SAF102 Module 1 Exam Reviewer PDF

SAF102 Module 1 Exam Reviewer Topic 1. Introduction to occupational 2. Things or property safety and health standards 3. Environment 4. Business OSH standards - A set of mandatory rules on OSH Accident (...

SAF102 Module 1 Exam Reviewer Topic 1. Introduction to occupational 2. Things or property safety and health standards 3. Environment 4. Business OSH standards - A set of mandatory rules on OSH Accident (Occupational Safety and Health) - An undesired event that results in which codifies all safety orders harm to people, damage to property, Objective: or loss to process - Protection of workers from occupational risks and hazards Incident Coverage: - An undesired event which, under - All workplaces, except safety in slightly different circumstances, mines could have resulted in harm to people, damage to property, or loss to process Accidents are the result of: - Unsafe acts - Behaviors which could permit the occurrence of an accident or incident - Deviation from standard procedures or practices - Unsafe conditions - Circumstances which could Duties of safety man permit the occurrence of an - Act as the employer’s principal accident or incident assistant and consultant in the - Deviation from standard application of programs: conditions (equipment, - A. Removal of hazards materials, or environment) - B. Correct unsafe and unhealthy work practices Topic 2. Good housekeeping (5S) Appointment of safety man Poor Housekeeping - The Bureau of Working Condition - It is shown when your surroundings has the Authority to appoint safety have: man after completing the prescribed - Cluttered and poorly arranged areas training course. - Untidly piling of materials - A. removal of hazards - Improperly piled-on materials that - B. Correct unsafe and unhealthy results to damaging other materials work practices - Items no longer needed - Blocked aisles and passagesways Safety and health according to priority - Materials stuffed in corners and 1. Person out-of-the-way places  - Materials getting rusty and dirty from The 5S non-use 1. Seiri/ Sort/ Suriin - Excessive quantities of items a. Sorting out unnecessary - Overcrowded storage areas and items and discarding them shelves 2. Seiton/ Systemize/ Sinupin - Overflowing bins and containers a. The need to organize things - Broken containers and damaged 3. Seiso/ Sweep/ Simutin materials a. To sanitze or clean our workplace Seven wastes 4. Seiketsu/ Standardize/ Siguruhin 1. Scrap and rework a. To standardize what we are 2. Overproduction doing 3. Non-effective work 5. Shitsuke/ self-discipline/ sariling 4. Transportation kusa 5. Inventory a. To do this process without 6. Non-effective motion prodding 7. Waiting Topic 3. Construction Safety What is 5S 5S is a systemized approach to: Health - Organizing work areas - Shall connote a sound state of the - Keeping rules and standards body and mind of the worker, which - Maintaining discipline enables him to perform his job 5S utilizes normally, in a state of well-being - Workplace organization - Work simplification techniques Safe or safety 5S practice… - Shall refer to the physical or - Develops positive attitude among environmental conditions of work or workers employment, which substantially - Cultivates an environment of comply with the provision of this efficiency, effectiveness, and standard economy 5S philosophy Rule 1080 - personal protective equipment - Productivity comes from the and devices elimination of waste - Every employer shall at his own - It is necessary to attack the root expense furnish his workers with cause of a problem, not just protective equipment for the eyes, symptoms face, hands and feet, protective - Participation of everybody is shields and barrier whenever required necessary by reason of hazardous - To acknowledge that the human nature of the process or being is not infallible environment, chemical or radiological or other mechanical irritants or hazards capable of  causing injury or impairment in the Hand and arm function of any part of the body 1. Caught by moving parts through absorption, inhalation or 2. Cuts physical contact. 