1.3 The 19th Century World of Jose Rizal_0.pdf

THE 19TH CENTURY WORLD OF JOSE RIZAL To fully comprehend the role of Dr. Rizal played in the shaping of the Filipino nationalism, there is a need for us to look into the developments in the 19th century. This is essential in understanding his ideology and outlook as an individual. Important devel...

THE 19TH CENTURY WORLD OF JOSE RIZAL To fully comprehend the role of Dr. Rizal played in the shaping of the Filipino nationalism, there is a need for us to look into the developments in the 19th century. This is essential in understanding his ideology and outlook as an individual. Important developments during the said century are as follows: (Capino et al, 1977)  growth and development of nationalism  rise and gradual spread of liberalism and democracy  industrial revolution  the upsurge of western imperialism  triumph of science and technology  optimism and confidence in progress GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONALISM Nationalism - sense of loyalty or psychological attachment members of a nation share, based on a common language, history, culture, and desire for independence (Jackson & Jackson, 2000) GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONALISM Nationalism - it is a feeling that drives a people together as a nation. -it is a love of country expressed in devotion to and advocacy of national interest and independence. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONALISM Two major revolutions of the earlier century: 1. The American Revolution of 1776 2. The French Revolution of 1789 Both revolutions gave birth to the idea that an individual's loyalty has to be to his nation not the king. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONALISM The American Revolution gave birth to the U.S.A. The French Revolution led to the overthrowing of the absolute rule of Bourbon Dynasty and the abolition of feudal system.  American Revolution (1775-1783) Independence from Great Britain French Revolution (1779-1789) Overthrowing of absolutism GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONALISM The ideology of the French Revolution:  Liberty  Fraternity  Equality - had influenced subject peoples to cast off the yoke of colonialism by means of armed uprising GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONALISM Owing to the nationalistic spirit, Italy became a united kingdom under King Victor Emmanuel II after the Italians under Guiseppe Garibaldi drove out the Austrians occupying the northern part of the country and weakened the influence of the pope. The separate kingdoms of Italy united as one nation. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONALISM Ten years later, Germany through the vigorous campaign by the Prussians under Otto von Bismarck united the various kingdoms and dukedoms of German nation and became one empire under Emperor William I. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONALISM Nationalism - one of the radical ideas in the years after 1815, which influenced the modern world tremendously. Three points that stand out in this complex ideology (McKay et al, 1995) 1. Nationalism has evolved from a real or imagined cultural unity, manifesting itself in a common language, history and territory. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONALISM Three points that stand out in this complex ideology (McKay et al, 1995) 2. Nationalists have usually sought to turn this cultural unity into political reality so that the territory of each people coincides with its state boundaries. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONALISM Three points that stand out in this complex ideology (McKay et al, 1995) 3. Nationalists believed that every nation has the right to exist in freedom and develop its character and spirit. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONALISM *While nationalism can foster national unity, progress and independence, it also has its negative side. *The ideas of national superiority and national mission can lead to aggressive crusades and counter-crusades. *Nationalism can also stress differences among people. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONALISM *The development of nationalism in the Philippines, however, was very slow. *Loyalty to the nation began only after the unjust execution of Fathers Gomez, Burgos and Zamora on Feb. 17, 1872. RISE AND GRADUAL SPREAD OF LIBERALISM AND DEMOCRACY *The rise and spread of liberalism and democracy was actually a consequence of the growth and development of nationalism. (Black, 1999) *The principal ideas of liberalism - liberty and equality - were first realized successfully in the American Revolution and then achieved in part in the French Revolution RISE AND GRADUAL SPREAD OF LIBERALISM AND DEMOCRACY *This political and social philosophy challenged conservatism in the European continent. *Liberalism demanded representative government as opposed to autocratic monarchy, equality before the law as opposed to legally separate classes. RISE AND GRADUAL SPREAD OF LIBERALISM AND DEMOCRACY *The idea of liberty also meant specific individual freedoms: - freedom of the press - freedom of speech - freedom of assembly; and - freedom from arbitrary arrest RISE AND GRADUAL SPREAD OF LIBERALISM AND DEMOCRACY *Democracy became a way of life in many European countries, like Britain, Belgium, and Switzerland. RISE AND GRADUAL SPREAD OF LIBERALISM AND DEMOCRACY *Democracy was gradually established thru the following means:  promulgation of laws that advance democracy  undertaking of reforms thru