Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal PDF

LABORATORY SCIENCE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITING OF RIZAL SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SAN PEDRO COLLEGE – MAIN CAMPUSInstructor’s Name: Jean Claveria Carreon SEMESTER...

LABORATORY SCIENCE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITING OF RIZAL SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SAN PEDRO COLLEGE – MAIN CAMPUSInstructor’s Name: Jean Claveria Carreon SEMESTER AY 2022 – 2023 - 1ST LESSON NO.1 1. To recognize the relevance of Rizal’s ideals, and thoughts, OUTLINE Rizal’s life, works, and writings. I. Rizal Law and The Teaching of Rizal Course A. C. GOALS SET BY THE BOARD ON NATIONAL Rizal Law: RA 1425 EDUCATION B. Objectives of the Law teachings, and life values to present conditions in the C. Goals Set by the Board on National community; Education 2. To apply Rizal’s ideals in the solution of day-to-day situations II. Rizal, A True Filipino Hero and problems in contemporary life; A. Rizal, not an American Sponsored Hero 3. To develop an understanding and appreciation of the B. Rizal, a True Filipino Hero qualities, behavior, and character of Rizal; and C. Rizal, the National Hero 4. To foster the development of moral character, personal D. Admiration for Rizal discipline, citizenship, and vocational efficiency among the E. Rizal, as a Filipino National Hero Filipino youth. III. Rizal, Pioneer Asian Nationalist Leader A. Rizal, First Asian Nationalist Leader IV. Major Periods in the Life of Rizal II. RIZAL, AS A TRUE FILIPINO HERO A. First Period B. Second Period In many countries in the world, the leader is almost always C. Third Period chosen. D. Fourth Period Jose Rizal was not a man of war but a man of peace. Among the country’s national heroes, Jose Rizal stands out. To many Filipinos, he is the national hero of the Philippines. I. RIZAL LAW AND THE TEACHING OF RIZAL Actually, Rizal is only one of the country’s national heroes who COURSE include Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Marcelo H. del Pilar, and others more. A. RIZAL LAW: RA 1425 They helped guide in the formation of the Filipino national spirit and the Philippine nation-state. RIZAL LAW: RA 1425 All these heroes are exemplars of all Filipinos to follow. 1. Author: Claro M. Recto 2. Sponsored the Bill in the Senate: Jose P. Laurel A. RIZAL, NOT AN AMERICAN 3. Signed: June 12, 1956 SPONSORED HERO Full name of the law: Rizal Law 1. Mandates the teaching of the life, works, and writings of Historian Renato Constantino (1969) claimed that it was the Rizal in all schools in the country. Americans who were responsible for endorsing him as the Rizal Law and the Teaching of Rizal Course Philippine national hero. 1. According to Sen. Jose P. Laurel, who sponsored the said He cited the efforts of the Taft Commission in 1901 which law, since Rizal was the founder of Filipino nationality and picked Rizal from a group of heroes, which included Emilio the architect of FIlipino nation, there is a need to know and Aguinaldo, Andres Bonifacio, and Apolinario Mabini. imbibe the great ideals and principles for which he died. Teodoro Agoncillo (1986) 2. Moreover, Laurel believed that by reading and studying eminent historian Rizal’s life, teachings, and writings, Filipino youth will be writes that Rizal was acceptable as a national hero to the able to: Americans because he was the symbol of assimilation, ▪ Gain incorruptible confidence which was their policy then in the Philippines. ▪ direction Rizal never favored revolution but the slow process of ▪ courage evolution through education which suited American ▪ and determination to move forward in our people’s journey objectives. towards an abundant life. B. RIZAL, A TRUE FILIPINO HERO B. OBJECTIVES OF THE LAW 1. To rededicate the lives of the youth to the ideals of freedom and nationalism, for which our heroes lived and died; 2. To pay Factors which contributed to Rizal’s acceptability as the tribute to our national hero for devoting his life and works in official hero of the Philippines: shaping the Filipino character 3. To gain an inspiring source of patriotism thru the study of 1. Rizal was already dead at the time the Americans began their aggression in the Philippines  2. No embarrassing anti-American quotations could ever be attributed to Rizal 3. Rizal’s dramatic martyrdom had already made him the symbol of Spanish oppression. C. RIZAL, THE NATIONAL HERO BSMLS – 2G Team Writers: Descargar, Malinao, Tacastacas, Villacarlos 1 of 3 LABORATORY SCIENCE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITING OF RIZAL SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SAN PEDRO COLLEGE – MAIN CAMPUSInstructor’s Name: Jean Claveria Carreon SEMESTER AY 2022 – 2023 - 1ST LESSON NO.1 In reality, it is the Filipinos themselves who chose Rizal as their national hero. province of Manila, was named in his honor by virtue of This could be seen in tributes to him during his lifetime and Act No. 137 of the Philippine Commission immediately after his death Filipino businessmen named their businesses after The Katipuneros considered him the honorary leader of the Rizal, as a sign of their admiration and respect. Katipunan Bank (RCBC - Rizal Commercial Banking Corp.) His guidance was sought by its emissaries when Dr. Pio Match (Rizal) Valenzuela visited him in Dapitan in 1892. Universities (Jose Rizal University and Rizal Rizal’s name was one of the passwords of the secret Technological University) society that swore to fight for the country’s freedom. all one peso coin bears his image. All of these are outward signs of the Filipino’s adulation for Rizal and his achievements. He is truly a hero of the Filipinos. Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo issued a decree on Dec. 20, 1898 ordering that Dec. 30, E. RIZAL, AS A FILIPINO NATIONAL HERO the anniversary of Rizal’s execution at Bagumbayan, be commemorated as “a day of mourning for Rizal and other victims of the Philippine Revolution” Act No. 345 Conclusions drawn: (Guerrero, 1998) the basis of the yearly celebration of Rizal Day the 1. Since the Filipinos love peace, they have chosen to early admiration for Rizal is manifested in the erection of the magnify a man of peace above the men of war. first monument in his honor. 2. Because Filipinos are lovers of freedom and justice, they December 30, 1898 have given their worship to a man who gave up all A group of masons erected a simple monument in Daet, comforts and pleasures of peace for their sake. Camarines Norte The monument bore the words: ▪ “ A Jose Rizal” (To Jose Rizal) 3. Filipinos prize virtue more than victory, and sacrifice above ▪ “Noli Me Tangere” and “El Filibusterismo”, the title success. of his two important novels and “Morga” which refers Despite the controversy on Rizal’s heroism, it cannot be to the book “Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas” denied that he gave form to the aspiration of the Filipino − annotated by Rizal in 1890 to correct Spanish people, thereby giving rise to our people’s nationalist misinterpretations in the book written by Antonio struggle. Morga during the 17th century. Due to Rizal’s qualities, he was able to serve the the the monument at Daet anecdotes the better-known pressing needs of the people monument at Luneta in Manila. Conclusions drawn: (Constantino, 1969) D. ADMIRATION FOR RIZAL Rizal is a hero in the sense that he was able to see the problems generated by historical forces, discern the Though the monument in Luneta was erected during the new social needs created by historical development of new American Regime, it is the Filipino people themselves who social relationships, and take an active part in meeting helped build the monument through public subscriptions. these needs This was authorized by Act No. 243 of the Philippine Commission. Conclusion drawn: (Guerrero, 1998) Another proof: Rizal was the first Filipino Construction of myriad monuments in his honor in most He was