3. Burns 4. Irritating and infectious materials Body 1. Fall from heights 2. Drowning 3. Low level of oxygen 4. Hit solid or sharp objects Foot 1. Falling objects 2. Flying objects Types of hazards 3. Caught in between Eye and face 4. Struck into solid and sharp onkects 1. Flying objects 5. Stepping on sharp objects 2. Liquids 3. Injurious radiation 5 steps to tool safety 4. Glare 1. Check your tools regularly for wear 5. Or, combination of these hazards and damage 2. Use the correct tool for the job Respiratory 3. Keep your tools clean and in good 1. Harmful dusts condition 2. Fogs 4. Use appropriate safety equipment 3. Fumes 5. Keep hands clear of moving parts 4. Mists 5. Gases 6. Smokes 7. Sprays 8. Vapors Head 1. Falling and flying objects 2. Blows 3. Electric shock 4. Burns 5. Struck into an object 6. Hair protection General Requirements for Welding, Welding or Cutting Works shall be Grinding and Cutting prohibited: 1. In the performance of welding, 1. In areas not authorized by SAFETY. grinding and cutting operations, only 2. In areas where flammable materials approved equipment (blowpipes, are stored. torches, regulators, acetylene 3. In the presence of explosive generators, welding machine, etc.) atmosphere (e.g. mixture of that has been duly examined and flammable gases or vapors, dusts tested by a Safety Engineer or his with air). Safety trained representative, shall 4. In areas where large quantities of be used. exposed, readily ignitable materials 2. All cylinders or containers used for are stored. Examples of these storing compressed gases shall be materials are bulk sulfur, baled constructed, charged, and marked in paper, cotton, paint and other accordance with recognized safety gasoline-based products. practices. 3. Only qualified personnel are allowed Project Proponent must ensure that: to perform welding and cutting 1. All welding and cutting equipment operations. are properly maintained and in good working condition. Permissible Areas for Hot Works: 2. All personnel assigned to do the - Welding and cutting operation shall welding or cutting operation must be permitted only in areas that are or wear the prescribed personal have been made fire safe. The work protective equipment. area within the confines of a building 3. All combustible materials shall be at must be: least 35 feet away from the work a. A specific area designed or site. Where relocation is impractical, approved for such work (e.g. combustibles must be protected with maintenance shop) or a location that flameproof covers or shielded with is essentially free from any metal or fire resistant guards. combustible and flammable 4. All opening or cracks in walls, floors, contents, or or ducts within 35 feet of the work b. Where welding or cutting operations site must be tightly covered. cannot be practically moved 5. When a welding or cutting operation elsewhere, (e.g. as in most is to be conducted near combustible construction works) an area must be walls, ceilings, or roofs, a fire made fire safe by removing resistant shield or guard must be combustibles or protecting provided to prevent ignition. combustibles from any ignition 6. When a welding or cutting is to be source. conducted near a sprinkler head, the sprinkler head must be covered with a wet rag to avoid activating its alarm. The rag shall be removed  only after the welding or cutting work 4. Ladders should never be moved is completed. shifted, or extended while occupied 7. Fully charged and operable fire 5. Never carry an object or load that extinguishers, appropriate for the could cause you to lose your type of possible fire, shall be made balance available at all work sites. 8. Hose lines must always be Common cause of fall from ladder connected and ready for use. 1. The ladder is too short for the job to 9. The contractor’s project engineer or perform supervisor must obtain hot work 2. The ladder is set up on a slick or permit before commencing any unstable surface welding or cutting jobs. A copy of the 3. The ladder is set up improperly permit shall be displayed at the work 4. Someone or something bumps into site while the hot works is in the ladder progress. 5. The user experiences a loss of balance The Security Department 6. The user overreaches while standing - must not allow implementation of on the ladder any welding or cutting operation 7. The user slips from a step or rung without the necessary hot work permit. 4:1 rule Ladder safety 1. Ladders are best used as a means of getting from one level to another 2. They should only be used at or for short term work 3. They are only suitable for light work 4. Portable ladders are the most common ladders used in industry today 5. Many accidents are result from using Ladder rail extension ladders for a job when a scaffold or - When portable ladders are used for mobile access platform would have access to an upper landing surface, been safer and more efficient the side rails must extend at least 3 feet above the upper landing Ladder rules surface. When such an extension is 1. Always face ladder when ascending not possible, the ladder must be or descending secured, and a grasping device such 2. Use at least one hand to grasp as a grab rail must be provided to ladder assist workers in mounting and 3. Top