RTINTRO1_1S23 - The Science of Radiology PDF

Anjenette P. Gueco, RRT Instructor 1 MODULE 1 – PRELIMINARY PERIOD THE RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY FIELD 2 Radiography Education: From Classroom to Clinic ❑ High-quality service = thorough understanding of your chose...

Anjenette P. Gueco, RRT Instructor 1 MODULE 1 – PRELIMINARY PERIOD THE RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY FIELD 2 Radiography Education: From Classroom to Clinic ❑ High-quality service = thorough understanding of your chosen field. The patient as our GUEST ❑ You must think of the patient as your guest. ❑ The patient is the recipient of the many services provided in medical facilities. ❑ On admission to the hospital, clinic, or physician’s office, the patient is abruptly introduced to an unusual environment filled with wondrous, unnamed machines and a variety of people, all waiting for the guest—the patient. 3 Radiography Education: From Classroom to Clinic When a physician requests a radiographic examination, it becomes the radiographer’s responsibility to: 1. Interact with the patient. 2. Establish and maintain an atmosphere of caring and empathy for the patient. 3. Treat the patient as a guest in a home. 4 Radiography Education: From Classroom to Clinic ❑ When caring for very young or very old patients, terminally ill patients, or patients with disabilities, this responsibility may be difficult to handle. ❑ These patients do not, however, change the importance of these responsibilities. ❑ This responsibility is the basis of being in a helping profession. ❑ Above all, every patient who comes to radiology is a GUEST! 5 Your RESPONSIBILITIES: ❑ Knowledge necessary to perform the tasks of a radiologic technologist with confidence, effectiveness, and efficiency. ❑ This confidence is a direct result of being prepared. 6 Your RESPONSIBILITIES: ❑ The field of radiology is continually changing and has accelerated in the wake of space age technology. ❑ Learning the basic principles of the production of x-radiation and how to make these principles work is imperative for student radiologic technologists. 7 THE MEDICAL SCIENCE 8  WHAT IS RADIATION? ❑ Energy that is emitted and transferred through space at the space of light. ❑ A Process of emitting a Particle, Ray, and Energy that is transferred through matter. 9  ENERGY Kinetic Energy ❑ Energy of motion Chemical Energy ❑ Energy released by a chemical reaction. Electrical Energy ❑ represents the work that can be done when an electron moves through an electric potential difference (voltage). 10  ENERGY Thermal Energy ❑ Energy of motion at the molecular level. It is the kinetic energy of molecules and is closely related to temperature. Electromagnetic Energy ❑ Least familiar form of energy. ❑ Used in x-ray imaging. ❑ In addition to x-rays and gamma rays, electromagnetic energy includes radio waves; microwaves; and ultraviolet, infrared, and visible light. ❑Electromagnetic energy does not include sound or diagnostic ultrasound. 11  ENERGY ❑ Many forms of energy are used in medicine to create images of anatomic structures or physiologic actions. ❑ These images are essential for the proper diagnosis of disease and treatment of patient. ❑ Some higher-energy forms, including x-rays, have the ability to ionize atoms in matter. 12  IONIZATION ❑The removal of an electron from an atom. Ionizing radiation ❑ Any type of radiation that is capable of removing an orbital electron from the atom with which it interacts (e.g. x-rays). ❑ Ionization occurs when an x-ray passes close to an orbital electron of an atom and transfers sufficient energy to the electron to remove it from the atom. 13 14  SOUND ❑ A form of mechanical energy. ❑ It is transmitted through matter, and images of the returning sound waves can be created. 15  SOUND ❑Sound waves are very different from electromagnetic photons like x-rays. ❑ The sources of sound are different, they are propagated in different ways, and their velocities vary greatly. The velocity of sound depends on the density of the material through which it passes. ❑ Sound cannot travel through a vacuum. 16  SOUND Diagnostic medical sonography ❑ Field of study that creates anatomic images by recording reflected sound waves. ❑ Sound waves are form of non-ionizing radiation. 17  RADIOGRAPHY is the making of records, known as radiographs, of internal structures of the body by passage of gamma rays or x-rays through the body to act on specially sensitized film or digital imaging plate or system. 18  WHAT IS RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY? 19  RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY Radiologic Technology is the technical science that deals with the use of x-rays or radioactive substances for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes in medicine. Also involves the use of x-rays or radioactive substances in the treatment of disease (radiation therapy). 20  RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGIST Radiologic Technologist is a general term applied to persons qualified to use x-rays or radioactive substances to produce images of the internal parts of the body for interpretation by a physician known as a Radiologist. 21  RADIOLOGIST A Physician that provide interpretations or reading of radiographic images. CT Scan, MRI, General radiographic films, mammogram, Sonogram reading. 22  X-RAY TECHNOLOGY Is an auxiliary branch of radiology which deals with the technical application of x-rays as aid in the diagnosis of diseases and injuries. 