US History PDF - Early Explorations and Colonization

Keywords: Bering Strait, agricultural revolution, Erikson, Columbus, Hudson, Cabot, Vespucci, Verazzano, De Leon, De Soto, Coronado, De Vaca QUESTIONS: When did the first people come to North America and why? Where did they come from? What were the leading nations sending e...

Keywords: Bering Strait, agricultural revolution, Erikson, Columbus, Hudson, Cabot, Vespucci, Verazzano, De Leon, De Soto, Coronado, De Vaca QUESTIONS: When did the first people come to North America and why? Where did they come from? What were the leading nations sending explorers to North America? What reasons did they have? Name the most important explorers and the areas they discovered. What were the typical features of Spanish explorations of North America? Early American History Nomadic bands started to cross into North America from Asia via the Bering Strait between 12,000 and 14,000 years ago. The Bering Landbridge Water was frozen at the time so it was possible Migration across North America Phases of evolution I Beringian (12,000 to 8,000 B.C.): development of spear points and kill sites, improvement of hunting skills, creation of new tools. more food = growth of the size of population (more people survived) II Archaic (8,000 to 500 B.C.): an agricultural revolution due to the change in climate brought changes in agricultural possibilities, III Post-Archaic (500 B.C. to 1600 A.D.): complex growth and environmental adaptation among distinct societies First Explorations - countries Leading European countries: England Holland France Spain Portugal First Explorations - reasons looking for an all-water route to Asia - new trade routes credit and investment capital became available, the advancement of geographical knowledge, ships, and seamanship – NEW TECHNOLOGIES, NEW KNOWLEDGE seeking treasure to finance the spread of Christianity, the rise of Nation states (Portugal, Spain, France, and England) – needed land to expand. RESOURCES, SPICES ETC. Major explorers – the Atlantic Coast Lief Erikson may have visited Northern Canada (referred to as “Vinland”) in 1000 AD (Bjarni Herjulfsson – 10th century AD) John Cabot (1497, England) explored Nova Scotia and Newfoundland; died on a later voyage Giovanni de Verrazano (1524, France) and Jacques Cartier (1531-34, France) Eastern Coast of North America and the St. Lawrence Valley Henry Hudson (1609, Holland) Hudson River Valley Spanish explorers – the south Christopher Columbus (October 12, 1492; Spain) seeking a shortcut to Asia (India in particular) the Caribbean ships: the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria to Europe: potatoes, tobacco, corn, tomatoes nowadays the people called the Natives or the Native Americans Amerigo Vespucci (1507, Spain, Portugal) helped to distinguish America as a new continent Ponce De Leon (1513 - 1520, Spain) explored Florida – mapping = spent a long time there searching for the Fountain of Youth Christopher Columbus Hernando de Soto (1539-1542, Spain) Mississippi Valley (Mississippi) up to Arkansas Francisco Vasquez de Coronado (1540- 1542, Spain) Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and the Midwest Plains Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca (Spain) the Southwest Keywords: Roanoke Island, Walter Raleigh, Jamestown, Pocahontas, John Smith, Plymouth, Thanksgiving, Pilgrims, Puritans, Massachusetts Bay, John Winthrop, Rhode Island, New Amsterdam, New York, Pennsylvania, Georgia QUESTIONS: What was the first English colony founded in North America? Which colony was helped by Native Americans and Pocahontas? Which colony is associated with the first Thanksgiving? When and why did it take place? Who were the Puritans and what was typical of their colony? Comment on the origin of Rhode Island, New Amsterdam (New York), Pennsylvania and Georgia. Two types of colonies commercial – investors were needed to finance projects. proprietorship/proprietary - dreamed of forming vast estates and founding noble families (not unlike feudal times) Roanoke Island 1587 [present-day] = North Carolina established by Sir Walter Raleigh 107 men, women, and children settled here became known as the “Lost Colony” EUROPE: England X Spain = not safe to cross the Atlantic Jamestown Virginia, 1607 104 people Pocahontas and John Smith 1619 - first black slaves came to the colonies o every colony had slavery of some sort. Plymouth Colony New England (Cape Cod), 1620 102 settlers (only 50 were Pilgrims) Mayflower (ship) and Mayflower Compact = document, promise to work for good of the Colony (attempt at self-government) a three-day celebration of the successful harvest in October 1621 - the basis for the annual Thanksgiving tradition The Natives helped significantly. Nowadays – celebration 1st November Pilgrims: religious autonomy, sect Puritans: to purify the church Native Americans – no tolerance for alcohol At first friendly: the British = friendly, more neutral  the French = friendly with the Natives the Spanish = radical, killings Buffalo = main source of food for the Natives Killing for sport by colonizers = not enough food for the Natives Massachusetts Bay Puritans and John Winthrop (= first governor) – 1629 came to Massachusetts for religious freedom. A Model for Christian Charity - a document stating that, if successful, the new colony was composed of “god’s chosen people” – belief = better than the rest City Upon a Hill Boston and Harvard University established by the Puritans strict Puritan rules Bible taken literally Simple life = no plays, no popular