of ladder should never be used dismounting the ladder. A ladder as a step extension must not deflect under a  load that would cause the ladder to slip off its support. Double-cleat ladder Topic 4. Machine safety - Use a double-cleat ladder (with center rail) or 2 or more ladders Machine - When ladders are the only way to - A tool used to make work easier. It is enter or exit a working area with 25 basically an assemblage of parts or more employees that transmit forces, motion, and - When a ladder will serve energy in a predetermine manner. simultaneous two-way traffic - It must be kept clear to permit free Hazardous mechanical motions and actions passage by workers. If free passage becomes restricted, a second point Actions: of access must be provided and 1. Cutting used 2. Punching 3. Shearing 4. Bending Motions 1. Rotating 2. Reciprocating (back and forth or up and down motion) 3. Traversing (movement in a straight, continuous line)  2. Preventing dangerous motions Importance of machine safety - Because we know that machines can cause: - Severe accidents Requirements of effective safeguards (Rule - Loss of trained and skilled 1200) employee/s 1. Must prevent contact, - Loss of production 2. Must be secured and durable, - Damage to equipment 3. Must provide protection against - Incurring training cost for new falling objects, employee/s 4. Must not creat new hazards, - Overtime cost 5. Must not create interference, - Possible litigation 6. Must allow safe maintenance - Accident investigation Measures to be considered 1. Fixed enclosing guards, Machines can also cause 2. Movable guards or pretcion devices, - Lost time expense 3. Protection appliances, - Cost of machine down time 4. Information, instruction, training, and - Cost of machine damage and supervision, repairs 5. Personal protective equipment - Lost time due to time spent on accident investigation and other Topic 5. Lockout/ Tagout statutory requirements - Loss of production Lockout (LO) - The placement of a physical Types of machine guards restraining isolating device, which 1. Preventing access ensures that the system cannot be operated or cannot release a hazardous energy Tagout (TO) - The placement of a warning/ identification tag on an energy isolating device to indicate that the system must be operated. It also  identifies the person who applied the 5. Failure to clear work areas before lock/ tag, and how to contact this restraining person Hazardous energy sources found in the workplace - Electrical - Sudden turning on of power source or stored energy in capacitors - Mechanical - Thermal - Such as steam or due to chemical reaction - Potential - Stored energy that may be due to gravity, hydraulics, pneumatics, vacuum, or springs Type of lock-out devices - Plug locks - Ball valve lock-out - Gate valve lock-out - Group lock-out hasp - Electrical - Hydraulic, pneumatic, and other pressurized systems Lock-out procedure - Alert the operator(s) that power is being disconnected - Preparation for shutdown - Equipment shutdown - Equipment isolation - Application of lock-out devices The fatal five main causes of maintenance - Control of stored energy injuries - Equipment isolation-verification 1. Failure to stop equipment 2. Failure to disconnect from power Removal of Lock-out source - Ensure equipment is safe to operate 3. Failure to dissipate (bleed, - Safeguard all employees neutralize) residual energy - Remove lock-out/tag-out devices. 4. Accidental restarting of equipment Except in emergencies, each device  must be removed by the person who placed it. - Last person to take off lock - Follow checklist Simple locking/tagging devices  Signages Red - Fire quenching materials Yellow - Materials inherently hazardous Occasionally you may see a yellow tag Blue - gases of inherently low hazard without a lock on a piece of equipment that Green - liquids of inherently low hazard is out of service - This machine is tagged out because it will not run - The tag will tell you what is wrong with the equipment - Never attempt to operate equipment that has been tagged Topic 6. Fire Safety References used: Occupational safety and health standards Rule 1940 (Fire protection and control) Implementing rules and regulations (IRR) of republic act no. 9514 otherwise known as the “fire code of the Philippines of 2008” IRR of fire code covers the ff: - All persons; - All private or public buildings, facilities, or structures and their premises erected or constructed before and after the effectivity hereof; - Design and installation of mechanical, electronics, and electrical systems relative to fire protection; - manufacturing, storage, handling, and/ or use, transportation of explosives and/or