the first to work towards the unification of the cities and towns in the country Philippines archipelago into a compact and homogenous Many main streets and avenues in the various towns body based on common interest and mutual protection and cities are named after him. One province; Rizal Province, formerly part of the III. RIZAL, PIONEER ASIAN NATIONALIST LEADER  Rizal was the first exponent of Asian nationalism since Rizal was born in the decade when other nationalist leaders of he was the source of inspiration for the outbreak of the Asia were born: Philippine Revolution of 1896 1. Mohandas Gandhi, Rabindaranath Tagore ▪ Although Rizal opposed the revolution because it was 2. Sun Yat-Sen premature and inadequately organized, the revolution Accdg. to Coates (1968) broke out, which can be considered the first genuine all the four challenged the West but Rizal was the most uprising by an Asian people against the Western remarkable because his ideas matured at an early age At colonialism that time Gandhi was a school body and Sun Yat-Sen was a Fisher (1962) student, Rizal was already articulating lucidly in his speech, Rizal was the Pioneer Exponent of Liberal Democracy articles and letters his views of a completely different in Asia relationship between Asia and Europe Even before Gandhi and Sun Yat-Sen began their career That the Asians must be regarded by Europe as equals of political agitation, Rizal through his essays, letters and De Ocampo, (1969) BSMLS – 2G Team Writers: Descargar, Malinao, Tacastacas, Villacarlos 2 of 3 LABORATORY SCIENCE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITING OF RIZAL SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SAN PEDRO COLLEGE – MAIN CAMPUSInstructor’s Name: Jean Claveria Carreon SEMESTER AY 2022 – 2023 - 1ST LESSON NO.1 It was a period when the following values and virtues were developed in him: novels had already spoken out with firmness and ▪ industrious instead of idleness; courage ideas on liberall democracy ▪ creativeness instead of unproductiveness; ▪ rationality instead of blind acceptance; and A. RIZAL, FIRST ASIAN NATIONALIST LEADER ▪ dignity instead of servility Fisher (1962) B. SECOND PERIOD: 1872 - 1882 Ideas for liberal democracy by Rizal: 1. The worth and dignity of the individual This was the first turning point in the life of Rizal. He was 2. The inviolability of human rights then 11 years and was enrolled at Ateneo Municipal, despite 3. The innate equality of all men and races the objection of his mother. 4. The necessity for constitutional government It was the period when Fathers Gomez, Burgos and Zamora 5. Due process of law were unjustly executed by the Spanish government. The 6. Popular sovereignty as the basis of all political authority martyrdom of these three priests led Rizal to be awakened to the 7. Faith in human reason and enlightenment abuses of the regime and at the same time led him to devote 8. The rights of the masses to public education, and 9. himself in the future to avenge the victims of injustices and Belief in social progress through freedom cruelties of the Spanish colonizers. Other significant developments in his life during this period Rizal was the first Asian leader to assert that the include the following: aforementioned ideas and principles be established in ▪ Strengthening of his religious foundation; Asia for the benefit of the ASians ▪ Cultivation of the drive toward excellence; It was through Rizal that the basic tenets of modern and social ▪ Envisioning the Philippines receiving light thru education; democracy was given a major voice in Asia for the first time and Thus, Rizal deserves to be called the First Asian Nationalist ▪ Perception of the intimate alliance between religion and Leader education. IV. MAJOR PERIODS IN THE LIFE OF RIZAL C. THIRD PERIOD: 1882 - 1892 There are four major periods in the life of Rizal: (Celedenio, The year 1882 was the second major turning point in the life of 1982) Rizal 1. First Period: 1861-1872 It was at this time that Rizal decided to leave the Philippines to 2. Second Period: 1872-1882 escape persecution. 3. Third Period: 1882-1892 He went to Europe and everywhere he went, Rizal was always 4. Fourth Period: 1892-1896 an observer and a student,learning from everything he saw, read and heard. A. FIRST PERIOD: 1861 - 1872 He urged the Filipino colony in Spain to prove that Filipinos can compete with the Europeans in intellect and talent. Thru his This was the period when the young Rizal learned how to read, membership in exclusive societies of scholars and scientists in write and listen to stories that triggered imaginative and critical Europe where he presented monographs and was greatly thinking on his part. appreciated, Rizal provided his compatriots an example. During this period Rizal took part in the Propaganda Movement, based in It is here where he detached his connections with politics and Europe. devoted more of his time in practical service and usefulness to Through his articles, essays, and novels, he sought to make the community truthful disclosures of the political, social, and economic conditions in the Philippines. NEXT TOPIC: The 19th Century World of Jose Rizal D. FOURTH PERIOD: 1892 - 1896 Growth and Development of Nationalism Rise and Gradual Spread of Liberalism and Democracy The year 1892 can be considered the last turning point in the life The Industrial Revolution of our national hero, before his martyrdom on Dec. 30, 1896. The Advance of Science Rizal was exiled in Dapitan. It was in Dapitan, where he The Resurgence of Western Imperialism demonstrated what an individual can do and accomplish within a Optimism and Confidence in Progress short period of time. BSMLS – 2G Team Writers: Descargar, Malinao, Tacastacas, Villacarlos 3 of 3  SCHOOL OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITING OF RIZAL SAN PEDRO COLLEGE – MAIN CAMPUS Instructor’s Name: Jean Claveria Carreon AY 2022 – 2023 - 1ST SEMESTER LESSON NO.2 OUTLINE The ideology of the French Revolution I. The 19th Century World of Jose Rizal Liberty a. Growth and Development of Nationalism → Liberty Is the state of being free within the society from b. Rise and Gradual Spread of Liberalism and oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one’s way of Democracy life, behavior, or political views. c. The Industrial Revolution Fraternity d. The Advance of Science → Fraternity is a state of feeling of friendship or mutual support e. The Resurgence of Western Imperialism within a group f. Optimism and Confidence in Progress Equality → Equality is the state of being equal especially in status, rights, and opportunities I. THE 19TH CENTURY WORLD OF JOSE RIZAL These three had influenced subject peoples to cast off the yoke Important developments during the said century are as follows: of colonialism by means of armed uprising (Capino et al, 1977) → Growth and Development of Nationalism Owing to the nationalistic spirit, Italy became a united kingdom → Rise and Gradual Spread of Liberalism and Democracy under King Victor Emmanuel II after the Italians under → Industrial Revolution Guiseppe Garibaldi droveout the Austrians occupying the → The Upsurge of Western Imperialism northern part of the country and weakened the influence of the → Triumph of Science and Technology pope. → Optimism and Confidence in Progress → Guiseppe Garibaldi was an Italian general, patriot and A. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONALISM republican. He contributed to the Italian unification and creation of the kingdom of Italy Nationalism The separate kingdoms of Italy united as one nation. Sense of loyalty or psychological attachment members of a Ten years later,Germany through the vigorous campaign by the nation share, based on a common language, history, culture, Prussians under Otto Bismarck united the various kingdoms and desire for independence (Jackson & Jackson, 2000) and dukedoms of the German nation and became one empire It is a feeling that drives a people together as a nation under Emperor William I. It is a love of country expressed in devotion to and advocacy of → Otto von Bismarck was a conservative German state man national interest and independence who must reminded the unification of Germany in 1871 and serve as the first chancellor until 1890 Two Major revolutions of the earlier century The growth of nationalism can be attributed to two major Nationalism revolution: One of the radical ideas in the years after1815,which influenced The American Revolution of 1776 the modern world tremendously. → The American Revolution gave birth to the U.S.A Three points that stand out in this complex ideology (McKay et The French Revolution of 1789 al, 1995) → The French Revolution led to the overthrowing of the → Nationalism has evolved from a real or imagined cultural absolute rule of Bourbon Dynasty and the abolition of feudal unity, manifesting itself in a common language, history and system territory. ▪ The House of Bourbon is European dynasty of French → Nationalists have usually sought to turn this cultural unity into origin political reality so that the territory of each people coincides ▪ It is a branch of Capetian Dynasty with state boundaries. ▪ By the 18th century, members of the Spanish Bourbon → Nationalists believed that every nation has the right to exist Dynasty held thrones in Spain, Naples, Sicily, and Pharma in freedom and develop its character and spirit. ▪ A feudal system also known as Feudalism is a type of social and political system in which landholders provide While nationalism can foster national unity, progress and land to tenants in exchange for their loyalty and service independence, it also has its negative side. Both revolutions gave birth to the idea that an individual’s loyalty → The ideas of national superiority and national mission can has to be his nation not the king lead to aggressive crusades and counter-crusades →.Nationalism can also stress differences among people The development of nationalism in the Philippines,however, was very slow. → Loyalty to the nation began only after the unjust execution of Fathers Gomez, Burgos and Zamora on Feb. 17, 1872. ▪ The three priest was beheaded BSMLS – 2G Team Writers: Descargar, Malinao, Tacastacas, Villacarlos 1 of 5  SCHOOL OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITING OF RIZAL SAN PEDRO COLLEGE – MAIN CAMPUS Instructor’s Name: Jean Claveria Carreon AY 2022 – 2023 - 1ST SEMESTER LESSON NO.2 B. RISE AND GRADUAL SPREAD OF LIBERALISM The Philippines was denied representation in the Spanish AND DEMOCRACY Cortes since 1833. The ecclesiastical and civil authorities then were not inclined to The rise and spread of liberalism and democracy was actually a grant basic human rights to the Filipinos, as it will be detrimental consequence of the growth and development of nationalism. to Spain’s colonial administration of the Philippines. (Black, 1999) Democracy was non-existent in the Philippines in the 19th → Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on liberty. Consent of the governed and equality before the law. century. While democracy is a form of government in which the → They believed that if the Filipinos will enjoy basic human people have the authority to choose the governing legislation rights and freedom, they would be motivated to work for or law. Democracy is governed by the people's form of independence and topple down the Regime. government in which the supreme power is vested in the ▪ Therefore, democracy during the time of the Spaniards people and exercised directly by them, or by their elected were not granted to the Filipinos, because if the Filipinos agents under a free system. The will enjoy the basic rights and freedom, they would be The principal ideas of liberalism; → Liberty and equality - were first realized successfully in motivated to work for independence, and they will end theAmerican Revolution and then achieved in part in the their regime or their authority to rule the Philippines. French Revolution. This political and social philosophy challenged conservatism in THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION the European continent. One of the most crucial developments in the 19th century was Liberalism demanded representative government as opposed to the Industrial Revolution (Stearns et al, 1991) autocratic monarchy, equality, before the law as opposed to Industrial Revolution legally separate classes. → Refers to the transformation of manufacturing brought about The idea of liberty also meant specific individual freedoms: by the invention and use of machines. → Freedom of the press → This development started in England and later on spread into ▪ Freedom of the press or the freedom of the media is the Belgium, France, Germany, and even the United States. principle that communication and expression through → The invention of machines and their use in manufacturing various media including printed and electronic media, brought about significant changes in people’s lives. especially published materials should be considered a → Some of the positive effects brought about by this right to be exercised freely. development: → Freedom of speech ▪ The rise of the factory system; ▪ This is the right to express any opinions without ▪ Mass production of essential and non-essential goods; censorship or restraint. ▪ Improvement of people’s standard of living; → Freedom of assembly; and ▪ Greater urbanization of society; ▪ It is the individual rights or ability of people to come ▪ Beginnings of specialization or division of labor; together and collectively express, promote, pursue, and ▪ Invention of labor-saving devices; defend their collective or shared ideas. ▪ The beginnings of industrial capitalism → Freedom from arbitrary arrest ▪ Fostering of liberalism and nationalism; and ▪ Freedom from arbitrary arrest or detention of an individual ▪ Encouragement of people’s mobility in a case, in which there is no livelihood or evidence that − Or movement. they committed a crime against legal statute or in which there has been no proper due process or a process of law BEGAN IN ENGLAND IN 1760 or order. Democracy became a way of life in many European countries, Manufacturing like Britain, Belgium, and Switzerland. → Spinning jenny Democracy was gradually established thru the following means: → Spinning frame → Spinning shuttle → Promulgation of laws that advance democracy → Cotton gin → Undertaking of reforms thru legislation → Abolition of slavery → Adoption of a liberal constitution → Providing the citizens the opportunity to propose laws → Adoption of manhood suffrage and → Granting of political, economic and social rights to the people. Democracy was non-existent in the Philippines in the 19th century. BSMLS – 2G Team Writers: Descargar, Malinao, Tacastacas, Villacarlos 2 of 5  SCHOOL OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITING OF RIZAL SAN PEDRO COLLEGE – MAIN CAMPUS Instructor’s Name: Jean Claveria Carreon AY 2022 – 2023 - 1ST SEMESTER LESSON NO.2 → → Balloons Communication → Telephone → Telegraph → Wireless telegraphy Transportation → Cable → Steam boats → Postal service → Newspapers → Steam locomotives → Airplanes THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION On the other hand, there were negative effects of the Industrial Revolution to people. → Widening of the gap between the rich and the poor; → Unending economic warfare between labor and capital; → Pollution and other environmental problems; → Beginning of child and women labor; and → Automobiles → Intensification of imperialist rivalry between and among industrialized countries. In the Philippines, it caused the displacement of the farmers from their land. To solve the evils created by the industrial system, different measures were proposed by concerned sectors of world society (Doreen, 1991) → LIBERALS ▪ Laissez-faire policy or government's noninterference in the conduct of trade and business has to be sustained for → the continuous expansion of the economy. BSMLS – 2G Team