024 296  Conducting a global revision: 1. Revising the introduction:  Examine your opening for the presence of several items:  Your thesis  A clear sense of direction or plan of development  A sense of involvement that invites the reader into your investigation of a problem September 13, 2024 297 2. Revising the body:  Cut out wordiness and irrelevant thoughts, even to the point of deleting entire  sentences that contribute nothing to the dynamics of the paper.  Combine short paragraphs with others or build one of greater substance.  Revise long, difficult paragraphs by dividing them or by using transitions effectively (see “Writing with Unity and Coherence,” page 183).  For paragraphs that seem short, shallow, or weak, add more commentary and more evidence, especially quotations from the primary source or critical citations from secondary sources.  Add your own input to paragraphs that rely too heavily on the source materials.  Examine your paragraphs for transitions that move the reader effectively from one paragraph to the next. September 13, 2024 298 3. Revising the conclusion:  It is drawn from the evidence.  It is developed logically from the introduction and the body.  It expresses your position on the issues. September 13, 2024 299  Participating in peer review:  Part of the revision process for many writers, both students and professionals.  First, it means handing your paper to a friend or classmate, asking for opinions and suggestions.  Second, it means reviewing a classmate’s research paper.  You can learn:  by reviewing.  by writing. September 13, 2024 300 September 13, 2024 301  Formatting the paper according selected style:  Find format of APA for example. https://www.dropbox.com/s/rg859w4b4k593id/APA%207%20Student%20Sample %20Paper%20%281%29.pdf?dl=0  Editing before typing or printing the final manuscript:  The cut-and-paste revision period is complemented by careful editing of paragraphs, sentences, and individual words  Look for ways to tighten and condense  Deleted unnecessary material  Added supporting statements  Related facts to one another, rearranged data  Added new ideas, rewrite for clarity  Using the computer to edit your text  Spelling and grammar checkers  Looking for parentheses you have opened but not closed  Unpaired quotation marks, passive verbs, and other items. September 13, 2024 302  Proofreading on the screen and on the printed manuscript:  Check your formatting for double spacing, 1-inch margins, running heads, page numbers, and so forth. September 13, 2024 303 September 13, 2024 304  Check the entries in your works cited.  Section for precision and completeness in the citations.  Be sure that each is formatted with a hanging indention.  After editing the text on screen to your satisfaction, print out a hard copy of the manuscript. (With great care) September 13, 2024 305 September 13, 2024 306 September 13, 2024 307 September 13, 2024 308 September 13, 2024 309  Introduction (Importance – Others)  Challenges  Literature search and evaluation  Writing process  Showing your work (essay, presentation and publication)  Publication process (chose journal, guide to author, open access and not, fees and others).  Presentation skills September 13, 2024 310  Considerations when selecting target journal  Journal web site and author instructions published easily and quickly peer-review (work quality)  The scope and aims of the journal  The audience for the journal  Open access  Distribution  Check the journal website  Journal impact  Using indices of journal quality  Time to publication  Page charges (numbers and colors) or open access costs  Open access to your paper (i.e. to make it accessible for free download without subscription to the journal) if you pay an upfront fee. September 13, 2024 311  Referee selection\cover letter  Way of payments  Data base availability  Electronic submission  Time for submission September 13, 2024 312 September 13, 2024 313 September 13, 2024 314  Preparing a presentation  Consider your audience  Design of slides  Generate a story  Practice, Practice, and Practice (50% effort)  What to do  What not to do  Dealing with audience questions  Concern September 13, 2024 315  Takes time to prepare a presentation.  Use these sources: September 13, 2024 316 Make presentation relevant to audience Do not present all math for English language students Think about following questions Who am I addressing? What do I have to say? What do I want my audience to know? What do my audience want to know? September 13, 2024 317  Do not use full or wordy slides  Instead use figures  Use white background  Clear figures, not be stretched  Date and page number: easy to follow  Same pattern  Same font size  Relevant colors  Avoid spelling, grammar and pronunciation mistakes  Avoid copy paste sentences  Cite copy right information (fact)  Make one perfect design and use it all the time you present September 13, 2024 318  Remember the 10-20-30 rule for slideshows  Efficiently using animation September 13, 2024 319  Wh questions: What Why How When Where September 13, 2024 320 Make a logical structure:  Welcoming sentence (someone will introduce you)  Introduce yourself (name, career) if the moderator did not  Title of the talk (why my work is important?)  Outline  Generate your own creative hook  Introduction: background information  Body: develop main points  Conclusion: summarize main points, take home message  Question and answers (gifts)  Acknowledge September 13, 2024 321  Record your self and find your mistakes  Correct the mistakes  Practice on getting time right  Practice giving it to someone (ask for feedback)  Practice in the presentation room (get comfortable)  Practice eye contacting  Write down the full text you want to say:  Helps you commit parts of you presentation to memory.  Make notes of key points and use those during presentation. BUT do not read a script, or always look at the screen. September 13, 2024 322  Sleep well the night before  Have something to eat  Dress appropriate (professional)  Come on time (technical issue)  Keep it simple  Before you start:  Take a deep breath  If you are still nervous (not only you): find a spot to focus on  Use your body “body language”  Try to smile at the audience if you are not too nervous  Speak in English (where it should be)  Improve your language  Use cards, videos, animation, pictures to deliver ideas September 13, 2024 323  During presentation:  Speak slowly and clearly  Vary the tone of your voice  Be enthusiastic and show your passion  Make pauses (stop) between the slides  Take deep breath between the slides  Control nervous at the beginning by memorizing what you are going to say (first 2 min) (shaking)-------control fear  Connect with your audience (eye contact) look at foreheads September 13, 2024 324  Do not stand on one leg  Do not hit yourself or a table  Do not play with your hair  Do not tab your pen  Do not turn your back on the audience  Do not put your thumbs in your pockets  Do not say ummm or aaa (stop)  Do not read the presentation  Do not come with no knowledge of the subject  Do not take too much time  Do not speak in a boring/monotone voice  Do not speak too fast or not loud enough September 13, 2024 325  Be prepared to answer questions from audience  Repeat the question before you answer  If you do not know, do not say it clearly, instead:  I have no clue but  I have not cross over something like this but I will take in consideration  It is an interesting point, and I will read about it and update you later  Etc. September 13, 2024 326 September 13, 2024 327  20 min 5 min 5 Wh Q” What-why-how-when-where 5 Wh Q” What-why-how-when-where 5 min 20 min 5 Wh Q” What-why-how-when-where 5 Wh Q” What-why-how-when-where September 13, 2024 328 September 13, 2024 329