Science Notes - Yearly PDF

🧪 Science Notes - Yearly Created @November 7, 2024 7:34 PM Priority High Status Done ⚡Chapter 4: Energy 4.1: There are Different Types of Energy. Light Energy:...

🧪 Science Notes - Yearly Created @November 7, 2024 7:34 PM Priority High Status Done ⚡Chapter 4: Energy 4.1: There are Different Types of Energy. Light Energy: Electromagnetic radiation, visible to humans. Travels in photons. Does not produce heat energy. Heat energy occurs through absorption of light energy. Heat/Thermal Energy: Created by; Science Notes - Yearly 1  Friction Burning Chemicals Electrical devices Transfers from a high temperature surface to low temperature surface. Electrical Energy: Comes from the flow of electrical charge. Can either be static, (stationary) or moving, (current). Creates thermal energy. Sound Energy: Caused by vibrations or movements. You can feel the vibrations that cause sound energy. Kinetic Energy: The energy of anything that moves. The more mass of an object, or the speed the object is moving, the more kinetic energy All objects have kinetic energy Often occurs in combination with other energy types 4.2: Potential Energy is Stored Energy: Potential energy is stored energy Can be used at any time. Elastic Potential Energy: Stored in objects with elasticity More weight or force, more EPE When force is released, the object restores to its original state. Gravitational Potential Energy: Energy stored in all objects when they are above the ground. Science Notes - Yearly 2  Higher the object is and the more mass the object has, the more GPE it has More GPA it has, the harder it hits the ground and the faster it falls Chemical Potential Energy: Foods release CPE whilst being digested CPE is released as a result of a catalytic event When CPE is released it stops us from feeling hungry Unhealthy foods quickly release CPE Nuclear Potential Energy: Energy within the centre of atoms When nuclei of atoms react, mass destruction is caused 4.3: Energy Can Be Transferred and Transformed: Energy can be created or destroyed Can be transferred and transformed Transforming and Transferring Energy: When energy changes forms it transforms When it moves from object to object, it transfers Energy Flow Charts: Represent how energy changes states Science Notes - Yearly 3  4.4: Heat Energy Is Transferred Through the Use of Conduction and Convection. Heating by Conduction: Transfer when two objects come into contact` Transfer until thermal equilibrium Heating by Convection: Occurs in only liquids and gases by small convection currents Convection currents are the movement of thermal energy through liquid or gas Hot air is lighter than cold air Most things are heated from underneath. Conductors and Insulators: Materials that let thermal energy transfer through it All metals are conductors Insulators slow transfer of thermal energy 4.5: Radiation Transfers Heat Energy Radiation: Transfer of thermal energy using photons Transfers over empty space 4.6: Electricity is the Presence and Flow of Electrical Charge Electrostatic Charge Positive or negative charge created by subatomic particles When two objects are rubbed together electrons are transferred Created an imbalance and electrostatic charge Conductors and Insulators Electric conductors are materials that allow electricity to transfer Science Notes - Yearly 4  Electric insulators do not allow transfer of electricity Electrical Energy and Circuits Flow of current goes from positive terminal to negative terminal Flow of current is called conventional current Drawing Circuits Wires are always straight lines. Ammeter measures current. Counts electrical charges in packets called amps. Voltmeter measures amount of energy the electrons are transferring Uses volt 🔌Chapter 5: Energy Efficiency 5.1 Energy Can Not Be Created or Destroyed Laws of Conservation of Energy Total sum of energy is always the same Energy can’t be created nor destroyed Science Notes - Yearly 5  Energy can change forms, but not total amounts Energy Efficiency Calculation of the percentage of useful energy transformed by a system Higher % energy efficiency, lower waste energy No system can be 100% efficient Heat and Sound Waste Energy Waste energy is transformed into sound and heat energy No system can be 100% efficient Energy in Light Bulbs Electrical energy is transformed into; Useful energy (Light) Waste energy (Heat) Types of light bulbs; Incandescent light bulbs (Light bulb with glowing heat wire) Fluorescent light bulbs (Lights using mercury gas) LED light bulbs Science Notes - Yearly 6  (Light emitting diodes) 5.2 Energy Efficiency Can Reduce Energy Consumption Heating and Cooling Your House Air Conditioners; Thermal energy transfers from hot air to cool pipes Verandas Prevents light and heat making direct contact with walls Window Awnings Block the sun from shining through windows Insulation Lining that blocks heat from entering or exiting the house 5.3 Electrical Energy Can be Generated Efficiently Environmentally efficient sources Solar Energy Light energy is transformed into chemical potential energy, then stored in a battery for later use when transformed into electrical energy. Wind Energy 💐Chapter 12: Functioning Organisms 12.1 Multicellular Organisms Need Energy Science Notes - Yearly 7  Autotrophs and Heterotrophs Autotrophs; Autotrophs make glucose, their own food, by using photosynthesis. Heterotrophs; Heterotrophs get their glucose by consuming other organisms and convert glucose to valuable minerals via cellular respiration. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis; Used by plants to turn light energy to chemical energy Occurs in the chlorophyll within chloroplasts Cellular respiration; Occurs in mitochondria Creates energy for organisms Science Notes - Yearly 8  12.2 Plants Have Organ Systems to Survive Root System Anchor plant to the ground Absorb water and nutrients Hairs to maximise surface area Absorb via osmosis Shoot System Made from stem and leaves of a plant Stem Maintains upright structure Transports water and nutrients Xylem moves water from roots to leaves Phloem carry sugars from leaves Leaves Take part in gas exchange and water regulation Carbon dioxide enters via stomata and oxygen leaves, via stomata Stoma have 2 guard cells that regulate opening and closing of the pore. By taking in more water, the guard cells swell and the stoma opens When the guard cells release water, guard cells shrink and stoma closes Science Notes - Yearly 9  12.3 Flowers are for Sexual Reproduction Pollination The ovum is located at the base of the stigma, inside the ovary. Ovums are female sex cells of plants Stigma is the top of the carpel, where pollen is distributed Stigma and ovary are connected via the style Together these elements are called the carpel The male reproductive parts of a flower are called stamen Stamen consist of pollen containing anther on stalks known as filament Science Notes - Yearly 10  Fertilisation; Pollen needs to reach from anther to ovum. Called pollination Transfer of pollen to stigma Self-Pollination; Pollen from a flower landing on its own stigma, or a stigma of another flower in the same plant Cross-Pollination; Pollen from a flower lands on stigma of a flower from the same species Vegetative Reproduction Reproduction that happens asexually Identical offspring grown from tissue of parent plant Genetically the same as parent plant 🌱Chapter 14: Ecosystems 14.1 An Ecosystem is a Community of Living Organisms Science Notes - Yearly 11  The Biosphere Where any form of life can survive Intersection of; Atmosphere Gas Hydrosphere Water Lithosphere Land Ecosystems Any group of biotic and abiotic things that interact in a self sustaining way Biotic means living things Abiotic is non-living things Ecosystems comprise of habitats A habitat is a place where any population of organisms live A habitat must supply all abiotic needs otherwise populations move to a better habitat that can meet their needs Populations and Communities Population Group of organisms of the same species that live in the same place at the same time Community Different populations living in the same place in the same time Benefits of an Ecosystem Release gases into the air Plants release oxygen (photosynthesis) Science Notes - Yearly 12  Animals release carbon dioxide (cellular respiration) 14.2 Energy Flows Within an Ecosystem Food Chains Shows list of organisms and what eats what within an ecosystem Arrows indicate which way the energy transfers from organism to organism Different types of organisms; Producer Plant or plant like organism at start of food chain Usually autotroph Primary Consumer (First - Order Consumer) First heterotroph on a food chain Consume producers (herbivores) Secondary Consumer (Second - Order Consumer) Consumes primary consumer Second heterotroph on food chain Tertiary Consumer (Third - Order Consumer) Top of the food chain Typically carnivorous Science Notes - Yearly 13  Detrivore Consumes decomposing plants and animals Food Webs Several food chains intertwined Shows extended relationships between organisms 14.3 All Organisms are Independant Herbivores, Omnivores and Carnivores Herbivores Only eat primary consumers Don’t eat meat Omnivore Consumers that eat both plants and animals Carnivore Only eat other consumers Don’t eat producers Decomposers Science Notes - Yearly 14  Can be many organisms, such as; Bacteria Fungus Invertebrate Obtain food by feeding on dead organisms Do not eat dead matter Externally decompose matter Symbiosis When two different species have a close relationship relating to their survival Types of Symbiosis; Mutualism Type of symbiosis that is mutually beneficial for both species Commensalism Relationship between species where one species benefits and one species is not affected Parasitism Host species is harmed Parasite species benefits Predator and Prey Not an example of symbiosis as it is not ongoing Predator kills prey for food Carnivores scavenge off decaying already dead animals Competition Between Organisms Competition comes from other species along with members of the same species Science Notes - Yearly 15  Competition from the same species is called intraspecific competition Competition from the different species is called interspecific competition 14.4 Micro-Organisms can Benefit Other Living Things Micro-organisms only visible by microscope Three types of micro-organisms; Bacteria Prokaryotic Protozoa Eukaryotic Fungi Usually eukaryotic but can be unicellular Benefits of Micro-Organisms Help plants obtain nitrogen Act as decomposers Help our gut digest food Used to make foods Used to make biofuels 14.5 Some Micro-Organisms Cause Harm Too Many Micro-Organisms Can be Damaging Too many micro-organisms disrupt the balance of an ecosystem Pathogens Can Cause Infectious Diseases Microbe that cause infections diseases Pathogens are parasites Can be: Bacteria Fungi Science Notes - Yearly 16  Protists Organisms spread pathogens by passing the pathogen to another organism 14.6 Human Activity can Impact Ecosystems How Can Humans Impact Ecosystems? Deforestation Introduced Organisms Land Degradation Urban Sprawl Spread of urban areas to rural areas A Changing Climate 