Writers: Descargar, Malinao, Tacastacas, Villacarlos 3 of 5  SCHOOL OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITING OF RIZAL SAN PEDRO COLLEGE – MAIN CAMPUS Instructor’s Name: Jean Claveria Carreon AY 2022 – 2023 - 1ST SEMESTER LESSON NO.2 − The liberals adapted the Laissez-faire policy to The result was an explosive growth of fundamental scientific stimulate the growth of factories. It allows everybody to discoveries from 1830s onward. expand as much as he wishes in his individual These theoretical discoveries were increasingly transformed enterprises. Industrialists became powerful and rich into material improvements for the population. while working men became poorer. With this, it results The translation of better scientific knowledge into practical in the unemployment and misery of the people. benefits as evident in biology, medical sciences, physics and → SOCIALIST chemistry. ▪ The socialists assert that the government has to control In the 19th century, search for knowledge and truth could be vital industries and resources.This is necessary in explained by a rational and empirical approach. promoting equality of opportunity and people's welfare in This was a result of the Age of Enlightenment during the society. 18th century, when blind belief and dogma were challenged − In the socialist, the government should own and by the principle that everything could be explained by manage the means of production. It benefits everyone reason. and not only for a few individuals as long as the This resulted in the development of the scientific method, capitalist controls the economic life of people and there where knowledge needs to be proven by a systematic and is no democracy in this policy. rational approach, which in effect, resulted in advances in → The communists, on the other hand, suggest that all factors the sciences. of production be owned and controlled by the government. The triumph of science and technology had at least three Equality in society can be achieved if social classes are significant consequences: destroyed and dictatorship of the proletariat is established. ▪ Earliest socialist that reforms could be achieved gradually 1. Everyday experience and innumerable scientists and peacefully through normal political methods and with impressed the importance of science on the mind of compensation for the private owners. Only a violent ordinary citizens. revolution could improve the lack of working men. The 2. As science became more prominent in popular commmunist advocated abolition of private property in thinking, the philosophical implications of science land. Centralization of all means of adoption in the hands spread to broad sections of the population. of the state. Abolish all rights of inheritance, confiscation - technical advances led the people to develop of the property of immigrants and rebels, and the universal optimistic faith in man’s capability to achieve and equal obligation of perk. progress. → Conversely, the Catholic Church calls for humane treatment 3. The methods of science acquired unrivaled prestige of workers, respect for workers’ rights, and social justice for after 1850. the poor. - for many, the unions of careful experiment and → It also enjoined the government to regulate the use of private abstract theory was the only route to truth and property and provide humane and favorable working objective reality. conditions for the proletariat. The effects of the scientific revolution spilled to the ▪ this is according also to Pope Leo XIII in Rerum Novarum challenging of traditional beliefs in religion and politics or the Conditions of Labor. A belief emerged that the Church is not the sole source of − Rights must be religiously respected. knowledge but everyone can be capable of achieving − Duty of public authority to prevent and punish injury. knowledge and challenging the old established belief as − Poor and helpless have special consideration upon long as this could be scientifically explained, replicated and questioning its rights. validated. − States have the right to regulate the use of private The scientific revolution gained headway in Western property and to protect it. European countries like GErmany, France, and England, − Workers have the right to form unions. which became centers of learning in the 19th century. Its universities and society became free marketplaces of ideas, characterized by a large degree of intellectual freedom THE ADVANCE OF SCIENCE that is unhampered by religious dogma and superstition. German, French, and English scientists were at the The rapid expansion of scientific knowledge profoundly forefront of this revolution and abroad, the explorers, influenced western thought in the 19th century (Hunt et.al, archaeologists, and anthropologists scoured all parts of the 1995). world for new discoveries. Breakthroughs in industrial technology enormously Unfortunately, however, Spain was at the backwater of this stimulated basic scientific inquiry. scientific upheaval and this was felt by Rizal himself when he BSMLS – 2G Team Writers: Descargar, Malinao, Tacastacas, Villacarlos 4 of 5  SCHOOL OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITING OF RIZAL SAN PEDRO COLLEGE – MAIN CAMPUS Instructor’s Name: Jean Claveria Carreon AY 2022 – 2023 - 1ST SEMESTER LESSON NO.2 left the Philippines, feeling that his education in the colony Notable among these were the following (Capino,1977) was inadequate. 1. Extension of human rights to many people; He eventually left Spain for more advanced studies in 2. Promotion of higher education for men and women; Germany and France to improve his competencies as a 3. Education for nationalism in schools; physician. 4. Investment in science to serve mankind; 5. Improvement of public health thru the establishment of numerous hospitals; and THE RESURGENCE OF WESTERN IMPERIALISM 6. Emergence of realistic literature, depicting the life of the time In the 19th century, the industrializing West entered the third and most dynamic phase of its centuries-old expansion into non-Western lands. TO SUMMARIZE: In doing so, these Western nations profitably subordinated those lands to their economic interests, sent forth millions of growth and development of nationalism - to Rizal and for the immigrants, and political influence in Asia and vast political Philippines, in the growth and development of nationalism, the empires in Africa. development of nationalism in the Philippines however was very slow. Loyalty to the nation began only after the unjust execution The reasons for this culminating surge were many, but the of the GomBurZa on February 17, 1872. economic thrust of robust industrial capitalism, an rise and gradual spread of liberalism and democracy - they ever-growing lead in technology, and the competitive believe that if Filipinos will enjoy basic human rights and pressures of European nationalism were particularly freedom, they would be motivated to work for independence important. and that would end their regime. Western expansion had far-reaching consequences. industrial revolution - since most of the Filipinos are farmers, For the first time in human history, the world became in many they were displaced from their land. the upsurge of western imperialism - colonized people ways a single unit. therefore started to assert their right to self- determination or the Moreover, European expansion diffused ideas and right to choose the kind of government under which they would techniques of a highly developed civilization. live. Yet the West relied on force to conquer and rule, and treated triumph of science and technology - for Rizal, he has this non-Western peoples as racial inferiors. feeling that education in Spain was inadequate. He wanted to Thus, non-Western elites, armed with Western doctrines, have advanced studies in Germany and France to improve his gradually responded to Western challenges. competence as a physician. optimism and confidence in progress - there are six They launched a