songs, no dancing, no luxury, no pleasure, no pleasurable drinks, or foods Possible for woman to divorce the husband if she wasn’t sexually satisfied or man couldn’t produce heirs Theocracy (Puritan Theocracy) Education encouraged – literacy = reading, studying the Bible ▪ Universities Rhode Island smallest US state today 1644 - Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson - banned from Massachusetts as exiles and religious heretics for their actions and belief in religious tolerance PROGRESSIVE: wanted separation of Church and State, women to have rights, to give payment for the taking of Indian lands, etc. 13 colonies Founded between 1660-1732: Virginia – 1607 Massachusetts – 1620 New York – in 1626 Manhattan obtained from Indians for $24 (the Dutch) and named New Amsterdam, later taken over by the British = New York Maryland - 1632 - named after virgin Mary, proprietary colony, Lord Baltimore Rhode Island – 1636 Connecticut – 1636 Delaware – 1638 New Hampshire - 1638 North Carolina - 1653 South Carolina - 1663 New Jersey - 1664 Pennsylvania - 1681 - William Penn, a Quaker o Quakers = liberal, no violence – pacifists, religious tolerance Georgia -1732 - for prisoners, penal colony for the British Keywords: colonial America, Hancock, Jefferson, Adams, Paine, Washington, Franklin, Taxation without Representation, Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party, Continental Congresses, Concord, Lexington, Declaration of Independence, Saratoga, Yorktown, Treaty of Paris, Articles of Confederation, Constitution, Hamilton QUESTIONS: Characterize life in Colonial America (government, lifestyle, culture...). Who were the most important personalities of the Colonies who also participated in forming the new nation? Name the most important acts imposed on the Colonies by the British. What events preceding the American Revolution is the city of Boston associated with? What were the Continental Congresses? Where and how did the War for Independence begin? When and where was the Declaration of Independence signed? What was the impact of the battle of Saratoga? When and how did the War for Independence end? What was the origin and function of the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution? Comment on the structure of the Constitution and the political system the document established. Who was Alexander Hamilton? Key personalities of the Colonies John Hancock richest man in New England the largest signature on the Declaration of Independence ▪ joke: provoking the King of England John Adams later the second President of the United States voice of caution Thomas Jefferson would write the Declaration of Independence later the third President of the United States Thomas Paine advocate for individual rights wrote Common Sense (It is against common sense to be ruled by the British) ▪ pamphlet = short, “educational,” practical George Washington a wealthy landowner and slave owner leader of the Colonial Army the first President Benjamin Franklin politician, inventor (lighting rod, binoculars), writer, diplomat, … librarian – opened 1st library hard work = you could be anything you want to be ▪ one of the first examples of American Dream Events leading to the War Seven Years War - 1756-1763 = French and Indian War Most of tribes joined France UK x FR Treaty of Paris - 1763 - ended the war Revenue (Sugar) Act - 1764 – increase in customs revenue Money needed after the war Taxation without representation Stamp Act - 1765 stamp for official paper Currency Act - 1764 colonial money useless Quartering Act – 1765 colonists pay for housing British troops Townshend Acts: customs on tea, paper, paint, glass, and lead Tea Act – 1772 another tea tax Boston Massacre - 1770 4 or 5 people (Colonists) were killed Start = drunk people started throwing snowballs at guards Title of news article really brought attention to the event Boston Tea Party - 1773  150 colonists dressed up as Mohawk Indians threw a shipload of tea in the harbor Intolerable Acts - 1774 British Response to these actions (Boston Tea Party) - clamp down on colonies Closing of the Boston harbour The First Continental Congress – 1774 how to deal with England and its acts against the colonies in Philadelphia To support people of Boston, but also British interests NO TALK ABOUT WAR YET The War breaks out April 18, 1775 – Concord, Lexington No official declaration of war British army was marching from Boston to Concord – horse rider to warn British about potential threat Lexington: meeting at the square – tension – accidental shot = START OF THE WAR ▪ Minutemen X British Militia: “the shot heard round the world “ The Second Continental Congress – 1775 As American government = declaration of war The colonial army was established Goal: to break free Bunker Hill (1775) victory for the British The course of the War Declaration of Independence: July 4, 1776 Thomas Jefferson and committee Equal rights: life, liberty, pursuit of happiness (= American Dream) Saratoga - 1777 a decisive victory for US brought the French into the conflict OTHER COUNTRIES IN THE WAR: ▪ France on the US side ▪ Netherlands on the US side ▪ Spain supported France Yorktown – 1781 Gen. Cornwallis surrendered last major clash of the war 1782 – start of the peace negotiations Treaty of Paris – 1783 ended war and gave colonies their independence DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE After the War didn’t want anything British the office of the President established (George Washington) Alexander Hamilton – financial program Republicanism vs. Federalism