14.7 Humans Can Manage the Impact of Natural Events on Ecosystems Drought Prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall Predicted by meteorologists so it can be prepared accordingly Bushfires Fires that ravage bush or forest adjacent areas Backburning prevents bushfires spreading 14.8 Scientific Knowledge Has Influenced Agriculture Animal Husbandry Science of breeding and caring for farm animals for specific purpose Techniques of animal husbandry include; Selective Breeding Breeding two organisms to enhance already favourable characteristics Artificial Insemination Science Notes - Yearly 17  Artificially breeding animals to get favourable traits from both males and females Animal Cloning Ensures favourable characteristics are passed down to offspring Not ethical or legal so it is very uncommon Crop Cultivation Techniques of crop cultivation include; Selective Breeding and Artificial Pollination Pollinating another plant with pollen from a plant with desirable traits Plant Cloning Cutting Cutting segments of the plant and planting it into new soil Budding Single bud of a plant is inserted into the bark a compatible root Grafting Buds, shoots or twigs being placed onto the stock plant Layering Exposing the stem to moisture holding materials to achieve better root development, to eventually plan the new roots as a new plant 🧪Chapter 16: Elements and Compounds 16.1 Atoms Make up Matter The Particle Model All matter consists of atoms Atoms can not be created or destroyed and are indivisible Science Notes - Yearly 18  All atoms from the same element are identical Particles are too small to be seen The hotter the particles are, the faster they move. The colder they are the slower they move Particles have mass Particles can join and combine mass Particles have space between them What is an Atom? Atoms are made of subatomic particles; Protons Located within the nucleus of an atom Responsible for most of an atom's mass (Combined with neutron) Neutrons Located within the nucleus of an atom Responsible for most of an atom's mass (combined with proton) Electrons Orbit nucleus in shells Interact with other atoms Science Notes - Yearly 19  16.2 Elements are Organised by Their Properties What is an Element? Pure substance made from only one type of atom All atoms in an element are identical Can not be broken down into simpler substances Already in simplest substance Universal Symbols First letters of latin words for letters Made to reduce confusion Arranging Elements on the Periodic Table Order of the number of protons the atom has in its nucleus Number of protons is the atomic number Horizontal rows are called periods, vertical, columns are called groups Elements in a group all have similar properties Science Notes - Yearly 20  16.3 Groups in the Periodic Table Have Properties in Common Metals Collection of elements found on the left hand side of the periodic table Properties of metals include; Malleable Bendable Lustrous Shiny Ductile Can be turned to a wire Conductive Good at transferring heat and electricity Metalloids Small group of elements that share properties with metals and non metals Non Metals Science Notes - Yearly 21  Collection of elements found on the right hand side of the periodic table Mostly do not share any characteristics with metals with some exceptions Noble Gases Found in group 18 of the periodic table All remain gas at room temperature Are unreactive to other elements 16.5 Atoms Bond Together to Make Mixtures or Compounds What are Molecules? Elements or compounds Molecular Element Atoms of one element chemically bonded together Molecular Compound Atoms of two or more elements that are chemically bonded together Compounds and Mixtures Compounds Compounds are chemically bonded together Consist of two or more elements Can not be separated by the use of physical techniques Can be separated by chemical means/reactions Some compounds are molecular and others are polymers Polymers are made from groups of atoms that repeat over and over Mixtures Two or more substances that are physically combined They can always be separated by using physical techniques Filtration Distillation Science Notes - Yearly 22  Centrifuging Etc. 🔥Chapter 18: Chemical Change 18.1 Physical Change is a Change in Shape or Appearance Physical Changes are Reversible Substance still has the same particle makeup, change in looks. Most physical change is reversible, but not all Types of Physical Change Vapourisation and Condensation; Evaporation = vaporisation A vapour is the gaseous form of a liquid or solid Volatile substances vapourise easily Melting and Solidification When a solid is heated it melts into a liquid\ When a liquid is cooled it solidifies Sublimation When a substance changes state from a solid to a gas immediately Never exists as a liquid 18.2 A Chemical Change Produces a New Substance Chemical Changes New chemical is made Atoms moved around to a new arrangement Not typically reversible 18.3 Chemical Reactions can Break and Reform New Bonds Chemical Reactions Science Notes - Yearly 23  Substance you start with is called reactant End result is called product’ Produced in chemical change Chemical Equations Reactants on the left, products on the right Arrow represents chemical change Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis is a chemical reaction Takes place upon the leaves Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form glucose Chemical Weathering Science Notes - Yearly 24  Process when rocks are broken down by chemical reactions Physical change can aid and original chemical reaction Science Notes - Yearly 25