Rizal-L5 - The Life, Works, and Writings of Jose Rizal PDF

THE LIFE, WORKS, AND WRITINGS OF JOSE RIZAL Lesson 5: The 19th Century Philippines  Introductory Activity Pre-lesson 5 task findings and insights presentation  OBJECTIVES  discuss important changes in Spain and in the Philippines  enumerate the policies that e...

THE LIFE, WORKS, AND WRITINGS OF JOSE RIZAL Lesson 5: The 19th Century Philippines  Introductory Activity Pre-lesson 5 task findings and insights presentation  OBJECTIVES  discuss important changes in Spain and in the Philippines  enumerate the policies that enabled Filipinos to organize and ask for reforms; and  relate how the conditions of the 19th century Philippines and Europe affected the formation of Rizal's consciousness  Introduction The late 18th and early 19th century marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution led by the British. Through the development of steam engines and the integration of machinery in production, Britain experienced rapid development and urbanization. While other countries were quick to emulate British industrialization, Spain lagged behind its neighbors mainly because of its engagements with the Napoleonic and Carlist Wars and the internal power struggle between liberal and conservative factions in Spain during the early 19th century.  Introduction These changes in Spain eventually affected its relations towards its colonies and the Philippines experienced liberal policies and reform for the first time. This lesson explores the political and economic situation of the Philippines during the 19th century to further contextualize the life and times of Dr. Jose Rizal.  The Conditions of America, Europe, The 19th centuryand was aSpain century of change. During the last two decades of the previous century, the age of enlightenment reached its zenith in France, culminating in the French Revolution of 1789. The French Revolution resulted in the toppling of the monarchy of King Louis XVI and the ushering in of the French Republic. The struggle for equal rights has spread over the world. Europe went up in revolution from 1848, with the regimes of the absolute monarchs in France and Austria being toppled by people seeking more  The Conditions of America, Europe, and In 1861, the year Spain of Rizal's birth, Tsar Alexander emancipated Russian serfs. That year, the Italians, under Giuseppe Garibaldi, threw out the Austrians and took over the papal lands. Italian nationalism ended the domination of the Church and united the various Italian states as one country. Germany, on the other hand, was in the process of unification which lasted until 1871.  The Conditions of America, Europe, and Spain In the United States President Abraham Lincoln emancipated the black slaves but also triggered the American Civil War which lasted from 1861 to 1865. At the south of the U.S. border, Mexican troops dealt a humiliating defeat on the French- supported regime of Archduke Maximilian. In France, the regime of Napoleon l was crumbling after the debacle in Mexico. Later, the French overthrew the monarchists and established a republic.  The Conditions of America, Europe, and Spain At this time, however, most of Spain's colonies such as those in South and Central America, such as Mexico, Chile, Argentina, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Honduras, and others have won their independence from Spain through revolution. The Philippines was one of Spain's remaining colonies along with Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Spanish Sahara. Economic and Political Situation of the Philippines Some historians refer to the 19th century as a long century in Philippine history because of the numerous changes that happened during this period. In terms of political and economic changes, the brief occupation of Manila by British forces in 1762-1764 and the rapid development of economies in Europe made Spanish administrators in the colony rethink their policies so as not to get left behind by their neighbors and to prevent another incident such as the British occupation from happening again in the near future. Economic and Political Situation of the Philippines Two of the Notable Reforms: 1. Abolition of the Galleon Trade 2. Opening of the Philippines to world trade in 1830 Economic and Political Situation of the Philippines The Galleon Trade When the Spaniards came to the Philippines, our ancestors were already trading with China, Japan, Siam, India, Cambodia, Borneo and Moluccas. The Spanish government continued trade relations with these countries, and Manila became the center of commerce in the East. The Spaniards closed the ports of Manila to all countries except Mexico. Thus, the Manila-Acapulco Trade, better known as the “Galleon Trade” was