national, anti-imperialist struggle for dignity, according to Capino in 1977. These are the Extension of human genuine independence , and modernization. rights to many people; Promotion of higher education for men Colonized peoples, therefore, started to assert their right to and women; Education for nationalism in schools; Investment in self-determination or the right to choose the kind of science to serve mankind; Improvement of public health thru the government under which they would live. establishment of numerous hospitals; and Emergence of realistic literature, depicting the life of the time. OPTIMISM AND CONFIDENCE IN PROGRESS NEXT TOPIC: Optimism or faith in society and man's ability to progress was SPAIN AND THE PHILIPPINES IN THE 19TH CENTURY brought about by the advancement of science, the coming of - SPAIN IN THE CENTURY steam-powered industry, and the spread of liberalism and - ABANDONMENT OF MERCANTILISM socialism (Chodorow et al,1994). (COMMERCIALISM) The optimism of the century was summed up by Marquis de - THE PHILIPPINES DURING RIZAL'S TIME Condorcet in his work, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the - ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION Progress of the Human Mind. - THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF FILIPINO SOCIETY He saw that “the strongest reasons for believing that nature - EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM & ECONOMIC SITUATION has set no limit to the realization of our hopes” He foresaw the following: 1. The abolition of inequality between nations; 2. The progress of equality between nations; 3. The true perfection of humanity Progress was now independent of any power that might wish to halt it and will never be reversed. Optimism and confidence in progress can be gleaned from the achievements of men in the 19th century BSMLS – 2G Team Writers: Descargar, Malinao, Tacastacas, Villacarlos 5 of 5  SCHOOL OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITING OF RIZAL SAN PEDRO COLLEGE – MAIN CAMPUS Instructor’s Name: Jean Claveria Carreon AY 2022 – 2023 - 1ST SEMESTER LESSON NO.3 Trade was dictated by the monarch and wealth should flow OUTLINE toward the center of imperial power Galeon Trade I. Spain and the Philippines in the 19th Century (Evils in → between Manila and Acapulco began in 1565 the Colonial Rule during the Spanish Colonization) The Philippines was prohibited from trading with other a. Spain in the 19th Century European countries i. Political Instability in Spain By 18th or 19th century, there was a shift towards ii. Abandonment of Mercantilism laissez-faire to free market trade b. The Philippines During Rizal’s TIme Merchants began trading freely as profits from international i. Administrative Organization commerce began to shape official policies ii. The Social Structure of Filipino There was a demand for Philippine products such as sugar, Society coffee, rice, indigo, and tobacco iii. Educational System The Philippines was officially opened to foreign trade by 1834 iv. Economic Situation Before, only the SPaniards benefited from the Galeon trade, v. Filipino Grievances Against with free trade, the growers and traders of Philippines Spanish Rule products gained wealth There was a rising class composed of merchants who were I. SPAIN AND THE PHILIPPINES IN THE 19TH mestizos gained advantage from trade with foreigners CENTURY Spain’s adoption of the laissez-faire policy affected the Philippines in several ways (Capino, 1977) A. SPAIN IN THE 19TH CENTURY → The middle class families were able to send their children to acquire higher education Political Instability in Spain → Increased contact with the West brought home political ideas After the death of Ferdinand VII, Spain went through a prevailing in Europe downward spiral as a world power → These ideas were mainly enlightenment ideas which By 1830, all of Spain’s American colonies have seceded and preached equality and God-give rights of men became independent states with the exemption of Cuba and → Illustrados or the “enlightened ones” members of the Puerto Rico middle class A struggle for the thrown followed between the forces loyal to ▪ Imbued the civic courage, they began questioning the Ferdinand’s daughter Isabella and his brother Charles abuses of the Spanish Regime and began to clamor (Carlos) for reforms The ensuing struggle would be known as Carlist Wars Isabella defeated the Carlists allowing her to defy tradition to B. THE PHILIPPINES DURING RIZAL’S TIME become the sole female monarch Under Isabella II, Spain lost a bid to re-conquer Peru and The Filipinos lost their ancestral lands on account of Spain’s Chile and under continued mismanagement by her favorites institution of the encomienda system. There were frequent changes of governments in Spain They were forced by the Spanish colonizers to accept which prevailed event after Isabella’s overthrow in 1868 Spanish culture and religion. The 19th century was turbulent century of politics in SPanish This change was evident in the administrative organization of history (Zaide, 1994) the country, social structure and educational system of the It was a period of political instability owning to the frequent Philippines, and economic situation in the 19th century. rise and fall of ministries and constituents To save the country from political disunity, the Spanish crown worked out the cavonite system or rotativism (Maguigad et al, Administrative Organization 2000) The Philippines was governed directly by the Spanish Crown, Under this policy, the liberals and conservatives in Spain took thru the Ministry of Colonies in the 19th century. turns in administering the affairs of the country Unitary government - policies implemented by colonial The political instability in Spain affected the Philippines administrators from Luzon to Mindanao emanated from Manila, As a consequence of this condition, there were frequent the seat of the centrak government. changes in the top colonial administration in the Philippines Owning to the brief tenure of office of governor-generals, Governor-General colonial administration became very inefficient and corrupt → appointed by the Spanish Monarch The Philippines became a dumping ground for the relatives → the head of the colonial government in the country and favorites of Spanish politicians in Madrid → he represented the Crown in all governmental matters. → he was the Vice Royal Patron over religious affairs → he could nominate priests for ecclesiastical Abandonment of Mercantilism or Commercialism administration of the parishes. Mercantilism → the commander in chief of the colonial army → An economic doctrine based on the idea that the country’s → the ex-officio president of the Royal Audiencia or wealth and power can be measured in its stock of gold Supreme Court in the Philippines and silver ▪ he had his legislative powers to enact laws which were called actos acordados Maguigad, 2000) BSMLS – 2G Team Writers: Descargar, Malinao, Tacastacas, Villacarlos 1 of 4  SCHOOL OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITING OF RIZAL SAN PEDRO COLLEGE – MAIN CAMPUS Instructor’s Name: Jean Claveria Carreon AY 2022 – 2023 - 1ST SEMESTER LESSON NO.3 ▪ he had the power of cumplase or the power to decide → owing to the fact that they remained in colony every time a which law or royal decree should be implemented or governor-general was removed from office, their advice on disregarded in the colony. the proper management of governmental affairs was sought Below the national government were the local government by every new governor-general units, namely: provinces, towns, cities, and barrios → this eventually paved their way for control and influence (Agoncillo, 1990) over colonial affairs The provinces were called alcaldias Each province was headed by an alcalde mayor or provincial Guardia Civil governor, who exercised executive and judicial functions. → was organized in 1867 The provincial government was the most corrupt unit in local → a corps of native police