legislation  abolition of slavery  adoption of a liberal constitution RISE AND GRADUAL SPREAD OF LIBERALISM AND DEMOCRACY *Democracy was gradually established thru the following means:  providing the citizens the opportunity to propose laws  adoption of manhood suffrage and  granting of political, economic and social rights to the people RISE AND GRADUAL SPREAD OF LIBERALISM AND DEMOCRACY *Democracy was non-existent in the Philippines in the 19th century. *The Philippines was denied representation in the Spanish Cortes since 1833. *The ecclesiastical and civil authorities then were not inclined to grant basic human rights to the Filipinos, as it will be detrimental to Spain's colonial administration of the Philippines. RISE AND GRADUAL SPREAD OF LIBERALISM AND DEMOCRACY *Democracy was non-existent in the Philippines in the 19th century. *They believed that if the Filipinos will enjoy basic human rights and freedom, they would be motivated to work for independence and topple down the Regime. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION *One of the most crucial developments in the 19th century was the Industrial Revolution (Stearns et al, 1991) Industrial Revolution - refers to the transformation of manufacturing brought about by the invention and use of machines THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION *This development started in England and later on spread into Belgium, France, Germany and even the United States. *The invention of machines and their use in manufacturing brought about significant changes in people's lives. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION *Some of the positive effects brought about by this development:  The rise of the factory system;  Mass production of essential and non-essential goods;  Improvement of people's standard of living;  Greater urbanization of society; THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION *Some of the positive effects brought about by this development:  Beginnings of specialization or division of labor;  Invention of labor-saving devices;  The beginnings of industrial capitalism  Fostering of liberalism and nationalism; and  Encouragement of people's mobility. BEGAN IN ENGLAND IN 1760 Manufacturing  Spinning jenny  Spinning frame  Spinning shuttle  Cotton gin  Sewing machine Transportation  Steam boats  Steam locomotives  Airplanes  Automobiles  Balloons Communication  Telephone  Telegraph  Wireless telegraphy  Cable  Postal service  Newspapers THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION *On the other hand, there were negative effects of Industrial Revolution to people.  Widening of the gap between the rich and the poor;  Unending economic warfare between labor and capital;  Pollution and other environmental problems; THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION *On the other hand, there were negative effects of Industrial Revolution to people.  Beginning of child and women labor; and  Intensification of imperialistic rivalry between and among industrialized countries. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION *In the Philippines, it caused the displacement of the farmers from their land. *To solve the evils created by the industrial system, different measures were proposed by concerned sectors of world society (Doreen, 1991) THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION *LIBERALS laissez-faire policy or government's non- interference in the conduct of trade and business has to be sustained for the continuous expansion of the conomy. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SOCIALIST *The socialists assert that the government has to control vital industries and resources. This is necessary in promoting equality of opportunity and people's welfare in society. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION *The communists, on the other hand, suggest that all factors of production be owned and controlled by the government. Equality in society can be achieved if social classes are destroyed and dictatorship of the proletariat is established. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION *Conversely, the Catholic Church calls for humane treatment of workers, respect for workers' rights, and social justice for the poor. *It also enjoined the government to regulate the use of private property and provide humane and favorable working conditions for the proletariat. THE ADVANCE OF SCIENCE *The rapid expansion of scientific knowledge profoundly influenced Western thought in the 19th century (Hunt et al, 1995) *Breakthroughs in industrial technology enormously stimulated basic scientific inquiry. THE ADVANCE OF SCIENCE *The result was an explosive growth of fundamental scientific discoveries from 1830s onward. *These theoretical discoveries were increasingly transformed into material improvements for the population. THE ADVANCE OF SCIENCE *The translation of better scientific knowledge into practical benefits was evident in biology, medical sciences, physics and chemistry. *In the 19th century, search for knowledge and truth could be explained by a rational and empirical approach. THE ADVANCE OF SCIENCE *This was a result of the Age of Enlightenment during the 18th century, when blind belief and dogma were challenged by the principle that everything could be explained by reason. *This resulted in the development of the scientific method, where knowledge needs to be proven by a systematic and rational approach, which in effect, resulted in advances in the sciences. THE ADVANCE OF SCIENCE *The triumph of science and technology had at least