combustible,  flammable liquids and gases, toxic c. Occupant Load – one person for and other hazardous materials and each 1.9m² of net classroom operations, and their wastes; area. - Fire safety planning, design, i. One person for each 4.6 m² construction, repair, maintenance, of net area of shops, rehabilitation, and demolition; laboratories and other - Fire protective and warning similar rooms. equipment or systems; ii. One person for each 3.3 m² - All land transportation vehicles and of net area of dry equipment, ships or vessels docked nurseries/sleeping facilities. at piers or wharves or anchored in d. Size – new stair width : 2000 - Petroleum industry installations persons = 1420 mm e. Arrangement / Remoteness – Fire safety requirements of: without automatic sprinkler - Places of assembly system : ½ of the maximum - Educational occupancy overall diagonal dimension. - Daycare occupancy i. With automatic sprinkler - Health care occupancy system 1/3 of the maximum - Residential board and care overall diagonal dimension. - Detention and correctional f. Travel Distance – without occupancy Sprinkler System : not exceeding - Residential occupancy 42 meters. - Mercantile occupancy i. With sprinkler system : not - Business occupancy exceeding 61 meters. - Industrial occupancy g. Discharge – terminate directly at - Storage occupancy a public way or at an exterior exit - Special structures discharge. h. Dead-End – not exceed 6 meters Fire safety requirements (Fire code): 2. Door Educational occupancy a. Doors shall swting in the 1. Means of egress (Fire exit) direction of exit travel a. Number – Every room or space b. Every clost door latch shall be with a capacity of 50 or more open from the inside of the clost persons or over 93m² area shall c. Not less than 71 cm in clear have at least 2 doorways as width remote from each other. d. No single door in a doorway shall i. Not less than 2 separate exceed 122 cm in width exits on every storey. 3. Lightings and signs b. Capacity – stairway (1 person for a. Illumination of mean of means of every 760mm width.) egress. i. Level components and b. All signs must be illuminated. ( Ramps (500mm width per “EXIT”, “NOT AN EXIT”, “TO person) BASEMENT”, “STORE ROOM”,  “LINEN CLOSET” with a. An area for general storage shall directional signs. be separated from other building c. Size of Exit Sign : 15 cm height by construction having a fire and 19 mm width. resistance rating of not less than d. Emergency lights to interior and 1 hour. windowless rooms, areas, and b. All openings shall be protected corridors. with self-closing fire doors, Areas 4. Protection of Vertical Openings with high hazard contents – a. Any interior stairways and other provide with both fire-resistive vertical openings shall be construction and automatic fire enclosed and protected. suppression system, 5. Fire Detection, Alarm and c. Cooking equipment shall be Communication System protected, unless the cooking a. Manual – every educational equipment is : outdoor building equipment, portable equipment, b. Automatic – if building is equipment used only for food protected with Automatic Fire warming. Suppression System 6. Automatic Fire Suppression System Fire safety requirements (Fire code): a. Every portion of the building, Residential occupancy (single and two below floor level, exit level and family dwellings) all floors above shall be provided with supervised Sprinkler 1. Means of Egress (Fire Exit) System. a. Number – In any dwelling of b. When the building is classified as more than 2 rooms, used for high rise. sleeping, living or dining 7. Fire Extinguisher purposes shall have at least a. Low Hazard – 1 unit per 200 m², two means of escape at least or travel distance of 15 meters. one with door or stairway b. Moderate hazard – 1 unit per providing travel to outside of 100 m², or travel distance of 12 the bldg. at street or ground meters. level. c. High hazard – 1 unit per 75 m², ○ No room or space shall be or 1 unit every 10 meters of occupied for living or travel distance. sleeping purposes which is 8. Standpipe accessible only by a ladder, a. The design, installation and folding stairs or through a maintenance of standpipe trap door. systems shall be in accordance ○ Every sleeping room shall with NFPA 14, Standard have at least one (1) outside installation of Standpipe System, window. private hydrant and hose ○ No required path of travel to systems. the outside from any room 9. Hazardous Areas shall be through another  room or apartment not under - Each single and two family dwelling the immediate control of the shall be provided with portable fire extinguisher : occupant of the first room or 1. Low Hazard his family, not through a a. 1 unit per 200 square meters, bathroom or other space travel distance of 15 meters subject to locking. 