under the leadership of Spanish government then, owing to the privilege to engage in and officers for the purpose of dealing with outlaws and monopolize trade called indulto de commercio renegades (Maguigad, et al, 2000) the alcaldias or provinces were divided into towns or pueblos. → another institution feared in the Philippines. Each pueblo was headed by a gobernadorcillo or town mayor.. In 1880, it was the most feared instrument of summary Gobernadorcillo or town mayor arrests of individuals identified by the friars as filibusteros or → was elected by all married males enemies of the government and erehes or enemies of the → was voted by 13 electors, chaired by the outgoing Catholic Church gobernadorcillo. Judicial power of the government was vested on the Audiencia → as the town executive, his principal responsibility was tax Real, the Supreme Court during those times and the lower collection. courts (De Leon, 2000). → to ensure collection and remittance of these taxes, he was As the highest court, it did not only adjudicate appeals for civil required to mortgage his properties to the government at and criminal cases. It also served as a forum for settling the beginning of his term of office. important issues on governance and an auditing agency of the finances. Each town was divided into barrios or barangays (Romero et There was no legislature in the Philippines before the al, 1978) country was taken over by the U.S. in 1898. → as the smallest unit of government, each barangay was Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes or lawmaking headed by a cabeza de barangay body was abolished in 1837 (Schumacher, 1997). → his main function was the maintenance of peace and order As a consequence, governance of the Philippines was based and the collection of taxes and tributes in the barangay. on special laws. Corollary to this, Las Leyes de Indias continued to be the The city government was called ayuntamiento (Zaide, 1994) basic law but gradually modified by royal decrees, which → it is governed by a cabildo or city council composed of a city extended various parts of Spanish peninsular law into the mayor (alcalde en ordinario), councilors (aguacil mayor), Philippines. and a secretary (escribano). Spanish colonial administration was corrupt and inefficient. A key figure in the local administrative set-up was the Several factors:. Spanish friar (Schumacher, 1997). → Governor-general exercised absolute powers. → This was because of the union of the church and the state → - He could reward positions in the bureaucracy to his in the Philippines favorites who were unqualified and unfit for government → The friar was the supervising representative of the service. Spanish government for all local affairs. → Although the Spanish Crown had instituted the residencia, → His approval was necessary on almost all acts of the local the trial of an outgoing governor-general to account for officials (ruler of the town). his acts during his tenure of office and the visitador or investigating officer to probe on the complaints against Function of the friars: the governor-general. → local school inspector, inspector of the accounts of the → - Another source of weakness and abuse of Spanish gobernadorcillos and cabeza de barangays government was the widespread selling of lower positions → his approval was required in census lists, tax lists, list of to highest bidders (Capino, 1977). army conscripts, and register of births, deaths and → Many government officials were appointed not on the marriages. basis of merit but ability to buy the position. → eventually, the friars became more powerful and influential → This situation had given rise to misadministration of that even civil authorities feared them. governmental affairs, bribery, as well as graft and corruption. Frailocracia or frailocracy → “ a government by friars” THE SOCIAL STURUCTURE OF FILIPINO SOCIETY → the rise in power and influence of the friars can be Philippine society then was a feudalistic as a consequence of attributed to frequent changes in the top colonial the encomienda system imposed by the colonizers (Romero administration in the country from 1849 to 1895 et al, 1978). → Spain tightened her control over the country thru the friars The Filipinos were treated as slaves by the Spanish for fear of losing the Philippines conquerors. BSMLS – 2G Team Writers: Descargar, Malinao, Tacastacas, Villacarlos 2 of 4  SCHOOL OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITING OF RIZAL SAN PEDRO COLLEGE – MAIN CAMPUS Instructor’s Name: Jean Claveria Carreon AY 2022 – 2023 - 1ST SEMESTER LESSON NO.3 They imposed and collected all forms of taxes and tributes As a consequence of this method of teaching employed by the from the Filipinos and even required the natives to render polo friars, Filipino children were not able to develop y servicio or forced labor to the government and the Catholic self-confidence in their ability to learn. Church. In addition, native children developed severe inferiority *The social structure implemented by Spain was pyramidal due complex. to the colonizers’ adherence to the doctrine of limpieza de The culture of silence came to be instilled in the minds of the sangre or purity of blood (Maguigad, 2000). Filipino learners. At the apex of the social pyramid were the peninsulares or the By the end of the 19th century, only the University of Santo Spaniards born in Spain. Tomas (UST) was existing higher education institution in the Below them were the insulares or Spaniards born in the Philippines. Philippines UST, founded by the Dominicans in 1611, was the only The Spanish and Chinese mestizos, and the principalia or university which offered courses in medicine, pharmacy, the ruling class of native elites composed of the theology, philosophy, as well as canon and civil law. gobernadorcillo, cabeza de barangay, landowners, At the beginning of its operation most of those seeking merchants, and wealthy native families. admission into its various programs were Spaniards and At the bottom of the social pyramid, however, were the Indios mestizos. or the brownskinned natives who composed the majority of The Spaniards also opened secondary schools for boys the people during this period. Notable among these schools were the Colegio de Santo Tomas and de San Juan de Letran in Manila, under the Dominicans, as well as the Ateneo Municipal, run by the Jesuits (Schumacher, 1997). Secondary education for girls were provided by the following schools in Manila (Maguigad, 2000), namely: Santa Isabel, La Concordia, Santa Rosa and Santa Catalina. All these schools were subject to the inspection of the Dominican Rector of the UST. Students seeking admission into the secondary schools were, therefore, required to take examination before a board appointed by the rector of UST. It was also in this century when public education for the natives was begun (Agoncillo, 1990) The Educational Decree of 1863 was implemented in the As a consequence of the colonizers’ application of the doctrine colony, which required the establishment of one elementary of limpieza de sangre, a social ranking was created in our school for boys and one elementary school for girls in each society. Social tensions were created between and among the classes, town in the Philippines. where the lower classes were victimized by the upper The same decree provided for the establishment of a normal classes. school for the training of teachers with mastery of Spanish A system of racial discrimination came to be institutionalized language, under the direction of Jesuits, as Spanish shall be High positions in government were opened only to the pure the medium of instruction in all schools. blooded Spaniards. The friars resisted the teaching of Spanish language to the Members of the middle class and the Indios were Filipinos. considered inferior by the upper classes and unworthy of education. They opined that knowledge of the language would lead to the development of political and social