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Questions and Answers
What was one of the primary economic activities that European fishermen engaged in off the coast of Newfoundland?
What was one of the primary economic activities that European fishermen engaged in off the coast of Newfoundland?
During which voyage did Jacques Cartier claim land for France by planting a cross?
During which voyage did Jacques Cartier claim land for France by planting a cross?
What was a key goal of Jacques Cartier's voyages to the New World?
What was a key goal of Jacques Cartier's voyages to the New World?
What was the primary role of the Catholic Church in New France?
What was the primary role of the Catholic Church in New France?
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What describes the economic policy of mercantilism in relation to New France?
What describes the economic policy of mercantilism in relation to New France?
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What major consequence did the fur trading companies have on the population of New France in the 17th century?
What major consequence did the fur trading companies have on the population of New France in the 17th century?
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Which of the following was NOT a consequence faced by Aboriginals as a result of European contact?
Which of the following was NOT a consequence faced by Aboriginals as a result of European contact?
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During Jacques Cartier's second voyage, what significant health crisis affected his crew?
During Jacques Cartier's second voyage, what significant health crisis affected his crew?
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What primary role did Iroquoian men serve in their societies?
What primary role did Iroquoian men serve in their societies?
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What is a unique characteristic of the Algonquian women's roles?
What is a unique characteristic of the Algonquian women's roles?
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Which of the following describes the term 'reciprocity' as it relates to gift-giving?
Which of the following describes the term 'reciprocity' as it relates to gift-giving?
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How did the Iroquois Confederacy function in relation to alliances?
How did the Iroquois Confederacy function in relation to alliances?
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Which factor primarily motivated European exploration in the 15th century?
Which factor primarily motivated European exploration in the 15th century?
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What is one of the main uses of the environment by the First Occupants?
What is one of the main uses of the environment by the First Occupants?
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What was a key outcome of the relationship between the French and Indigenous peoples?
What was a key outcome of the relationship between the French and Indigenous peoples?
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In what way did the First Occupants pass down their culture?
In what way did the First Occupants pass down their culture?
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What was the primary way of life for the Algonquian society?
What was the primary way of life for the Algonquian society?
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Which type of housing did the Iroquois use?
Which type of housing did the Iroquois use?
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What agricultural practice was central to the Iroquois way of life?
What agricultural practice was central to the Iroquois way of life?
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What type of society did the Inuit have?
What type of society did the Inuit have?
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Which linguistic group primarily inhabited the St. Lawrence Lowlands?
Which linguistic group primarily inhabited the St. Lawrence Lowlands?
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What was a significant consequence of the Bering Strait crossing around 30,000 BC?
What was a significant consequence of the Bering Strait crossing around 30,000 BC?
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How did the decision-making process differ between the Iroquois and Algonquian societies?
How did the decision-making process differ between the Iroquois and Algonquian societies?
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What was one of the significant ways the Inuit adapted their lifestyle to their environment?
What was one of the significant ways the Inuit adapted their lifestyle to their environment?
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Study Notes
Important Terms to Know
- Economic: Economic systems and activities
- Cultural: Cultural practices and beliefs
- Political: Political structures and leadership
- Social: Social structures and interactions
- Cause: Factors that lead to an event or effect
- Consequence: Effects or results of an event or action
- Way of Life: Traditional lifestyle practices of a group
- Physiographic region: Geographical region based on landform
- Dwelling: Housing structures
- Linguistic group: Groups classified by language
- Subsistence Activity: Activities for survival or self-sufficiency
- Demographic: Population characteristics
Bering Strait Theory
- First occupants crossed the Bering land bridge from Asia to North America around 30,000 B.C.
- Melting ice in 15,000 B.C. created a corridor, allowing access to the North American continent.
- Settlers migrated and developed into different groups by 12,000 B.C., eventually reaching Quebec.
Algonquian Way of Life
- Way of Life: Nomadic hunter-gatherers, moving to follow game
- Social: Patriarchal society, men/fathers in control
- Dwellings: Wigwams
- Political: Band chief's power based on hunting and leadership skills
Iroquois Way of Life
- Way of Life: Sedentary farmers (agriculture) in the fertile St. Lawrence Lowlands
- Social: Matriarchal (women/mothers in control) society
- Dwellings: Longhouses surrounded by palisades
- Political: Village council of men appointed by clan mothers
Inuit Way of Life
- Way of Life: Nomadic, hunting seals, walrus, whales, and caribou, moving seasonally
- Social: Patriarchal society, men/fathers in control
- Dwellings: Igloos in winter, tents in summer, using parkas and dogsleds
- Physiographic Region: Arctic regions of Northern Quebec and Canada
Roles of Men and Women (Iroquois and Algonquian)
- Iroquois Men: Hunted, fished, built longhouses, traded and defended community
- Iroquois Women: Practiced agriculture, gathered food for the family
- Algonquian Men: Fished, hunted, crafted canoes, snowshoes, and wigwams
- Algonquian Women: Domestic tasks, cooked, prepared items, cared for children
Passing of Knowledge
- Elders shared myths, legends, and history to preserve culture for future generations
Alliances and Rivalries
- Alliances: Partnerships between groups
- Rivalries: Conflicts between groups.
European Exploration in 15th and 16th Centuries
- Turks blocked traditional Asian trade routes in 1453
- Europeans sought new routes to Asia, leading to the discovery of North America
- France established New France and claimed land, involving fur trade relationships with Indigenous peoples
Cod Fisheries off Newfoundland
- John Cabot discovered major fishing grounds (the Great Fishing Banks) in 1497
- Cod fishing and whaling became an important economic activity for Europe
Voyages of Jacques Cartier
- Goals: Colonial empire, westward route to Asia, precious metals, convert Indigenous people to Christianity
- Voyages: Explored the St. Lawrence River, established settlements, although not fully successful.
Economy Policy - Mercantilism
- Colony existed to provide raw materials (fur) to the mother country (France)
- France manufactured goods and sold them to colonies and other countries for profit
Religious Role of the Catholic Church
- Education, healthcare
- Evangelization
Consequences of Fur Trade
- Negative impact on Indigenous populations (disease, loss of territory, disruption of culture)
- European population growth and expansion
Seigneurial System
- Land division system in New France intended to spread settlement
- Land divided into long narrow strips perpendicular to rivers, facilitating easy communication and providing access to water.
Fur Trade
- Indigenous peoples hunted for fur and traded with French
- French processed fur into finished products (hats, coats) to sell in Europe.
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Description
Explore the Bering Strait Theory, detailing the migration of the first occupants from Asia to North America around 30,000 B.C. This quiz examines key terms related to economic, cultural, political, and social aspects of the groups that settled in North America. Test your knowledge on the factors and consequences of this significant historical event.
