Energy Transformations Study Notes PDF

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Topic My notes ----------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Energy transformations - traditional fire making          Traditional fire-making transforms chemical energy in wood into heat and light energy. Rubbing wood together creates friction, which produces enough heat to ignite the wood. Energy Transformation         Energy transformation is when one type of energy changes into another. For example, electrical energy changes to light and heat in a light bulb. Energy cannot be created or destroyed (Conservation of Energy). Types and forms of Energy         The main types are kinetic (moving), potential (stored), thermal (heat), chemical, electrical, and nuclear. Kinetic and potential energy are especially important in energy changes. Measuring Energy         Energy is measured in joules (J). For example, we measure thermal energy with a thermometer, and electrical energy can be calculated as power × time Energy Efficiency         Efficiency measures how much input energy becomes useful energy. It's a percentage: higher efficiency means less wasted energy. Machines and vehicles try to be more efficient to save energy. Represent Energy         Energy can be shown in diagrams like energy flow or Sankey diagrams. These visuals show where energy goes and how much is useful or wasted. Energy Efficient Vehicles         Electric and hybrid cars are more energy-efficient because they convert more energy into movement and less into wasted heat, using less fuel and creating less pollution. Kinetic & Potential Energy         Kinetic energy is the energy of movement (KE = 0.5 × mass × speed²). Potential energy is stored energy based on position or height (PE = mass × gravity × height). Mass vs Weight         Mass is the amount of matter in an object and is constant (kg). Weight is the force of gravity on that mass and changes based on location (weight = mass × gravity). Calculate Gravitational Potential Energy         Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE) depends on height and mass. GPE = mass × gravity × height (m × g × h), with gravity on Earth as 9.8 m/s². Calculating Kinetic Energy Kinetic Energy (KE) depends on motion. KE = 0.5 × mass × speed² (KE = ½ mv²). The faster something moves, and the heavier it is, the more kinetic energy it has.