2. Moderate Hazard ○ No exit access from sleeping a. 1 unit per 100 square meters, travel distance of 12 meters rooms to outside shall be 3. High Hazard less than 90 cm wide. a. 1 unit per 75 square meters, 1 b. Capacity Exit– stairway : one unit every 10 meters of travel person for every 760mm. distance. ○ Level component and ramps : one Person for every 500 Tank storage for flammable and combustible mm liquids c. Dimension of Stair way – 1. Tanks used for flammable and Less than 50 occupants, the combustible liquids shall be built of minimum width shall be 915 steel mm, except projections not 2. Tanks may be built of materials other more than 114mm at or than steel for underground below handrail height on installation or if required by the each side. properties of the liquid stored shall ○ Maximum height of risers be designated to specifications 180mm approved for the purpose ○ Minimum height of risers 3. Unlined concrete tanks may be used 100mm for storing flammable or combustible ○ Minimum tread depth 280mm liquids having a gravity of 40 degrees or heavier 2. Fire Alarm and Detection System 4. Tanks located aoive ground or inside - Each living unit or sleeping room buildings shall be of shall be installed with single-station non-combustible construction smoke or heat detectors. 3. Door Design and fabrication - No doors in the path of travel 1. Conformed to the American providing means of escape shall be Petroleum Institute and the ASME less than seventy centimeters ( 70cm ) boiler and pressure vessels code of clear width. - Every closet door latch shall be such 2. Plans for fabrication processes shall that children can open the door from be approved and supervised by the inside the closet. bureau - Every bathroom door lock shall be designed to permit the opening of the locked door from the outside in an emergency. 4. Fire Extinguisher  5. Reference distances for use in Table 45b-e shall be as provided in Table 45f. 6. The distance between two storage tanks shall not be less than three (3) ft., except two tanks of diverse ownership where the Regional Office or authorized representative may substitute the distances provided in Tables 45b-e on the written request and consent of the owners. Installation of tank inside of building Installation of outside tank - Tanks shall not be installed inside 1. Every above ground tank. for the buildings except service or supply storage of flammable or combustible tanks with a capacity of not more liquids, except those liquids than six gallons operating at pressures not in excess of 2.5 psig. and equipped with Installation of underground tank emergency venting which will not 1. The distance from any part of tanks permit the pressure to exceed 2.5 storing liquids having flash points psig., shall be located in accordance below 37.770C (1000F) to the with Table 45b. nearest wall of a building, basement 2. Every above ground tank for the or pit shall not be less than 30.50 storage of flammable or combustible cm. (1 ft.); and the property line, not liquids, except those liquids with boil less than 91.50 cm. (3 ft.). over characteristics and unstable or 2. The distance from any part of a tank combustible liquids operating at storing liquids having flashpoints at pressures exceeding 2.5 psig and or above 37.770C (IOO0F.) to the equipped with emergency venting nearest wall of a building basement which will permit pressure to exceed pit or property line shall not be less 2.5 psig. shall be located in than 30.50 cm. (1 ft.) accordance with Table 45 c. 3. Underground tanks shall be set on 3. Every above ground tank for the firm foundations and surrounded storage of flammable or combustible with at least six (6) inches of liquids with boil-over characteristics noncorrosive inert material well shall be located in accordance with tamped in place. Tanks shall be Table 45 d. covered with a minimum of two feet 4. Every above ground tank for the of earth or four inches reinforced storage of unstable liquids shall be concrete slab on top of one foot of located in accordance with Table earth. 45e. 4. Vent pipes shall terminate outside of buildings and higher than the fill opening. The size of the vent shall  depend on the filling or withdrawal Inspection , Certificate to use the rate to prevent the pressure in tank Installation and the like shall be to exceed, 2.5 psig. under the Regional Labor Offices. 