23  RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGIST A Radiologic Technologist specializing in the use of x-rays to create images of the body is known as a radiographer. 24  RADIOGRAPHER Radiographers perform a wide variety of diagnostic x-ray procedures, including examinations of the skeletal system, the chest and the abdomen. They administer contrast media to permit visualization of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the genitourinary system. They also assist the radiologist during more specialized contrast media procedures, such as those used to visualize the spinal cord (Myelography) and the joint spaces (arthrography). 25  RRT VS. RXT To become an X-ray or Radiologic Technologist, one must complete the academic requirements in Associate in Radiologic Technology and Bachelor of Science in Radiologic Technology (BSRT). A registered radiographer uses the initial RXT or RRT after his or her name. This abbreviation means Registered X-ray Technologist or Registered Radiologic Technologist duly recognized by the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC). 26 Ionizing Radiation vs. Non-ionizing Radiation 27 DISCOVERY OF X-RAYS 28 29  DISCOVERY OF X-RAYS November 8, 1895 Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, a German physicist University of Wurzburg, Germany Experimenting cathode rays and exploring the properties outside glass tubes “Crooke’s Tube” – Sir William Crookes* Mezzanine part of the laboratory 30 31  DISCOVERY OF X-RAYS He darkened the laboratory Enclosed the tube with black photographic paper During his work, Roentgen observed that a screen that had been painted with barium platinocyanide was emitting light (fluorescence). The intensity of the glow increased as the plate was brought closer to the tube. 32 33  DISCOVERY OF X-RAYS The “X” was for unknown! He feverishly continued these investigations for several weeks. For this work, in 1901, he received the FIRST Nobel Prize in Physics. He produced and published the first medical x-ray image in early 1896. 34 Anna Bertha Ludwig – Roentgen ❖ This first indication of the possible medical applications of x-rays was made within a few days of the discovery. 35  DISCOVERY OF X-RAYS The discovery of x-rays is characterized by many amazing features, and this causes it to rank high among the events in human history. 36  DISCOVERY OF X-RAYS First, the discovery was accidental. Second, probably no fewer than a dozen contemporaries of Roentgen had previously observed x-radiation, but none of these other physicists had recognized its significance or investigated it. Third, Roentgen followed his discovery with such scientific vigor that within little more than 1 month, he had described x-radiation with nearly all of the properties we recognize today. 37 38  DISCOVERY OF X-RAYS This photograph records the first medical x-ray examination in the United States. A young patient, Eddie McCarthy of Hanover, New Hampshire, broke his wrist while skating on the Connecticut River and submitted to having it photographed by the “X light.” 39 40 PIONEERS OF RADIOLOGY 41 42  PIONEERS OF RADIOLOGY William Gilbert of England Studied electricity and magnetism. He was also noted for inventing a primitive electroscope. Robert Boyle His experiments with electricity earned him a place among the serious investigators. 43 MICHAEL FARADAY 44  PIONEERS OF RADIOLOGY Michael Faraday Induced an electric current by moving a magnet in and out of a coil in 1831. From this experiment evolved the concept of electromagnetic induction, which led to the production of better generators and transformers and high voltages for use in evacuated tubes. 45  PIONEERS OF RADIOLOGY Johann Wilhelm Hittorf Conducted several experiments with cathode rays, which are streams of electrons emitted from the surface of a cathode. 46 WILLIAM CROOKES 47  PIONEERS OF RADIOLOGY William Crookes Furthered study the cathode rays and demonstrated that matter was emitted from the cathode with enough energy to rotate a wheel placed within a tube. Hittorf’s works were repeated and further developed by Crookes. 48 PHILIPP LENARD 49  PIONEERS OF RADIOLOGY Philipp Lenard  Furthered the investigation of the cathode rays.  He found that cathode rays could penetrate thin metal and would project a few centimeters into air.  Did a tremendous amount of research with cathode rays and determined their energies by measuring the amount of penetration.  He also studied the deflection of rays as a result of magnetic fields. 50  PIONEERS OF RADIOLOGY William Goodspeed Produced a radiograph in 1890. His achievement was recognized only in retrospect and after the discovery of x-rays by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen. Goodspeed was not credited with the discovery of x-rays. 51  PIONEERS OF RADIOLOGY Richard Leach Maddox Produced a film with a gelatin silver bromide emulsion that has remained the basic component for film. 52  GEORGE EASTMAN 53  PIONEERS OF RADIOLOGY George Eastman Produced and patented roll-paper film. With this significant improvement of image- recording material and the improvement in the cathode ray tube, the basis for modern- day radiography was established. 54  WILHELM CONRAD ROENTGEN 55  PIONEERS OF RADIOLOGY Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen  Born on March 27, 1845 in Lennep, Germany  Only child of Friedrich Conrad Roentgen, a textile merchant whose ancestors had lived in or near Lennep for several generations.  Married with Bertha Ludwig in 1872.  1888 he was offered employment at the University of Wurzburg.  