Republicanism: power to the states, feared tyranny Federalism: power to the government, feared anarchy Articles of Confederation = first attempt at some form of Constitution too much power given to the states ▪ arguing, chaos US Constitution written in 1787 ratified in 1788, still valid in its original form Part I – only political matters: Legislative branch/power  Executive branch/power Judicial branch/power (You could gain citizenship – conditions had to be met first) PART I – THE DOCUMENT A. The Preamble B. The Articles – 7 Article I – legislative branch Article II – executive branch Article III – judicial branch Article IV – uniform relationship between states Article V – procedure for amending and changing the Constitution Article VI – establishes the Constitution as supreme law Article VII – states how the Constitution would be ratified by the states of the Union PART II – AMENDMENTS 27 additions to the Document Social, …, political changes = people part Amendments 1 -10 = Bill of Rights o Freedom of speech, press, religion, … o Right of peaceful assembly, to bear arms, … o ………. THE US POLITICAL SYSTEM Keywords: Louisiana Purchase, Lewis and Clark, Pike, the Monroe Doctrine, the War of 1812, the Battle of Baltimore, the Star-Spangled Banner, Manifest Destiny, transcendentalism, feminism, the Mexican War, Jackson, the Seminoles, Trail of Tears QUESTIONS: What were the consequences of the Louisiana Purchase? What did the expeditions find there? What did the Monroe Doctrine say? What were the causes and consequences of the War of 1812? What was the Trail of Tears and whom did it affect? What policy did Andrew Jackson have concerning Native Americans? What was transcendentalism and who were the main representatives? Louisiana Purchase 1803 Louisiana bought from France – doubled the size of the USA Unknown territory = expeditions Lewis and Clark 1804 – 1806 – goal: reach the West Coast Native American girl = their guide Carried her baby on her back NAME: Sacagawea Pike 1805 -1806, 1806-1807 Sacagawea The War of 1812 Anglo-American conflict economic reasons – American trade was hurt (the ChesapeakeLeopard incindent – 1807) to get rid of British influence in Canada, the Indian question 1814 - Washington, D.C. burnt by the British Francis Scott Key – The Star-Spangled Banner (Battle of Baltimore) Originally: poem Now: anthem - 1931 1814 - Treaty of Ghent Winner: US ▪ Stopped British from spreading The Monroe Doctrine 1823 - America was no longer field for colonization intervention considered unfriendly American Society „eastern“ vs. Frontier women Boom of education, transportation – network of roads transcendentalism (Emerson, Thoreau) self-reliance and independence discovering the world through intuition and senses (transcending) Alexis de Tocqueville – Democracy in America Wondering what makes America so special Feminism Economic independence, certain rights First Women’s rights convention – Seneca Falls, NY –1848 Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott GOALS: economic and political independence to acknowledge the need for a feminist movement to establish the rights and equality of women in political and economic matters Only talking, nothing really changed Declaration of Sentiment Paraphrasing the Declaration of Independence Manifest Destiny coined by John O’Sullivan in 1845 “to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions” to justify the American expansion Fights in Mexico - reasons westward expansion met with opposition by Mexico in TX and OR TX a Mexican territory with American majority – wanted to create their republic Texas Revolution Mexico launched an attack in TX 1836 – Alamo – all Texan defenders killed 1836 – Battle of San Jacinto – Mexican army defeated, Texas Revolution coming to an end after the Revolution Mexico still considered TX its territory Mexican War - 1845 US decided to take TX – declared war on Mexico part of Manifest Destiny Mexico invaded and Mexico City taken Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo The Mexican Cession – Alta California, New Mexico for $ 15 million Alaska Alaska purchased for 7.2 million dollars by Congressman Seward from Russia in 1867 “Seward’s Icebox” or “Seward’s folly” Wild West 1870 - 1890 = the period of the “Wild West” or of the “Frontier” gunfighters, Indians, and Bank Robbers were in the media Billy the Kid, Jesse James, Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, Calamity Jane, Annie Oakley, Wyatt Earp, Wild Bill Hickock, Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse, Geronimo, Buffalo Bill, etc. the media created the first and most successful American myth violence was exaggerated to be more entertaining Stages of settling the West (1840 to 1890) I Explorers (soldiers, missionaries, and trappers) II Miners III Ranchers – Cowboys IV Farmers - end of the open range and the “wilderness”, barbed wire (1874) made it possible to fence in treeless plains Capitalism The Gilded Age (1890 - 1910) – term coined by Mark Twain and Charles D. Warner - everything looked perfect in the US society, but corruption, decay and abuse run deep 1880s-90s – production of coal and iron grew fast new sources discovered Robber Barons (captains of industry) hard work, ability, ignoring the rights of others  American Dream Andrew Carnegie (from Scotland, young boy alone) iron and steel industry, coal and iron ore mines, fleet of steamships Capitalism - continued John D. Rockefeller – oil industry Cornelius Vanderbilt – railroads (Henry Ford – automobiles) independent industries merged into large