5. Preparation of Electrical Plans: Service stations a. Location Plan 1. Tank used in automotive service b. Electrical Layout stations shall be buried as provided c. Outdoor sub-station in Rule 1945.06 but with at least six d. Indoor Sub-station inches thick reinforced concrete slab over one foot of earth. Basics of electricity 2. There shall be only a maximum of three tanks in one service station Electricity containing 6,000 gallons per tank - Energy used to run household and a total aggregate of 18,000 appliances and industrial machinery; gallons. can produce light, sound, heat, and 3. Above ground tanks used in numerous other uses automotive stations shall be as - Can also be defined as the flow of provided in Rule 1945.05. electrons along a conductor 4. There shall be no smoking or open flames in the area and the motors of all equipment being fueled shall be shut off. Topic 7. Electrical Safety Rule 1210 Electrical safety 1. The Philippine Electrical Code is adopted to be the standards. 2. Regional Office has the power to issue and approve the following: Hazards of electricity a. Electrical Plan for the 1. Electrocution electrical installation 2. Electric shock purposes. 3. Burns b. Connection of service or 4. Fire power supply from the Distribution Utility Company. 1. Electrocution 3. Excluded in the coverage of this Rule: Fatal effects on human body a. Generating Plants - Electrocutions rank fourth in causes b. Radio & TV Stations of industrial fatalities (behind traffic, c. Water Transportation violence and construction). It is 4. Applications and approval of estimated that 600 people DIE every Electrical Plans, Certificate of Final year of electric causes. Most of Inspection, Certificate of Electrical  these accidents involve low voltage - The final trauma associated with the (600 volts or less). electric shock is usually determined by the most critical path called the Electrical injuries (2 types) shock circuit. - Direct - The symptoms may include a mild - Pain, involuntary muscular uncomfortable sensation, violent contraction, paralysis, heart muscle contractions, heart fibrillation, or tissue burn arrhytmia, or tissue damage - Indirect - Confusion, amnesia, headaches, or breathing and heart irregularities Problems may last several days – progress into vision abnormalities and swelling of affected areas Long-term effects – speech/writing - impairment, loss of taste and other disorders 3. Burns Internal injuries – internal bleeding, tissue - Major Causes of Tissue Damage: destruction, and nerve or muscle damage – Burning. not immediately apparent - left untreated - Burns caused by electric current are can result in death almost always third-degree because the burning occurs from the inside of the body. This means that the growth centers are destroyed. Electric-current burns can be especially severe when they involve vital internal organs. Cell Wall Damage. - Research has shown that cell death can result from the enlargement of cellular pores due to high-intensity electric fields. This trauma called electroporation allows ions to flow freely through the cell membranes, 2. Electric shock causing cell death. - Electric shock is the physical stimulation that occurs when electric current flows through the human body. - The distribution of the current flow through the body is a function of the resistance of the various parts through which current flows. 4. Fire - High frequency current is less dangerous than low frequency current The stimuli due to the high frequency may not go beyond the excitation threshold of the nerve cell because of its lower application time 4. Voltage magnitude - Historically, little attention was paid to the effect that voltage magnitude has on electrical trauma. - It was assumed that a 200 V and 2000 V source will create the same electrical trauma Shock severity (influencing factors) - Higher voltags can be more lethal for 1. Physical condition and physical atleast three reasons response a. At voltages above 400 V the 2. Current duration electrical pressure may be 3. Frequency sufficient to puncture the 4. Voltage magnitude epidermis 5. Current magnitude b. The degree of 6. Current path eclectroporation is higher for greater cellular voltage 1. Physical condition and physical response gradients. That is, the higher - The victim of the shock with voltages case more intense specified medical problems such as fields, which in turn increase heart disease may suffer more the severity of the because it can easily be affected by electroporation low current. c. Higher voltages are more likely to create electrical 2. Current Duration arcing - The amount of energy delivered to 5. Current magnitude the body is directly proportional to - The magnitude of the current flows the length of time that the current through the body obeys Ohm’s law flows; consequently, the degree of - I = E/R the trauma is also directly - Depends on voltage, frequency, and proportional to the duration of body impedance current. 