He discovered x-rays on November 8, 1895. 56 PIERRE CURIE 57  PIONEERS OF RADIOLOGY Pierre Curie Noticed that the radium killed diseased cells, which was the first suggestion of the medical utility of radioactivity. In 1880, Pierre and his older brother Jacques Curie demonstrated that an electric potential was generated when crystals were compressed, i.e. piezoelectricity. 58  HENRI BECQUEREL 59  PIONEERS OF RADIOLOGY Antoine Henri Becquerel Discovered that uranium salts emitted rays that resembled X-rays in their penetrating power. He demonstrated that this radiation, unlike phosphorescence, did not depend on an external source of energy, but seemed to arise spontaneously from uranium itself. Becquerel had, in fact, discovered radioactivity. 60 Marie Curie 61  PIONEERS OF RADIOLOGY Marie Curie (Maria Salomea Skłodowska) Refined the knowledge of radioactivity and purified the radium metal. In 1911, she received Nobel Prize for her work in Chemistry. She continued to study radioactivity until she became acquainted with Albert Einstein and resumed her experiments with radium. First person honored with two Nobel Prizes in Physics and Chemistry. 62  PIONEERS OF RADIOLOGY Marie Curie First female professor at the University of Paris In 1995, she became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in the Pantheon in Paris. 63  PIONEERS OF RADIOLOGY Marie Curie Her achievements included the theory of radioactivity, techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes, and the discovery of two elements: Polonium and Radium. Under her direction, the world’s first studies were conducted into the treatment of neoplasms, using radioactive isotopes. 64  PIONEERS OF RADIOLOGY Marie Curie She founded the Curie Institutes in Paris and Warsaw, which remain major centers of medical research today. 65 66  ERNEST LAWRENCE 67  PIONEERS OF RADIOLOGY Ernest Orlando Lawrence Invented cyclotron in 1932. The cyclotron is a chamber that made it possible to accelerate particles to high speeds for use as projectiles. The cyclotron first made radioisotopes available in large quantities. 68 ENRICO FERMI 69  PIONEERS OF RADIOLOGY Enrico Fermi  Made a significant breakthrough when he induced a successful chain reaction in a uranium pile at the University of Chicago in 1942.  The results breakthrough was first demonstrated when atomic devices were detonated experimentally in 1945 at White Sands, New Mexico  Shortly thereafter, these devices were introduced as weapons when atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. 70 EARLY DAYS IN THE DISCOVERY 71 The discovery of x-rays offered much hope in the discipline of science, but few discoveries have been so little understood by the general public. Thomas A. Edison attempted to explain the nature of x-rays to the citizens in the United States. However, NO ONE fully understood the effects of radiation. 72 Thomas Edison, one of the knowledgeable on the subject, took notice and questioned the effects of x-rays. Eyes were sore and red after working with the tube. His lab workers confirmed 73 COURSE CONTENT/S (WEEK 2) Early Days in the Discovery Advanced Experimentation of the Roentgen Rays Overview of the application of radiation in medical diagnosis and therapy. 74 ADVANCED EXPERIMENTATION OF THE ROENTGEN RAYS 75 The first know radiograph produced in the U.S. was made on January 2, 1896, by Michael Pupin. Thomas Edison started his experiments with the x-rays. Fluoroscopy Calcium Tungstate 76 Clarence M. Dally one of Edison’s assistant FIRST x-ray fatality in the US. Suffered a severe x-ray burn (required amputation) 77 78 During the time of Roentgen’s work, another field of study evolved. It resulted in the discovery of radioactivity. Three most prominent persons credited with this work were Pierre, Marie Curie and Antoine Henri Becquerel. Jointly awarded Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903. 79 While experimenting with radium on animals, Pierre Curie noticed that the radium killed diseased cells, which was the first suggestion in medical utility of radioactivity. Marie Curie, refined the knowledge of radioactivity and purified radium metal. *In 1911, she received a Nobel Prize in Chemistry. 80 She became acquainted with Albert Einstein. *World War 1 = French military 81 DIAGNOSTIC & THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES IN RADIOLOGY 82 DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING MODALITIES 83 GENERAL RADIOGRAPHY (X-RAY) 84 CHEST RADIOGRAPHY (CXR) 85 FLUOROSCOPY 86 87 INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY 88 INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY 89 MAMMOGRAPHY (BREAST IMAGING) 90 MAMMOGRAPHY (BREAST IMAGING) 91 COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT SCAN) 92 MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI) 93 ULTRASONOGRAPHY/ULTRASOUND/ SONOGRAPHY (UTZ) 94 NUCLEAR MEDICINE (SPECT) 95 96 NUCLEAR MEDICINE (PET) 97 Is Nuclear Medicine intended for diagnostic purposes only? 98 THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES IN RADIOLOGY 99 LINEAR ACCELERATOR (LINAC) RADIATION THERAPY 100 BRACHYTHERAPY RADIATION THERAPY 101  REFERENCES Bushong, S.C. (2021). Radiologic science for technologists: Physics, biology, and protection. (12th ed.). Mosby. Gurley, LV. T. and William J. C. (2020). Introduction to radiologic technology. (8th ed.). Mosby. Yumul, R. D. (2019). Introduction to radiologic technology with science, technology and society. (2nd ed.)Educational Publishing House.