companies => corporations => trusts trusts established monopolies with high prices and unfair labor practices immigration and urbanization Keywords: capitalism, Robber Barons, Second Industrial Revolution, immigration, urbanization, the Frontier, the Wild West, Custer, Sitting Bull, Little Bighorn, Ghost Dance Movement, Wounded Knee, Spanish American War, T. Roosevelt, colonial expansion, American imperialism QUESTIONS: Characterize the economic policies of the USA at the end of the 19th century. Who were Robber Barons? What were the notorious clashes between White people and the Natives in the 2nd half of the 19th century? What were the causes and consequences of the Spanish-American War? What was Roosevelt's Big Stick Diplomacy? Characterize immigration to the USA in the 2nd half of the 19th century. Immigration Statue of Liberty - presented to the U.S. by the French in 1886 1840-60 – boom of immigration 1845 – potato famine in Ireland during the 1860s the U.S. government encouraged emigration from Europe to get volunteers for the army  mostly German immigrants 1880s – immigrants from the south and east of Europe (Italians, Poles, Russians, Hungarians, Czechs) Spanish-American War 1898 desired by manufacturers, missionaries, banks, brokers, steelmakers, and oilmen fought to: expand and protect their trade markets overseas capture valuable mineral deposits acquire land which was good for growing fruit, sugar, and tobacco “liberate Cuba” to sell newspapers (Hearst and Pulitzer) – yellow journalism ▪ making up stories, exaggeration ”Cuba question” - Spanish repression of natives - fanned by newspapers the battleship Maine blows up mysteriously in Havana Harbor (2/15/98) killing 260 Americans President McKinley calls for war the “Splendid little war” ended quickly (3 months) America took control of the Philippines, Guam, Wake Island, and Puerto Rico, Cuba became a protectorate 1890-1920 – a period of reforms labor laws, building codes, health and safety codes, minimum wage law, workman’s compensation women brought into politics National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) W.E.B. DuBois (degree from Harvard) 18th Amendment - outlawed alcohol (1919) 19th Amendment - gave women the right to vote (1920) “Muckrakers” = start of investigative journalism Interested in true state of American society Book” The Jungle” = uncovering true working conditions of people ▪ Brought CHANGES Situation at the turn of the century under Roosevelt, America became a colonial power Colonial superpower = US replaces UK uprisings and disputes in US “colonies” Philippines Cuba Puerto Rico Haiti Nicaragua the Dominican Republic construction of the Panama Canal started Roosevelt Corollary - reinforced Monroe Doctrine, US would “police” Latin America  Keywords: Sectional Crisis, Missouri Compromise, Abolishionist movement, F. Douglass, H. Tubman, Underground Railroad, Fugitive Slave Act, Bleeding Kansas, A. Lincoln, Confederacy, Davis, Grant, Sherman, Lee, Shiloh, Antietam, Gettysburg, Emancipation Proclamation, Appomatox Courthouse, Reconstruction, Jim Crow, Black Codes, KKK, Plessy v. Ferguson, Separate but equal QUESTIONS: What were the main differences between the individual sections of the USA? What did the Missouri Compromise regulate? What did the abolitionist movement want to achieve? Name some representatives. What was the Underground Railroad? What was the Confederacy? Name at least two generals of the "North" and the "South". What was the significance of the battle of Gettysburg? Who was the author of the Emancipation Proclamation and what was it? Where did the Civil War end and how? What do the terms Black Codes and the Separate but Equal Doctrine refer to? Blacks in America 1808 – import of new slaves prohibited trade continued, same conditions by 1810 – 7.2 million people in the U.S. (1.2 million black slaves) the South – large plantations  supported slavery important for economy King Cotton, agriculture  Eli Whitney – Cotton Gin machine used to process cotton pushed workers/slaves to work harder and harder Masters started to hire overseers ▪ Pay on commission ▪ Cruelty, beatings Abolitionists - 19th century - wanted to abolish slavery Frederick Douglass Harriet Tubman The Underground Railroad – network of secret routes from the South to the North and Canada Canada = ideal destination Codes, passwords, guides (conductors) Harriet Tubman = conductor ▪ Used to be slave ▪ On the field with men ▪ Set free by her master = freed slave Decided to help other slaves to freedom Slave Life plantation =20 or more slaves slaves worked as field workers and domestic servants education was prohibited slaves treated as property African-American sub-culture (music, sense of humour, dialect, religion) Events leading to the war the Sectional Crisis widened (the North X the South) by 1820s – Missouri Compromise – slavery permitted in Missouri and Arkansas, banned west and north of Missouri effective for 30 years new state: for every slave state one non-slave state added 1830s – argument over import duties (taxes) Higher duties: the North (getting rid if competition) Lower duties: the South new ‘Fugitive Slave Act’- allowed hunting of slaves  professional bounty hunters (1850) 1854 –the Missouri Compromise ended  fighting and killing between abolitionists and supporters of slavery  “bleeding Kansas” Dred Scott Case – a slave asked to be proclaimed free, Congress refused to do so (1857) John Brown’s raid at Harpers’s Ferry (1859) EXUCUTED the beginning of Lincoln’s political career The warrying parties – the