HQC 304 Review Package - Midterm 2024 PDF

# HQC 304 - Review Package - Midterm 2024 ## Important Terms to Know: * Economic: * Cultural: * Political: * Social: * Cause: * Consequence: * Way of Life: * Physiographic region: * Dwelling: * Linguistic group: * Subsistence Activity: * Demographic: ## The Bering Strait Theory In 30,000 BC, th...

# HQC 304 - Review Package - Midterm 2024 ## Important Terms to Know: * Economic: * Cultural: * Political: * Social: * Cause: * Consequence: * Way of Life: * Physiographic region: * Dwelling: * Linguistic group: * Subsistence Activity: * Demographic: ## The Bering Strait Theory In 30,000 BC, the First Occupants crossed the Bering land bridge from Asia into North America. In 15,000 BC, the ice started to melt and formed a corridor, allowing access to the interior of the North American continent. These people went their separate ways and evolved into different cultural and linguistic groups as they adapted to their environment. In 12,000 BC, they reached and settled in Quebec. ## The Algonquian Way of Life, the Social and Political Organization * **Way of Life:** Nomadic - they constantly moved around following game, they hunted, fished, and gathered fruits to survive. * **Social:** Patriarchal Society - men/fathers were in control * **Dwellings:** They lived in wigwams * **Political:** Decision Making - the band chief holds his power by qualities such as hunter, courage, etc ## The Iroquois Way of Life, the Social and Political Organization * **Way of Life:** Sedentary - they stay in one place for a long period. They practiced agriculture because the soil was very fertile in the St. Lawrence Lowlands. They farmed the 3 sisters: corn, squash, and beans * **Social:** Matriarchal Society - women/mothers were in control * **Dwellings:** They lived in longhouses surrounded by palisades * **Political:** Decision Making - The village council was made up of men appointed by clan mothers ## The Inuit Way of Life, the Social and Political Organization * **Way of Life:** Nomadic - they constantly moved around and hunted seals, walrus, beluga, whale, and caribou. * **Social:** Patriarchal Society - men/fathers were in control * **Dwellings:** They lived in igloos during the winter and tents during the summer. They also used parkas and dogsleds. ## Physiographic Region (territory) of the three linguistic families * Iroquois: St. Lawrence Lowlands has very fertile soil - the southern part of Quebec * Algonquins: Canadian Shield and Appalachians * Inuit: Arctic - very harsh frozen areas of northern Quebec and Canada ## Roles of men and women in the Iroquoian and Algonquian Societies * **Iroquoian Men:** Hunted, fished, built longhouses, traded, and defended their community * **Iroquoian Women:** gathered, practiced agriculture, gathered small animals and family chores- cooked, took care of the children * **Algonquian Men:** fished, hunted, traded, and made canoes, snowshoes and wigwams * **Algonquian Women:** gathered, did domestic work; cooked, took care of the children made clothes and prepared fur pelts. ## First occupants use of environment for their basic needs; housing, food, clothing and traveling * Made canoes * Used animal skins to make clothing * Hunted, fished and gathered for survival * Constructed their houses (dwellings) - longhouses, wigwams, igloos ## Passing of knowledge, myths, and legends of the First Occupants First Occupants had no system of writing. The Elders recounted myths and history to their fellow tribesmen to ensure the continuity of their culture. ## Gift-Giving Reciprocity is part of the circle of life and is present in gift-giving. It is voluntary and honorable. It is a continual exchange of goods. It created a commercial (trade) and military (warfare) alliance. ## Alliances and Rivalries of the First Occupants * **Alliances:** A partnership between two or more groups of people. For example, The Iroquois Confederacy * **Rivalries:** Groups of people who are enemies and would fight each other in a war. ## Reasons for European Explorations in the 15th and 16th Century In 1453, the Turks took over the city of Constantinople (Istanbul) and blocked the traditional trade route to Asia. The Europeans now had to find new routes to Asia. They started going westwards towards North America (without knowing). As a result, Europeans discovered the Americas. Once North America was discovered, the French claimed land and created a colony, which was New France. The territory of New France expanded greatly because they became involved with the fur trade. Consequently, the French and the Indigenous people formed a relationship, where the French got the fur, and in return, the Indigenous people got European goods, such as pots, pans, weapons, etc. ## Cod Fisheries off the coast of Newfoundland In 1497, John Cabot discovered the "Great Fishing Banks of the Atlantic" along the coast of Newfoundland. European fishermen temporarily settled in Newfoundland as cod fishing and whaling quickly became an important economic activity. The fishing banks could easily supply the demand for fish in Europe. ## The Voyages of Jacques Cartier * **Goals:** * Build a colonial empire to compete with Spain, Portugal, and England. * Find a western route to Asia. * Discover precious metals (gold) to increase France's wealth. * Evangelize the Indigenous people to Christianity. * * **First Voyage (1534):** * Explored the Gulf of St. Lawrence. * Planted a cross and claimed the land for the King of France. * Made contact with the St. Lawrence Iroquoians. * **Second Voyage (1535):** * Explored the St. Lawrence River up to Hochelaga (Montreal). * 25 out of 110 crew members died of scurvy. * **Third Voyage (1541-42):** * King Francois 1st ordered a third voyage. * Its objective was to establish a settlement colony. * Sieur de Roberval accompanied Cartier with hopes of evangelizing the natives. ## Economy Policy - Mercantilism Mercantilism is an economic policy in which the colony (New France) exists to provide raw materials (fur) to the Mother country (France). All manufactured goods are made in France and then sold to the European countries and colonies for a profit. Profits of goods were transferred into gold and sent to France. New France's economy remains dependent on France. ## Roles of the Catholic Church in New France * Education for young children * Health/Hospitals * Evangelization of the Indigenous people ## The Consequences of the fur trading companies on the Population of New France * **17th Century** The fur trading companies had a negative consequence on the population of the colony. The population remained very low because the Company of 100 Associates focused on the fur trade and creating trading posts. Settlers and a settlement colony would drive the beavers away and it was costly to settle the land. ## Consequences on the Aboriginals - Demographic, Cultural & Territorial * **Demographic:** There was a decrease in the population of the Aboriginals because of war and diseases brought by Europeans. * **Cultural:** The Aboriginals were evangelized and converted to Christianity. They also became dependent on European products and hunted more. * **Territorial:** The Aboriginals’ territory decreased. They lost their land to the Europeans. ## The Seigneurial System This was a method of dividing the land in an orderly fashion. The land provided food for the people and its goal was to populate New France. * **Name of the territorial organization:** Seigneurial System * **Characteristics of the Seigneurial System:** Long narrow strip of land perpendicular to the St. Lawrence River. Rivers provided water for irrigation, transportation, and communication. ## The Fur Trade In the early 17th century, the King was interested in establishing a colony in New France to exploit the fur trade. The King granted a company a monopoly over the fur trade (exclusive right to sell a product). The Company of 100 Associates was given control (monopoly) of the fur trade and the colony of New France, in return they had to bring over settlers and settle the colony. The Indigenous people would hunt for the fur and trade the fur with the French, who would trade European goods to the Indigenous people. Once the French would have the fur, it would be transported back to France and an artisan/craftsman would make the fur into fur hats, fur coats, fur boots, etc.