3. Frequency 6. Current path - Less sever when nerve centers and vital organs are not involved - Current passing through vital organs are more dangerous Electric shock prevention 1. Use of grounding system 2. Use double insulating materials 3. Use appropriate disconnecting means 4. Proper maintenance of portable power tools SAF102 Module 2 Exam Reviewer Topic 8. Industrial Hygiene ○ examples: Oxides generated from molten metal such as Cadium oxide, Industrial Hygiene Beryllium oxide, etc. - The science and art devoted to the recognition, evaluation, and control of Physical Hazards environmental factors or issues arising in or a. Extreme temperature from the workplace, which may cause ○ heat stress, cold stress sickness, impaired health and well-being, or b. Radiation significant discomfort and inefficiency ○ ionizing radiation and Non-ionizing among workers or citizens of the radiation community. c. Extreme pressure ○ diving of SCBA breathing, abnormal Classification of occupational health hazards air pressure 1. Chemical d. Inadequate illumination 2. Physical ○ direct glare, reflected glare, type of 3. Biological light, source of light, nature of work, 4. Ergonomic environment, eyesight of the worker e. Excessive vibration Chemical Hazards f. Noise a. Gasses ○ continuous noise, intermittent noise, ○ Substances in a gaseous state impact noise ○ examples: Chlorine, Hydrogen, Ammonia, Carbon monoxide, Sulfur Biological hazards dioxide, Phosgene, and - any virus, bacteria, fungus, parasite, or Formaldehyde living organism that can cause a disease in b. Vapor human beings. they can be part of the total ○ results when substances that are environment or associated with certain liquid at room temperature occupations such as medical professions, evaporate food preparation and handling, livestock ○ examples are the components of raising, etc. organic solvents: Benzene, Toluene, Acetone, and Xylene Ergonomic Hazards c. Mist ○ fine particles of a liquid that float in “Ergonomics” means the customs, habits, and laws the air (particle size of 5 - 100 of work Micrometers approximately ○ examples: Nitric acid and Sulfuric Examples: acid - poor workplace design d. Fume - cramped leg area, crowded ○ a gas (such as metal vapor) worktable, distant work materials condensed in air, chemically - Awkward body postures changed and becomes fine solid - prolong sitting, twisted body while particles that float in the air (particles bending the size of about 0.1 - 1 micrometer) - Repetitive movements - sewing, cutting, stamping - Static posture  - prolonged standing without motion Anemometer - Air Movement - Forceful motion Smoke Tester - Air Direction - extreme pulling and pushing Globe Thermometer - Heat - Manual handling Sound Level Meter - Noise - improper carrying of materials, use of pliers Industrial Hygiene - a discipline within occupational safety and health of anticipating, recognizing, evaluating and controlling physical, chemical, biological and ergonomic hazards in the working environment with the objective of protecting worker's health and well-being and safeguarding the community Industrial Hygienist - uses strict and rigorous scientific methodology and requires professional experience and judgment in determining the potential for hazard, exposure or risk in the workplace and recommend appropriate control measures for hazard abatement Topic 9. Work Environment Measurement (WEM) determining the magnitude or level of hazards using industrial hygiene equipment through Work Environment Measurement (WEM) Determine magnitude of harmful environmental agents physically check the environment through measurement predict harmfulness of new facilities, raw materials, production processes and working methods monitor worker's exposure to harmful substances evaluate the effectiveness of environmental Work Environment Measurement (WEM) as stated control measures adopted to improve the in Rule 1077 of the OSHS shall be carried out workplace periodically but no longer than annually to determine the potential hazards in the working Instruments used to measure the different hazards: environment. This is primarily the responsibility in Lux Meter - Illumination order to promote and maintain the health of his Psychrometer - Humidity workers. Topic 10. Environment Control Measure - Conduct air monitoring and tests to identify and evaluate hazards. 1. Engineering - Define acceptable entry conditions. 