North North = the Union (23 states) President Lincoln, Gen.Ulysses S. Grant, William T. Sherman advantages: greater population, more industry, better transportation and communications, navy, more money disadvantages: over-confident, less well-trained army Union generals W. T. Sherman Gen.Ulysses S. Grant The warrying parties – the South South = the Confederate States of America (Confederacy) - 11 states President Jefferson Davis, capital Richmond, VA advantages: better generals (Robert E. Lee, ‘Stonewall’ Jackson), knew the land (battles in the South), believed in their cause disadvantages: smaller population, less technology, grew many crops that could not be used for food Confederate generals Robert Edward Lee ‘Stonewall’ Jackson Confederate flag The course of the war 2 main areas of fighting – VA and its vicinity, Mississippi Valley the first two years - the South was winning 1861 – Fort Sumter (Charleston, SC) – war began there, Confederate victory http://www.civilwar.com/resources/battle-map-27475.html 1862 - Shiloh, TN – sudden counterattack by the Confederacy, Union led by Gen. Grant managed to force the Confederate army back 1862 - Antietam, MD – battle prevents U.K. and France from helping the South – prevented them from recognizing the country, strategic victory for the Union 1862 – Emancipation Proclamation officially freed all slaves in the South only (came in force in 1863) 1863 – the North wins at Vicksburg, MS In between a Confederate army = harder communication  1863 – Battle of Gettysburg, PA - (3 days) turning point of war - “Gettysburg Address” (Lincoln visited battlefield) Win for the Union 1864 – Sherman’s March to the Sea Caused a lot of destruction to the South Plundering, burning anything, he encountered ▪ Houses destroyed, no food 1865 – Appomattox Courthouse, VA General Lee surrenders to General Ulysses S. Grant => end of war UNION = WINNER The result of the war one country again 635,000 casualties (more Americans than in any other war) The Reconstruction Era followed 1865 – President Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth 1865 – 13th amendment to Constitution = slavery prohibited 1866 - 14th amendment = blacks are citizens and have equal rights under the law 1870 - 15th amendment = blacks can vote Reconstruction Era increased segregation, racial violence Black Codes – new laws passed in 1865 and 1866 KuKluxKlan - persecuted blacks, ex-soldiers of Confederate Army (then), LATER = Social club by 1870 – new Reconstruction Governments – blacks, white southerners, and men from the north (carpetbaggers) carpetbaggers = men from the North – opportunity in the South ▪ bags made from carpets Jim Crow laws - different interpretations of the 14th Amendment (segregation, grandfather clauses = ONLY PERSON WHOSE GRANFATHER WAS FREE BEFORE 1865 CAN VOTE) 1896 – Plessy v. Ferguson = the “separate but equal” doctrine Plessy – 1/8 black, still a black Ferguson – judge = legal segregation After the Civil War - industrialization Natives vs. Whites President Andrew Jackson (1829-1837)- instituted first federal policy to displace or destroy Indians 1819 - Seminole War (FL) - first act of organized resistance by the Native Americans “Trail of tears” - a plan for the relocation and destruction of the Indian population the Black Hawk War (1832) - fought in Illinois - US government massacred Indians in vicious fighting 1830 – Indian Removal Act Natives vs. Whites II 1862 – Homestead Act = land from Native Americans 1876 – Battle of the Little Bighorn – U.S. General George Custer and 250 men vs. Chief Crazy Horse, Chief Sitting Bull and Sioux nicknamed “Custer’s last stand” – all whites killed result: Native Americans sent to reservations  George Armstrong Custer Crazy Horse Sitting Bull Ghost Dance Movement 1890 – Ghost Dance Movement Battle of Wounded Knee - Sioux led by Chief Big Foot few survivors, massacre, ended all hopes for a traditional way of life among the Sioux NOTES: Indian Removal Persecution, reservations Not much resistance, only local rebellions Seminole 1832-33 Cherokee 1835 – Trail of Tears ▪ Half of them died on the way ▪ Civilised, similar way of life – European-like Creek 1832 Chickasaw 1832 Keywords: Progressivism, isolationism, Lusitania, Wilson, Zimmermann Note, Versailles Treaty, Fourteen Points, League of Nations, Roaring 1920s, general prosperity, playing the market, stocks and shares, mass production, prohibition, organized crime, Black Thursday, Wall Street Crash, FDR, New Deal, Agencies, Social Security Act Keywords: isolationism, Neutrality Acts, the Allies, the Axis, Manhattan Project, Africa Korps, Operation Overlord, D-Day, Eisenhower, Pearl Harbor, island hopping, Battle of the Coral Sea, Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, NATO QUESTIONS: (TOPIC 7) What was the initial position of the USA toward WWI and why did it change? Name Woodrow Wilson's efforts during and after WWI. What was the content of the Versailles Treaty? Characterize the period of the 1920s in the USA. What facilitated the boom of organized crime in the 1920s and 30s? What were the causes and consequences of the Wall Street Crash? What did F.D. Roosevelt do to help US economy recover from the Crash? QUESTIONS: (TOPIC 8) What was the initial position of the USA toward WWII and why did it change? Characterize the American involvement in the fights in Europe. What was Operation Overlord and who was in charge of it? What was the result of this operation? What was the role of the USA in fights in the Pacific? What was the Truman Doctrine? Characterize the