1. Chapter 2 - Identifying and critically reviewing relevant literature.pdf

Identifying and critically reviewing relevant literature CHAPTER 2 (Session 4)  Review of Related Literatures (RRL) Composed of related literatures and related studies The literature should focus on each conceptual framework of the variables. It discloses...

Identifying and critically reviewing relevant literature CHAPTER 2 (Session 4)  Review of Related Literatures (RRL) Composed of related literatures and related studies The literature should focus on each conceptual framework of the variables. It discloses some unexplored area or gap the researcher will focus on. For correlational study , it is necessary to find out the relationship /degree of influence or predictability of variables in prior studies.  Review of Related Literatures (RRL)  REMEMBER : THIS IS NOT A “CUT AND PASTE” way of gathering literature / articles.  If possible, rephrase the words written by the author but make sure that the main thought is still the same.  Categories of Literatures 1. Primary Literature - Primary Literature in the Sciences In the sciences, the primary literature presents the immediate results of research activities. It often includes analysis of data collected in the field or laboratory. Primary literature presents original research and/or new scientific discoveries.  Categories of Literatures 2. Secondary Literature  The secondary literature in the sciences summarizes and synthesizes the primary literature.  It is usually broader and less current than primary literature.  Since most information sources in the secondary literature contain extensive bibliographies, they can be useful for finding more information on a topic.  Categories of Literatures 3. Tertiary Literature  Tertiary literature presents summaries or condensed versions of materials usually with references to primary or secondary sources.  They can be a good place to look up facts or get a general overview of a subject. Categories of Literatures  Review of Related Literatures (RRL) Synthesis – it is a means of capturing the ideas of different authors/writers in a more holistic and understandable fashion and to connect the dots in the RRL. Brief but interesting Must analyse the trends or the relationships among various literatures and studies compiled.  Sample Atmospherics Synthesis in the RRL Chapter. Entertainment Accessibility Atmospherics authors like Levy and Weitz (1995) Mall Attraction Variables Herrington and Capella (1996), stressed the influence of color, Service Price music, lighting, smell, and layout. On accessibility, it is an ease with which a customer may get in and out, as stressed by Fernie et al. (2003) Promotion Product Mix  Sample Atmospherics Synthesis in the RRL Chapter. Entertainment Accessibility Price, what matter is how the value is passed on the customers or consumers (Fackler and Zimmerman 2003) Mall Attraction Adding value through customer service is viable strategy in malls as explained by Baker et Variables Service Price al. (2002) and Boulding et al. (1993) The degree of mall competition is not only about merchandise similarity; it also based on product variety and assortment as pointed by Levy and Weitz (1995). Promotion Product Mix  How should the literature be cited or paraphrased in the study As stated in the 6th ed. of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA 2010), researchers have to :  Acknowledge the words and ideas of another writer  Cite it directly using quotation marks “ ” (where the exact word are cited)  Paraphrase it (summarize it, rearrange the order, and change some words) however, words or thoughts should not distort the original meaning  Example of Direct Citation Kotler and Armstrong (2014) state : “Consumers make many buying decision every day , and the buying decision is the focal point of the marketer’s effort. Most large companies research consumer buying decisions in great detail to answer questions about what consumers buy, whey they buy, how and how much they buy, when they buy, and why they buy. Marketers can study actual consumers purchases to find out what they buy, where and how much. But learning about why’s of consumer buying behaviour is not so easy – the answers are locked deep within the consumer’s mind.” (p.134)  Example of paraphrasing a literature Exact words : Model of Consumer Behavior (Kotler & Armstrong, 2014): In the model of Consumer Behavior, Kotler and Armstrong (2014) stated that marketers must understand how the consumers make their many day-to- day buying decisions. As this is the focal point for marketers decision, they must research the consumers in terms of what they buy, where they buy, how much they buy, when they buy, and why they buy. Marketers can study the consumers’ actual buying activities but learning these activities is not easy for marketers.  How the writer and the article publication date should be cited Citing it based on the author/s (author prominent) 1. If there is 1 (one) author, cite the LAST NAME, of the writer and the YEAR the article was written. This is specially done when citation is part of the sentence: Example : Te (2007) stated that……  or the end of the statement insert the author, year in a parenthesis Example : as stated in the study of Positioning the HEIs (Te, 2012)  How the writer and the article publication date should be cited 2. If there are 5 (five) authors, cite all the names if cited for the first time. Then in succeeding citations, just write the name of the first author and attach the Latin words et al. (meaning: and others) after it. Example : Te et al. (2012. 3. If there are 6 (six) authors, or more cite the name of the first author, and attach et al. after it, even for the first citation  How the writer and the article publication date should be cited 4. If there are two or more authors, with the same family name, include their first name initial Example : Cruz, F. and Cruz, M. (2018) 5. Join the authors with an ampersand (&) in the reference list, but not when part of the sentence. Example : Lee, Te, Tan, & Yap (2018)  How the writer and the article publication date should be cited 6. If the date is not known, indicate it with a notation: n.d, meaning no date. Example : Te (n.d.) or (Te, n.d.) 7. If the article is not sourced directly from the main author but from the citation of another author. Example : Lim (2015), as stated by Te (2018), posited the idea of…  How the writer and the article publication date should be cited 8. If the article is cited is a personal communication of someone with authority. Example : in the e-mail of Mr. X, the author of the book (cite the book), to this research last November 16, 2017, Mr. X states….  Citing it based on the organization / institution or information (organization/information-prominent) 1. If the author is not yet known, then cite the organization or institution publishing it. Example : The Expert Organization (2018) states… 2. Do not use the organization/company acronym if mentioned for the first time. Use the full organization / company name and attach the acronym after it. Example : The National Economic Development Authority (NEDA) in its Davao Regional Development Plan 2017-2022 shows…. Example : NEDA further shows…. For succeeding citation Citing it based on the organization / institution or information (organization/information- prominent) 3. Do not use WIKIPEDIA, as the main source, but CHECK OUT THE SOURCE and refer to it, Just mention that it is cited by Wikipedia (if this were you found the information) Example : Author (year), research title, as cited by Wikipedia (year), states… - END - CHAPTER 2 Thank you….