Review of Literature & Referencing Styles PDF

Review of Literature & Referencing styles Dr. Jayakumary Muttappallymyalil MBBS, MD, Ph.D, FRSPH (UK) College of Medicine Gulf Medical University, Ajman, UAE [email protected]  Objectives Up on c...

Review of Literature & Referencing styles Dr. Jayakumary Muttappallymyalil MBBS, MD, Ph.D, FRSPH (UK) College of Medicine Gulf Medical University, Ajman, UAE [email protected]  Objectives Up on completion of the session you should be able to Understand the definition of review of literature List the scientific reasons for review of literature State the general guidelines of review of literature State the process involved in reviewing an article Explain How and where to use the reviews done? List the common errors made while doing a review of literature? 2  What is a Review of the Literature? ‘A systematic search for what has been published on a topic by scholars and researchers’. Literature review should be Focused Directed towards specific purposes. Selective. Scientific reasons -literature review  Scientific reasons -literature review Background knowledge of the research topic Distinguish what has been done and what needs to be done Rationalize the significance of the problem under study Formulate researchable question, objectives and hypotheses Identify appropriate research design, materials & methods, and techniques of analysis  Form an important part of two areas in your research work (Review of literature and Discussion) Assist in refining the problem under study Prevents duplicating work that has been done before  Who can help? Colleagues, students, and friends can be good sources of ideas about where to look for relevant literature. Attendees of conferences or workshops from other universities, organization. Librarian of your own organization.  Where to search? Search through references given at the end of each article Electronic databases– Medline Pubmed Journals Books Conference proceedings  General Guidelines Pick up the articles most relevant to the research topic you are studying It is important to cover research relevant to all the variables being studied. Research that explains the relationship between these variables is a top priority. Plan how you will structure your literature review  How to review? The whole process of reviewing includes: a. Searching for literature (articles) b. Sorting and prioritizing the retrieved literature c. Analytical reading of papers d. Comparison across studies f. Organising the content g. Writing the review 11 How and where to use the reviews done?  Before the start of study Define the problem Magnitude of the problem – Global, Regional, local Identify the factors/determinants Look for: information, critical understanding Information: statistics, definitions, classifications, methodology, factors studied, tools, method of data collection, limitations, data analysis, results Helps to define and refine the research proposal  After the study is completed Required to Write the report (Discussion) Compare the study findings of each variable with other studies Look for explanations for the variations observed in your study Use original research articles Be selective and critique. Ask ‘why am I including this?’  Common Errors Made in Literature Reviews Review isn’t logically organized Review isn’t focused on most important facets of the study Review doesn’t relate to the study Too few references or outdated references cited Review isn’t written in author’s own words Review reads like a series of disjointed summaries Review doesn’t argue a point Recent references are omitted  References Hulley SB, Cummings SR, Browner WS, Grady DG, Newman TB. Designing Clinical Research an Epidemiological approach. 4th ed. Lippincott William & Wilkins; 2013. ISBN- 13: 978-160-8318-049. 16  Referencing Styles Dr. Jayakumary Muttappallymyalil MBBS, MD, Ph.D, FRSPH (UK) College of Medicine Gulf Medical University, Ajman, UAE [email protected] November 4, 2024 www.gmu.ac.ae COLLEGE OF MEDICINE Objectives At the end of the session you should be able to Understand the purpose of referencing. Define referencing. Appreciate the importance of referencing. List the elements of referencing and explain in-text citing. Understand the different citation and referencing styles. Definition Referencing is a standardized way of acknowledging the sources of information and ideas that have been used in the introduction and discussion and which allows the sources to be identified.  Referencing style It is a specific format for presenting in-text-references and Bibliography Importance of referencing (Why)? Good academic practice Enhances the presentation of your work. Writing is based on knowledge. Required to support all significant statements  Trace the sources used in the work Enable others to follow up on the work Credit for the research efforts of others. If you do not acknowledge, could be accused of plagiarism.  Elements in Referencing?  Citing (In-text referencing)  Reference list elements (Authors name, Article title, Journal name, Year)  Bibliography The referencing style (in-text citation and reference list) covers mainly two elements of a referencing system.  What is citing? Acknowledging a piece of work, information, or an idea used in your text. This is referred to as ‘citing’ (In-text referencing).  In-text referencing When referencing within the text is done?. When you paraphrase. This is when you use someone else’s ideas and put them into your own words. Eg: The top five risk factors for NCDs are classified as dietary factors, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, and total cholesterol level5-9. Studies have shown that NCDs and their risk factors are more common in population groups with low income and low educational attainment in both low-middle income and high-income countries10. In The United Arab Emirates (UAE), NCDs are a critically established burden with an estimated death reported of 77% when total deaths claimed up to 11,600 in 2016 11. When you quote. This is when you copy the exact words from the source text and use them in the assignment, proposal, report, or document. Eg: Quote: Samson stated, “Mirror neurons allow for imitation and empathy” 1. When you Summarize. When you use tables, graphs, and charts from a source.  