Marshall Plan. THE GREAT WAR Allies = France, Great Britain, Russia v. Central Powers = Germany, Austria British navy prevented German ships from trading with the U.S. trade between the U.S. and the Allies grew 1915 – Germans would sink Allied merchant ships in the seas around Great Britain 1915 – British passenger ship Lusitania was sunk Wilson re-elected president, supported peace March 1, 1917 – the Zimmermann Note (Telegram) – made public to bring US to war (British aware of its contents for some time) Letter to Japan and Mexico to attack US April 2, 1917 – the Congress declared war on Germany November 11, 1918 – an armistice signed French President Georges Clemenceau – wanted to punish Germany Wilson did not want to leave Germany with a lot of grievances the Versailles Treaty was signed – Germany had to pay for the expenses of the war, had to admit its guilt Wilson wanted to set up a League of Nations (his effort failed) Wilson’s Fourteen Points (summary of his ideas and opinions) THE ROARING 1920S – SOCIETY Jazz Age, Hollywood, the Charleston... 1919- alcohol prohibited by the 18th Amendment  illegal drinking places, bootleggers Speakeasies (passwords) Bribery, crime on the rise (organised crime), corruption Al Capone – arrested for tax evasion New York City, Chicago = notorious for organised crime Mayor – Cermak (Czech origin) – against organised crime = was shot/killed Fashion of cocktails – not so much alcohol was needed 1920 – the 19th Amendment gave women suffrage “flapper” – “boob hair”, smoking in public ▪ New type of woman THE ROARING 1920S - ECONOMY U.S. very rich – countries owed it a lot of money after the WWI, enough raw materials, factories automobile production (Ford) assembly lines, mass production good wages  people invested in shares Republican governments looking after the interests of businessmen 1928 - H.Hoover elected president - believed in prosperity THE WALL STREET CRASH buying shares was a national hobby- could be bought on credit shares on demand  prices rising overproduction late 1920s - many people began to sell their shares Thursday, Oct 24, 1929 = Black Thursday – 13 million shares sold Tuesday, Oct 29, 1929 = Terrifying Tuesday – 15 million shares sold collapse of the U.S. share prices = Wall Street Crash THE GREAT DEPRESSION Franklin Delano Roosevelt – governor of N.Y., ran for presidency in 1932, against Hoover FDR cared for the welfare of ordinary people, federal government should fight the Depression New Deal (program of 3 R’s) = relief, recovery, reform government organizations called agencies (CCC – jobs, FERA, AAA – agriculture adjustments produce, NRA – prices, conditions…) public works: Hoover Dam, Golden Gate Bridge 1935 – the Social Security Act Money to those who can’t provide for themselves 1933 – prohibition ended - taxes 1939 – WWII broke out – helped US economy WWII 1930s - threat of a war in Europe policy of isolationism = Neutrality Acts passed 1939 – WWII broke out Germany controlled Europe (except for Britain), Japan was growing strong in Asia 1941 – the Congress accepted Roosevelt’s Lend Lease Plan WWII IN EUROPE 1942- Anglo-American forces landed in North Africa, Rommel’s Afrika Korps were defeated 1943- the Allies invaded Sicily and mainland Italy 1944 – Rome was freed June 6, 1944 – Normandy invaded (Operation Overlord, D-Day), Dwight ’Ike’ Eisenhower the Allies landing on the beaches of Normandy Paris was liberated on August 24, 1944 May 5, 1945 – Germany surrendered THE PACIFIC THEATER Japan under Emperor Hirohito 1941 - all shipments of oil were stopped  Japan had to look for new sources in Southeast Asia Japan determined to seize Southeast Asia and prevent the U.S. fleet from stopping them 1941 – Pearl Harbor was bombed Dec 8, 1941 – U.S. declared war on Japan and consequently Germany declared war on USA the Japanese were winning in the Pacific May 1942- the Battle of the Coral Sea a three-pronged attack by the Allies, island hopping July 16,1945 – the first A-bomb tested Aug 6 and 9 – Hiroshima and Nagasaki 200,000 civilians died in the two attacks August 14 – Japan surrendered AFTER THE WAR UN formed in spring 1945 women became part of the workforce 1947 – Truman Doctrine – containment of communism Marshall Plan NATO established in 1949 Keywords: Eisenhower, Eisenhower Doctrine, dynamic conservatism, Cold War, policy of containment, Red Scare, McCarthyism, Civil Rights Movement, MLK, Rosa Parks, Brown v. Board of Education, Montgomery Bus Boycott, MacArthur, Korea, Beat Poets, consumerism, space explorations, sit-ins, March on Washington, JFK, Cuban Missile Crisis, Bay of Pigs, Johnson, Great Society, War in Vietnam, Hippies, Nixon, Gulf of Tonkin, vietnamization, SALT, equality of sexes, Feminine Mystique, Watergate, Gerald Ford, Carter, Israeli-Egyptian Peace Accords, Iranian Hostage Crisis QUESTIONS: What was the Cold War and who was involved in it? How were education and transportation desegregated in the USA? What was the role of Martin Luther King in the Civil Rights Movement? What was McCarthyism and what impact did it have on the American society? How did culture and American lifestyle change in the 1950s? What countries did JFK's foreign policy focus on? What were the biggest achievements and failures of President Johnson? What presidents had to deal with the conflict in Vietnam and how? What did President Nixon do to improve relations with communist countries? What was the Watergate scandal and whom did it concern? What was the Iranian Hostage Crisis and how did it end? America in the 1950s Post-war America a