awareness among EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM the natives, which in effect could trigger in them the desire to Up to the middle of the 19th century schools were under the work for freedom and independence. control of the friars. They pressed on the need to keep the Filipinos in ignorance Primary education was not given attention despite the and opposed all efforts to improve education in this Spanish establishment of parochial schools in many towns. colony. Instruction at these schools centered on the teaching of fear Spanish was used as the medium of instruction in Ateneo, of God and obedience to the friars, with indoctrination as the principal method of teaching. Letran and UST. Children in these schools were taught that they were inferior Although the Spanish government exerted efforts to educate the intelligence and were suited only for manual work. Filipinos in the 19th century, the educational system With the use of vernacular language, students’ learning was implemented had serious weaknesses. measured in terms of how well they can parrot the contents Notable among these weaknesses were as follows (Romero et of a book even without comprehension. al, 1978): BSMLS – 2G Team Writers: Descargar, Malinao, Tacastacas, Villacarlos 3 of 4  SCHOOL OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITING OF RIZAL SAN PEDRO COLLEGE – MAIN CAMPUS Instructor’s Name: Jean Claveria Carreon AY 2022 – 2023 - 1ST SEMESTER LESSON NO.3 → Over-emphasis on religion; → Limited and irrelevant curriculum; → Obsolete classroom facilities → Inadequate instructional materials → Racial prejudice against the Filipinos in school. The country was opened for foreign trade in 1834, which resulted in the rapid rise of foreign firms in Manila. The presence of these foreign traders stimulated agricultural production and export of sugar, rice, hemp, and tobacco. The growing prosperity of the Philippines had significant consequences (Schumacher, 1997) ECONOMIC SITUATION Opportunities for trade, increased Filipino contacts with foreigners and peninsular Spaniards. Moreover, a number of families, which prospered from foreign commerce and trade, were able to send their sons for education in Europe, further destroying the isolation of the country from the rest of the world. Filipinos, who were educated abroad, were able to absorb the intellectual developments in Europe. The awareness of a completely different type of society prevalent in Europe made these European-educated Filipinos disenchanted with Spain. FILIPINO GRIEVANCES AGAINST THE SPANISH RULE 1. Instability of Colonial Administration 2. Corrupt Colonial Officials 3. No Representation in the Spanish Cortes 4. Human Rights Denied to Filipinos 5. No Equality Before the Law 6. Maladministration of Justice 7. Racial Discrimination 8. Frailocracy 9. Forced Labor 10. Haciendas Owned by the Friars 11. The Guardia Civil TO SUMMARIZE SPAIN IN THE 19TH CENTURY POLITICAL INSTABILITY IN SPAIN ABANDONMENT OF MERCANTILISM T THE PHILIPPINES DURING RIZAL’S TIME ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF FILIPINO SOCIETY EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM ‘ ECONOMIC SITUATION FILIPINO GRIEVANCES AGAINST SPANISH RULE BSMLS – 2G Team Writers: Descargar, Malinao, Tacastacas, Villacarlos 4 of 4  SCHOOL OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITING OF RIZAL SAN PEDRO COLLEGE – MAIN CAMPUS Instructor’s Name: Jean Claveria Carreon AY 2022 – 2023 - 1ST SEMESTER LESSON NO.3 In effect, they started harboring grievances against the OUTLINE colonial administrators. They began clamoring for freedom from foreign control. I. The Dawn of Filipino Nationalism Discontented with Spanish rule was first expressed in the a. Unification of the Philippines under the Spanish rule regional revolts that broke out in the archipelago from 1574 b. Early resistance to Spanish rule to 1873 (Zafa, 1976). c. The emergence of the Filipino sense of nationhood Majority of the early uprisings were caused by the desire d. The Opening of the Philippines to the world of to regain their lost freedom. commerce Examples of revolts under this particular cause were the e. The rise of the clase media following: f. Liberal regime of Carlos Ma. Dela Torre → Revol of Raha Sulayman and Lakandula (1574; g. Secularization controversy → Tondo Conspiracy (1587-1588; h. Cavity Mutiny 1872 → Revolt of Malong (1660-1661); i. Rizal and the Cavity Mutiny of 1872 → Dagohoy’s Revolt (1744-1829); → Revolt of Diego Silang (1762-1763); I. THE DAWN OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM → Revolt of Palaris (1762-1764). Resistance to Spanish-imposed institutions was also a A. UNIFICATION OF THE PHILIPPINES UNDER THE major cause of early revolts against Spanish rule. SPANISH RULE Some of the revolts due to the aforementioned factor included the following: Spain ruled the Philippines for more than 300 years. → Magalat Revolt (1596) Prior to her colonization of the Philippines consisted of → Revolt of the Irayas (1621) independent and self-governing barangays, and people of → Cagayan Revolt (1639) diverse tribes/ → Sumuroy Rebellion (1649) It was Spain that gave the country its identity (Zaide, → Maniago Revolt (1660) 1994). Other revolts were caused by agrarian unrest, brought about The country came to be known as the Philippines due to her by the desire of the natives to recover the lands grabbed from three centuries of colonial administration. them by the friars. With the use of the Cross, the natives were pacified Agrarian revolts broke out in the provinces of Batangas, (Agoncillo & Guerrero, 1974). Laguna, Cavite, Pampanga, and Bulacan from 1745 to 1865. the reduccion plan of Fr. Juan de Plasencia was There were also revolts triggered by the desire to revert to implemented, which required the natives to live in the area their native religion rather than embrace the religion of near the church. the colonizers (Agoncillo, 1990). It also transformed the Filipinos into law-abiding citizens Among the revolts ignited by the aforementioned cause were under the Spanish Crown. the following: Gradually, the independence of the barangays were lost → Igorot Revolt (1601) as a consequence of the relocation of the natives under the → Tamblot Revolt (1621-1622) influence of the Church. → Revolt of Lanab and Alababan (1625-1627); With the imposition of Catholicism and Spanish culture, the → Revolt of Francisco Rivera (1718) Filipinos were partially transformed into little brown → Revolt of Apolinario dela Cruz (1840-1841) and Spaniards. → The Moro Resistance in Southern Philippines (1590-1898) Spain’s political system was gradually introduced into the The early revolts against Spanish rule failed for a number of country. reasons (Romero et al, 1978) Government was highly centralized for the first time, the Owning to sectional jealousies, lack of communication in people came to be politically united under the Spanish the provinces, and absence of national leadership the Crown. revolts against Spanish rule did not succeed. Barangays were merged to form pueblos, pueblos into The people were not united in their struggle against the alcaldías, in addition to the ayuntamientos established by the colonizers owing to the archipelago nature of the country and colonizers. the lack of communication facilities Despite unification, the people started to nurture Revolts, then, against Spanish rule were fragmented, resentment and dislike for foreign rule. disorganized, and sporadic Disunity was enhanced with Spain;s implementation of the B. EARLY RESISTANCE TO SPANISH RULE policy of divide et empera or divide and rule, which was another factor for the failure of these revolts The integration of the country into the Spanish Empire, As Filipinos were made to fight one another by the colonial resulted into the implementation of taxation without masters, they failed to realize that their common enemy representation, polo y servicio or forced labor, galleon trade, was the Spaniards indulto de comercio and