How to cite Each piece of work that is quoted in the text should have: A unique number or author & year, assigned in the order of citation. If cited a piece of work more than once, or if you have used other information from the same article, the same citation number should be used. Write the number in brackets or as a superscript. Eg: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases, are the leading drivers of morbidity, mortality, and disability globally1. NCDs usually develop and progress over long periods, often initially insidious but once manifested there is usually a protracted period of impaired health causing premature morbidity, dysfunction, and reduced quality of life. The development of NCDs are a result of the interaction of the genetic and physiological, as well as the behavioral and environmental components influencing an individual. According to the WHO1,2, the non-communicable diseases which show the most prevalence, and hence, hold the most significance are cardiovascular conditions like heart attacks and stroke, cancers, chronic respiratory conditions which includes diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma and metabolic conditions such as diabetes. Referencing styles There are different referencing conventions in common use. Each department will have its own preferred format  Citation styles - Examples Harvard style uses the ‘author-date’ style of referencing. In-text references (Author’s Last Name, Year of Publication, Page Number(s)) Example: (Austen 2019:64) Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases, are the leading drivers of morbidity, mortality, and disability globally(Austen 2019:64). NCDs usually develop and progress over long periods, often initially insidious but once manifested there are usually a protracted period of impaired health causing premature morbidity, dysfunction, and reduced quality of life. The development of NCDs is a result of the interaction of the genetic and physiological, as well as the behavioral and environmental components influencing an individual. According to the WHO(Austen 2019:64, Myalil 2019:60), the non-communicable diseases that show the most prevalence, and hence, hold the most significance are cardiovascular conditions like heart attacks and stroke, cancers, chronic respiratory conditions which include diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma and metabolic conditions such as diabetes.  Articles with more than two authors, are cited by the first authors last name followed "et al.", and then the year. (Myalil et al., 2019) Article has no identifiable author, (Anon. 2018) A string of citations should be separated by semicolons, e.g., (Gumwad 2019; Bugjuice 2019; Bruhahauser et al. 2018). Two author papers, give both authors' last names (e.g., Click and Clack 2019). Vancouver style: is the style most commonly used in medicine and the biomedical sciences. Citations are identified by Arabic numbers in brackets(1) or Arabic numbers in superscript 1. Eg: Research conducted in Iran 1to identify the presence of cardiovascular risk factors among taxi drivers showed 35.5% of participants had hypertension, 10% had diabetes, 66.4% had dyslipidemia and 12.7% were smokers. 45.45% of participants were overweight and 25.45% were obese. A study assessing occupational health risks among US taxi drivers2-4 observed that 26.4% suffered from hypertension, 25% from diabetes, 28.4% had high cholesterol and 74.7% had musculoskeletal pain. In Singapore5,6, research aimed to investigate the prevalence of medical conditions among taxi drivers showed that 36% of participants had at least one medical condition. The majority were found to have hypertension, eye disease, diabetes, and others. In a study done to assess the health conditions of taxi drivers in Mexico1,7, 93% had some component of metabolic syndrome while in South Africa8, 17.1% of taxi drivers had metabolic syndrome.  A number must be used even if the author(s) is named in the sentence/text. e.g. Smith et al,(10) have argued that... The original number assigned to the reference is reused each time the reference is cited in the text, regardless of its previous position in the text. Eg: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases, are the leading drivers of morbidity, mortality, and disability globally1. NCDs usually develop and progress over long periods, often initially insidious but once manifested there is usually a protracted period of impaired health causing premature morbidity, dysfunction, and reduced quality of life. The development of NCDs are a result of the interaction of the genetic and physiological, as well as the behavioral and environmental components influencing an individual. According to the WHO1,2, the non- communicable diseases which show the most prevalence, and hence, hold the most significance are cardiovascular conditions like heart attacks and stroke, cancers, chronic respiratory conditions which includes diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma and metabolic conditions such as diabetes.  When multiple references are cited at a given place in the text, use a hyphen to join the first and last numbers that are inclusive. Eg. (2-5,7,10). Use commas (without spaces) to separate non-inclusive numbers in a multiple citation Eg.(2,4,5,7,10) Do not use a hyphen if there are no citation numbers in between that support your statement Eg. (1-2). X Guideline for Vancouver referencing styles https://dal.ca.libguides.com/CitationStyleGuide/Vancouver  Commonly used referencing styles APA style - Developed by the American Psychological Association – Social sciences www.apastyle.org  Chicago Manual – Education, economics, or political science, prefer Turabian or Chicago style. http://www.chicagomanulofstyle.org/tools_c itationguide.html  Fields in the humanities, like literature, religion, or philosophy, tend to prefer Modern Language Association (MLA) style. http://ts2.mm.bing.net/th?id=H.4547933346726865pid=1.9  American Medical Association (AMA) is often used for scholarly writing about medicine or health-related topics, or about other subjects in the sciences. http://ts4.mm.bing.net/th?id=H.4658391311125027pid=1.9 In conclusion Referencing is used to indicate the origin of the material, source for search, and further reading Gives a standard format for presenting the information Plagiarism can be avoided. References Hulley SB, Cummings SR, Browner WS, Grady DG, Newman TB. Designing Clinical Research an Epidemiological approach. 4 th ed. Lippincott William & Wilkins; 2013. ISBN-13: 978-160-8318-049.