period of prosperity spread of communist ideas to Central Europe and Asia in 1952, General Dwight David Eisenhower (Ike) elected president domestic policy = ‘dynamic conservatism’ (to limit federal interference in the affairs of the individual states and in private business) Civil Rights Movement 1954 - the existing ‘separate but equal’ policy ended (Brown vs. the Topeka Board of Education) Desegregation of schools Linda Brown was forced to walk long distance to coloured school through a dangerous neighbourhood even though school for white kids was far closer to where she lived Little Rock (AS), 1957 – violent desegregation of schools Black students prevented from entering school by mob National Guard had to step in Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955) - Rosa Parks refused to leave her bus seat, Martin Luther King, Jr. Cold War and Communism diplomatic tension between the USA and the Soviet Union weapon and space race policy of the containment of communist ideology Senator Joseph McCarthy: communist ‘witch hunts’, McCarthyism, ‘Red Scare’ Truman Doctrine – policy concerning communism "Support for democracies against authoritarian threats." the Marshall Plan (1947 to 1952) – European countries allowed to postpone repaying debts to America and offered the goods they needed Domino Theory = a geopolitical theory which posits that increases or decreases in democracy in one country tend to spread to neighbouring countries The conflict in Korea 1950-1953 Korea previously ruled by Japan NO TREATY ONLY CEASEFIRE divided into two parts by the 38th parallel of latitude North Koreans wanted to unite the country using military power Gen. Douglas Mac Arthur the conflict seemed as if it might drag on endlessly Stalin’s death - the Soviet Union lost its motivation to continue to support the conflict President Dwight Eisenhower - a ceasefire was signed in 1953 a draw, the political situation in Korea remained unchanged The crisis in the Middle East Eisenhower and his Secretary of State John Foster Dulles determined to establish friendly relations with the Arab nations 1955 - a league of Middle Eastern countries (METO – the Middle East Treaty Organization) established – a failure the ‘Eisenhower Doctrine’ (1957) - to uphold the integrity of all the Middle Eastern nations American society CLASH BETWEEN OLD GERERATION AND THE NEW ONE developments regarding atomic power Space explorations culture was booming - Rock n’ Roll, the Beat poets, Hollywood The American way of life was changing - suburban lifestyle  almost full employment, consumer society Space explorations – Explorer 1 Music of the 50s Rock’n’roll – Elvis Presley Hollywood icons Elizabeth Taylor Marilyn Monroe Marlon Brando James Dean (Rebel without the Cause) America in the 1960s The Civil Rights Movement sit-ins = the most popular form of racial protests in the 1960s the Greensboro sit-in black students came to supermarket canteen/restaurant and were refused to be served so they and others who joined them sat on the chairs every day till supermarket gave up (after 6 months) The Civil Rights Movement – March on Washington 1963 over 200,000 people singing “We Shall Overcome” towards Lincoln Memorial MLK’s ‘I Have A Dream’ speech Martin Luther King – peaceful way of protests Black Panthers or Black Muslims militant black groups radical, violent Didn’t want participation of the white people John Fitzgerald Kennedy won the election against Richard Nixon in 1960 role of the media was very important. the first catholic and youngest president in US history wife Jacqueline (Jackie) Was more popular than him. Injury from war = meditation = his sexual appetite has risen Womanizer, cheated on his wife a lot fairy-tale like life assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald in Dallas, TX in 1963 (Johnson took over as President) The Kennedys Oswald Johnson JFK‘s Domestic Policy Democrat founding NASA - the institution responsible for the further exploration of space Peace Corps - volunteers to assist developing countries. support of minority and women’s rights unable to push it through the Congress. JFK‘s Foreign Policy – Cuba JFK had to deal with two main foreign policy problems - Cuba and Vietnam Fidel Castro took control of Cuba in 1959 - supported by the U.S. government. the CIA started to train Cuban refugees for an armed invasion – the Bay of Pigs invasion (1961) 1962 - American satellites detected Russian missiles in Cuba – their position was strategic for any potential attack on the U.S.A. US missiles in Turkey = NEGOTIATIONS the USA decided to blockade Cuba. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) - almost caused a nuclear war, ended with Russia removing the missiles. Lyndon B Johnson became President in 1963, Democrat. The Great Society - fighting poverty, improving the educational system, protecting the rights of the elderly, bringing culture to the people, and protecting the environment. Medicare and Medicaid were established. 1964 - the Civil Rights Law prohibited racial discrimination in hotels, restaurants, and other public facilities The War in Vietnam 1950s – the territory in Southeast Asia belonged to the French. communist leader Ho Chi Min wanted to unite Vietnam. the country divided into two parts - the north was communist, the south non-communist. North Vietnamese guerilla army the Vietcong US assistance limited to material means during JFK’s presidency. 