government monopolies (Agoncillo, 1990). Government restrictions and control made the people experience hardships and miseries. BSMLS – 2G Team Writers: Descargar, Malinao, Tacastacas, Villacarlos 1 of 3  SCHOOL OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITING OF RIZAL SAN PEDRO COLLEGE – MAIN CAMPUS Instructor’s Name: Jean Claveria Carreon AY 2022 – 2023 - 1ST SEMESTER LESSON NO.3 C. THE EMERGENCE OF THE FILIPINO SENSE OF Moreover, being able to witness the more progressive state NATIONHOOD other countries in the continent, these Europen-educated Filipinos became disillusioned with Spain The emergence of Filipino sense of nationhood took From their ranks emerged Filipino propagandists place only during the last years of Spanish rule in the clamoring for change in the Philippines 1890’s (Agoncillo, 1990) The development of nationalism in the 19th century was F. LIBERAL REGIME OF CARLOS MA. DELA TORRE attributable to the following factors: → Opening of the Philippines to world commerce The fall of Queen Isabel and the triumph of liberalism in → Rise of Clase Media Spain in 1869 resulted into the appointment of Carlos Ma. → Liberal Regime of Carlos Ma. Dela Torre Dela Torre as governor-general in the Philippines in the → Racial discrimination same year (Zaide, 1994) → Secularization controvesry and With his assumption into the office as the chief executive of → The Cavity Mutiny of 1872 the country in 1869, Dela Torre demonstrated his democratic and liberal philosophy in governing the country D. THE OPENING OF THE PHILIPPINES TO WOLD He encouraged the aspirations of the reformists and COMMERCE abolished the censorship of the press Reform commissions were set up and public The opening of the country to world commerce was a discussions took place in newspapers for the first time. consequence of Spians’s adoption of the laissez-faire policy To express satisfaction and joy for the leadership of Dela With the entry of foreign products and businessmen, the Torre, some Filipinos serenaded him on the night of July 12, economic isolation of the Philippines was ended 1869 (Liberty Serenade 1869). A more significant effect of this development was the influx This development was something the friars then did not of liberal ideas into the country like. Filipino intellectuals came to learn of the revolutionary For the first time the Filipinos were allowed to talk about ideas of John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau freedom and democracy openly. From their contract with the peninsular Spaniards, Filipino During his term of office, freedom of speech and of the intellectuals were able to learn Locke’s Theory of Revolution press, as guaranteed by the Spanish Constitution were and Rosseau’s Social Contract Theory recognized. They learned that people could overthrow a government that As a consequence of his liberal policy, Father Burgos and is not working fot he good of the governed (John Locke’s other Filipino clergy were motivated to work for the Theory of Revolution) Filipinization of parishes throughout the country. They also realized that a government is an agreement With the restoration of the Spanish monarchy in 1870 and between the rule and the ruled to govern for the welfare of the return of conservatism in Spain, Dela Torre was the ruled removed from office and replaced by the reactionary Other liberal iseas that the Filipinos came to learn during this Rafael de Izquierdo, who boasted that he came to the perios included the following: Philippines with a cross on one hand and a sword on the → Equality before the law other. → Freedom of religion → Freedom of assembly G. RACIAL DISCRIMINATION → Protection of human rights → Representation in the legislature and Another factor that contributed to the development of Filipino → Sovereignty of the people sense of nationhood was racial discrimination. Consequently, many of the Filipino intellectual started to The Spaniards considered Filipinos an inferior race and wonder at the deplorable conditions of the country sarcastically called them Indios. Discrimination of the Filipinos was prevalent in the universities and colleges, government offices, church and court of justice. E. THE RISE OF THE CLASE MEDIA Fray Miguel de Bustamante, in his pamphlet entitled, “Si Tandang Basyong Macunat,” portrayed the Filipino as an The rise of the new middle class or clase media, can be individual with low mental ability, incapable of acquiring traced to the prosperity of a relatively small class of mestizos European education and fitted only to work in the field and tend and the principalia or ruling elite who benefited from the a carabao (Zaide, 1994). opening of the country to foreign commerce and trade This kind of attack against the Filipino race intensified the Families, which prospered during this time, were able to send enmity between the Filipinos and Spaniards, especially the their sons for an education in Europe friars. Being educated in Europe, these sons of prosperous families Racial discrimination had led them to realize that the Spaniards were able to see the difference of European and Filipino and the Filipinos were two separate, distinct peoples. societies BSMLS – 2G Team Writers: Descargar, Malinao, Tacastacas, Villacarlos 2 of 3  SCHOOL OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITING OF RIZAL SAN PEDRO COLLEGE – MAIN CAMPUS Instructor’s Name: Jean Claveria Carreon AY 2022 – 2023 - 1ST SEMESTER LESSON NO.3 H. SECULARIZATION CONTROVERSY G. CAVITY MUTINY OF 1872 On the night of January 20, 1872, a mutiny broke out among Secularization of parishes was the transfer of the ministries Filipino soldiers in the arsenal of Cavite under the leadership of established by the regular Spanish clergy to the Filipino Sgt. La Madrid (Schumacher, 1991). seculars (Agoncillo, 1990). This mutiny was brought about the abolition of their This issue cropped up when the Jesuits were expelled from the exemption from tribute and forced labor Govenor-General country in 1768. Izquierdo, previously enjoyed by Filipino soldiers and workers Parishes vacated by the Jesuits had to be filled up by Filipino in the arsenal of Fort San Felipe. seculars (Schumacher, 1972). The Spanish authorities took advantage of the situation by The secularization controversy began as a religious issue on arresting liberal-minded Filipinos. the right of the regular and secular priests to administer the Nine Filipino priests were deported to Marianas Islands, parishes. together with thirteen lawyers and businessmen. This issue later on became a racial controversy between the The incident was exxagerated by the Spaniards, particularly the friars and Filipino secular clergy, as the friars started friars, to implicate Father Jose Burgos, Marinao Gomez, and demanding that the latter were not qualified to administer Jacinto Zamora, due to their active involvement in the the parishes (Romero, 1978). campaign for the secularization of parishes. Leading the Filipino seculars in the struggle was Fr. Pedro These three Filipino priests were executed by garrote for Pelaez, an insular, who rose to the position of vicar alleged complicity in the rebellion. capitular of Manila in 1861 (Anderson, 1969). The filipinos deeply resented the execution of Gomburza He led the fight against royal decrees turning secular owing to their innocence of the crime for which they were tried parishes over to the friars. (Zaide, 1994). The controversy became acute when the Jesuits returned to the They hailed the three Filipino priests as true martyrs of the Philippines. fatherland Parishes under the Filipino priests were taken over by the Their death made the Filipinos realize the need for unity to friars, which sparked protests from the former. end their miseries. With the return of the Jesuits, parishes under Filipino regulars The martyrdom of Gomburza was a turning point in in Manila were turned over to the Recollects in exchange for Philippine history (Agoncillo, 1990). the parishes held by the Recollects in Mindanao.