2. Administrative - Monitor entry conditions 3. PPE - Eliminate or control the space's atmospheric hazards before entry Engineering controls - Lockout all internal hazards prior to entry a. proper design and planning b. substitution/ replacement of materials c. modification in the process/ equipment d. isolation e. wet methods f. Industrial ventilation Administrative controls a. Reduction of work periods b. adjusting work schedules c. job rotation d. education of supervisors e. employee information and training Testing the atmosphere f. emergency response training and education - Check for Oxygen Content g. housekeeping and maintenance - At least 19.5 % and less than 23.5 % - Check for Combustibles Personal Protective Equipment - Less than 10% of the LEL (Ex. LEL a. Use of PPE should be considered as the of Methane = 5.0%) last resort when engineering controls are - Check for Toxic Gases not feasible or are not sufficient to achieve - Most common: Carbon Monoxide acceptable limits of exposure. PPE can be - Before a worker enters the space, the used in conjunction with engineering internal atmosphere shall be tested for the controls and other methods following conditions in the order given. b. However, PPEs protective devices have one serious drawback - they do nothing to Atmosphere Testing Shall Be Performed: reduce or eliminate the hazard. the fact that - Prior to every entry when the space is a protective device may become ineffective vacant; when the wearer lacks sufficient knowledge - After a 10 minute ventilation period (if on how to use it ventilation is necessary); - At least hourly for permit-required confined Controls on Hazardous Areas spaces. - More frequently, if conditions or suspicions Controlling Confined Space warrant. Hazards Purging Each Confined Space has different hazards. - Purging displaces the toxic air in a confined Hazards can also change with time and usage. space through steam, air, water or inert gas - Post signs to warn of the dangers. (Removing contaminants inside the - Use barriers to prevent uncontrolled access. confined space by displacement with air to - Develop and use a written space entry achieve acceptable atmospheric levels) program. Ventilation - Continuous provision of fresh air into the Rule 1080 - of the Occupational Safety and Health confined space by mechanical means to Standards (OSHS) requires employers to provide maintain acceptable atmospheric levels appropriate personal protective equipment to workers. Employers can be held liable if they fail to furnish their Ventilation Needed workers with the necessary PPE - Deadly gases can be trapped inside - Rotting organic materials create hazardous Program to introduce PPE gases Once it is decided that personal protective - Pipe leaks, welding, system material can equipment is going to be used, then the following create hazardous atmospheres. steps need to be undertaken: - Rust consumes the oxygen you need. 1. write a policy on the usage of PPE and Use of PPE communicate it to employees and visitors as needed Air purifying Respirators: Self-contained Breathing 2. select the proper type of equipment Apparatus (SCBA) 3. implement a thorough training program 4. ensure that employees knows the correct Stand-by Rescue use and maintenance of the equipment Confined Space Entry Program 5. enforce proper use and maintenance of - Responsibilities PPE - Management - Employees A training program outline may include: - Entry Supervisor 1. Describing hazards and/or conditions in the - Stand-by Personnel workplace - Entrants 2. Telling what can/cannot be done about them - Identifying confined space 3. Explaining why certain types of PPE have - Preventing unauthorized entry been selected - Permit system 4. Discussing the capabilities and/or limitation - Planning the Entry of the PPE - Conducting Pre-entry Training 5. Demonstrating how to use, adjust or fit PPE - Preparing the Confined Space for 6. Practicing using PPE Entry 7. Explaining to workers how to deal with - Utilizing equipment emergencies - Atmospheric Testing Procedure 8. Discussing how PPE will be paid for, - Confined Space Cleaning Procedure maintained, repaired and cleaned. - Rescue procedures Topic 11. Personal Protective Equipment Occupational Safety Health and Environment Controls Types of approach - Engineering - Administrative - Temporary measures Safety Equipment Topic 12. Grounding System Fundamentals of Grounding: 1. Objectives of Grounding 2. Importance of Grounding 3. Types of Grounding 4. Best Practices 5. Grounding Recommendation 1.) Objective Grounding - To achieve an Electrical Connection to Earth. - Soil is non-conductive but with earth electrode in place, soil became a Conductor. - To provide a Common Point of Reference between various sources of electrical energy for the Facility. - To satisfy a given Standard or Specification Common Goals are 10, 5 and