1964 - “attack” on USS Maddox in the Gulf of → Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (Johnson ordered an intense bombing campaign of North Vietnam), operation Thunderstorm, Tet Offensive - North Vietnamese violated the existing armistice and unexpectedly attacked South Vietnam My Lai massacre – civilians killed by both sides. Broadcast on TV In 1969 - Nixon wanted to bring the war to an end - ‘Vietnamization’ of the war Hippie Generation Anti-war movement, against any kind of war Coined in 1965 by Michael Fallon – an article about the Blue Unicorn coffeehouse General public opinion on Hippies = drugs rock’n’roll, radical political views FREE LOVE, FREE THOUGHT, FREE DRUGS Centre = Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco 1960s and 1970s Rejection of mainstream way of life Psychedelic experience, communal way a life, sharing, promiscuity Heroes: Ghandhi, Martin Luther King Pre-Christian mythologies, occult, and pagan philosophies of Europe America in the 70s and 80s Nixon‘s Foreign Policy - Vietnam the Vietnam problem unresolved Richard Nixon elected President of the U.S.A. - promised peace in Vietnam an ‘exit strategy’ to withdraw from the conflict without admitting defeat = “Vietnamization” U.S. soldiers began leaving Vietnam in 1973 1975 - North Vietnamese army invaded and captured Saigon changing its name to Ho Chi Minh City, supporters of the pro-American democratic regime forced to flee Nixon‘s Foreign Policy – China, the USSR and the Middle East appeasing the United States’ relationships with China and the Soviet Union 1972 - treaty called the Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty (SALT) limiting the use of atomic weapons by both parties. settling the tension in Israel and establishing closer relations with Egypt The Watergate Scandal associated with President Richard Nixon 1972 - five burglars were arrested in the Democratic Party’s national headquarters in the Watergate Building in Washington, D.C. Nixon denied any involvement with regard to subversive activities the scandal destroyed Nixon’s political career – he resigned before the impeachment processes could be initiated Nixon was pardoned by President Ford in 1974 The Watergate Scandal From Ford to Carter SALT II Israeli-Egyptian Peace Accord signed at Camp David, MD, in 1978 – Jimmy Carter Israel would return Sinai to Egypt in return for Egypt’s recognition of Israel as an autonomous nation The Iranian Hostage Crisis destroyed President Carter’s reputation in 1979 the Iranian Shah was overthrown by revolutionaries led by Ayatullah Ruhollah Khomeini Ford allowed the fleeing Shah to enter the U.S.A. a mob of fundamentalists occupied the American embassy in Tehran taking about 60 employees hostage The siege lasted for 444 days Carter ordered an armed rescue operation - disaster the end of the crisis - January 20, 1981 - the day of Ronald Reagan’s inauguration Social Issues efforts to return to conservative tendencies and traditional values Social Issues – Equality of Sexes to abolish discrimination against women in the workplace legalization of abortions (Roe vs. Wade), financial support for pre-school facilities Social Issues - Minorities Ethnic minorities - Latinos and Native Americans Homosexuals - 1974 - homosexuality no longer officially diagnosed or classified as a mental deviation The 1980s in America Ronald Reagan and his New Conservative Agenda actor turned president conservative, wanted to attack the New Deal welfare state mentality to restore capitalism, increase military spendings, cut down bureaucracy, reduce taxes no abortions, to reinstitute school prayers believed that all the evil came from Moscow nuclear and conventional weapons (antimissile system) – the” Star Wars” defense initiative Economy - Reagonomics free trade to put money into the hands of the rich → large debts → cuts in culture, education, housing, food stamps, etc. → more people living in poverty business slump, unemployment → to raise taxes the National debt increased significantly October 19, 1987 – Black Monday – selling shares Reagan‘s Foreign Policy Middle East - the Iran-Iraq war seemed to have no end, the US aided Iraq Iran-Contra dealings - Reagan apparently paid money to Iran to win the release of the hostages before becoming President in 1980 the profits made in the sale were to be given to the Contra rebels in Nicaragua; Reagan was also involved in funding other covert wars in Central America Central America: El Salvador - communist threats, Nicaragua - CIA training and supporting guerrilla bands,  Grenada -US invaded the island and deposed the radical regime, overthrowing a Communist military coup - 1983 Reagan Doctrine (1985)- the US would support anti-communist forces around the world and would not hesitate to intervene Important moments of Reagan‘s Presidency (1980-1988) Space shuttle Challenger exploded 241 US marines were killed in a terrorist attack in Lebanon during a “peace-keeping” mission Computers revolutionized American society big social contrasts – affluence vs. poverty AIDS 1987 – Reagan and Gorbachev signed a treaty eliminating intermediate-range nuclear forces Ronald Reagan George H.W. Bush Geoge H.W. Bush Becomes President experienced politician and diplomat lacked Reagan’s charisma and rhetorical skills promised no new taxes, to fight bigotry, illiteracy, homelessness wanted to get along with the Democratic majority in Congress Domestic Policy Issues fiscal problems drug abuse problems - cocaine addiction common fighting against poverty (mainly among minorities) Foreign Policy 2 wars: Panama - General Manuel Noriega was head of the government Gulf War – Saddam Hussein attacks Kuwait, operation Desert Storm