three significant consequences: 1. Everyday experience and innumerable scientists impressed the importance of science on the mind of ordinary citizens. THE ADVANCE OF SCIENCE *The triumph of science and technology had at least three significant consequences: 2. As science became more prominent in popular thinking, the philosophical implications of science spread to broad sections of the population. Technical advances led the people to develop optimistic faith in man's capability to achieve progress. THE ADVANCE OF SCIENCE *The triumph of science and technology had at least three significant consequences: 3. The methods of science acquired unrivaled prestige after 1850. For many, the union of careful experiment and abstract theory was the only route to truth and objective reality. THE ADVANCE OF SCIENCE *The effects of the scientific revolution spilled to the challenging of traditional beliefs in religion and politics. *A belief emerged that the Church is not the sole source of knowledged but everyone can be capable of achieving knowledge and challenging the old established belief as long as this could be scientifically explained, replicated and validated. THE ADVANCE OF SCIENCE *The scientific revolution gained headway in Western European countries like Germany, France and England, which became centers of learning in the 19th century. *Its universities and society became free market places of ideas, characterized by a large degree of intellectual freedom that is unhampered by religious dogma and superstition. THE ADVANCE OF SCIENCE *German, French, and English scientists were at the forefront of this revolution and abroad, the explorers, archaelogists, and anthropologists scoured all parts of the world for new discoveries. * Unfortunately, however, Spain was at the backwater of this scientific upheaval and this was felt by Rizal himself when he left the Philippines, feeling that his education in the colony was inadequate. THE ADVANCE OF SCIENCE *He eventually, left Spain for more advanced studies in Germany and France to improve his competencies as a physician. THE RESURGENCE OF WESTERN IMPERIALISM *In the 19th century, the industrializing West entered the third and most dynamic phase of its centuries-old expansion into non-Western lands. *In so doing, these Western nations profitably subordinated those lands to their economic interests, sent forth millions of immigrants, and political influence in Asia and vast political empires in Africa. THE RESURGENCE OF WESTERN IMPERIALISM *The reasons for this culminating surge were many, but the economic thrust of robust industrial capitalism, an ever-growing lead in technology, and the competetive pressures of European nationalism were particularly important. THE RESURGENCE OF WESTERN IMPERIALISM *Western expansion had far-reaching consequences. *For the first time in human history, the world became in many ways a single unit. *Moreover, European expansion diffused ideas and techniques of a highly dveloped civilization. THE RESURGENCE OF WESTERN IMPERIALISM *Yet the West relied on force to conquer and rule, and treated non-Western peoples as racial inferiors. *Thus, non-Western elites, armed with Western doctrines, gradually responded to Western challenge. THE RESURGENCE OF WESTERN IMPERIALISM *They launched a national, anti-imperialist struggle for dignity, genuine independence, and modernization. *Colonized peoples, therefore, started to assert their right to self-determination or the right to choose the kind of government under which they would live. OPTIMISM AND CONFIDENCE IN PROGRESS *Optimism or faith in society and man's ability to progress was brought about by the advancement of science, the coming of steam-powered industry, and the spread of liberalism and socialism (Chodorow et al, 1994). OPTIMISM AND CONFIDENCE IN PROGRESS *The optimism of the century was summed by Marquis de Condorcet in his work, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind. *He saw that “the strongest reasons for believing that nature has set no limit to the realization of our hopes” OPTIMISM AND CONFIDENCE IN PROGRESS *He foresaw the following: 1. The abolition of inequality between nations; 2. The progress of equality between nations; 3. The true perfection of humanity *Progress was now independent of any power that might wish to halt it and will never be reversed. OPTIMISM AND CONFIDENCE IN PROGRESS *Optimism and confidence in progress can be gleaned from the achievements of men in the 19th century. *Notable among these were the following (Capino,1977) 1. Extension of human rights to many people; 2. Promotion of higher education for men and women; OPTIMISM AND CONFIDENCE IN PROGRESS *Notable among these were the following (Capino,1977) 3. Education for nationalism in schools; 4. Investment in science to serve mankind; 5. Improvement of public health thru the establishment of numerous hospitals; and 6. Emergence of realistic literature, depicting the life of the time. TO SUMMARIZE:  growth and development of nationalism  rise and gradual spread of liberalism and democracy  industrial revolution  the upsurge of western imperialism  triumph of science and technology  optimism and confidence in progress NEXT TOPIC: *SPAIN AND THE PHILIPPINES IN THE 19TH CENTURY - SPAIN IN THE 19TH CENTURY -ABANDONMENT OF MERCANTILISM (COMMERCIALISM) - THE PHILIPPINES DURING RIZAL'S TIME -ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION -THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF FILIPINO SOCIETY -EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM & ECONOMIC SITUATION