born. Economic and Political Situation of the Philippines The Galleon Trade was a government monopoly. Only two galleons were used: one sailed from Acapulco to Manila with some 500,000 pesos worth of goods, spending 120 days at sea; the other sailed from Manila to Acapulco with some 250,000 pesos worth of goods spending 90 days at sea. Economic and Political Situation of the Philippines It also allowed modern, liberal ideas to enter the country, eventually inspiring the movement for independence from Spain…  Economic and Political Situation of the Philippines The Suez Canal -The Suez Canal is a man-made waterway connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Indian Ocean via the Red Sea. It enables a more direct route for shipping between Europe and Asia, effectively allowing for passage from the North Atlantic to the Indian Ocean without having to circumnavigate the African continent. The waterway is vital for international trade and, as a result, has been at the center of conflict since it opened in 1869. Economic and Political Situation of the Philippines The Suez Canal - The construction began on September 25, 1859 -The construction ended on November 17, 1869 -an estimated 1.5 million people worked on the project.  Economic and Political Situation of the Philippines Rizal was able to read various European Literature's such as Alexander Dumas' The Count of Monte Cristo and the Three Musketeers and Andres Bonifacio was also able to read literatures on the French Revolution that later influenced some of the works of both individuals. NOTE: Count of Monte Cristo is about the revenge of Edmond Dantes who is falsely accused of treason, arrested, and imprisoned without trial in the Château d'If, a grim island fortress off Marseille. Economic and Political Situation of the Philippines The end of Spain's wars with the Dutch and the British, as well as the nullification of the slave-raiding activities of the Moro, also led to the development of agricultural lands and the discovery of new frontiers in the Philippines. These developments however did not help in bridging the gap between the local elites and the poor and marginalized sectors in the country. This gap led to different revolts such as the Basi Revolts in Ilocos Sur and Ilocos Norte during the early 19th century… Economic and Political Situation of the Philippines The end of Spain's wars with the Dutch and the British, as well as the nullification of the slave-raiding activities of the Moro, also led to the development of agricultural lands and the discovery of new frontiers in the Philippines. These developments however did not help in bridging the gap between the local elites and the poor and marginalized sectors in the country. This gap led to different revolts such as the Basi Revolts in Ilocos Sur and Ilocos Norte during the early 19th century… Economic and Political Situation of the Philippines Economic and Political Situation of the Philippines The Constitution of Cadiz had a novel feature of allowing colonies to be represented in the Spanish parliament called the Cortes. The Philippines therefore was given representation for the very first time, and Ventura de los Reyes, a Spaniard born in the Philippines, was selected to represent the colony. However, after Napoleon was defeated, Ferdinand, who had become King Ferdinand VIl, abolished the Cortes, saying that the body encroached on powers he believed belonged solely to him. The decision was unpopular as Spain's American colonies began to revolt. Economic and Political Situation of the Philippines Economic and Political Situation of the Philippines Economic and Political Situation of the Philippines Economic and Political Situation of the Philippines The Filipinos in this time were unfortunate victims of the evils of an unjust, biased and deteriorating power. These are: 1. Instability of colonial administration 2. Corrupt Colonial Officials 3. No Philippine Representation in Spanish Cortes 4. Human Rights Denied to Filipinos 5. No Equality Before the Law 6. Maladministration of Justice 7. Racial Discrimination 8. Frailocracy (rule of the friars) 9. Forced Labor 10. The Guardia Civil  Economic and Political Situation of the Philippines: Education and the Rise of the Illustrados DEFECTS OF EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM DURING SPANISH TIME 1. Emphasis on Religion a. Fear of God was emphasized. b. Obedience to friars was instilled in the minds of the people. c. Indios were constantly reminded that they had inferior intelligence and were fit for manual labor only. d. Will of God was also emphasized.  Economic and Political Situation of the Philippines: Education and the Rise of the Illustrados DEFECTS OF EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM DURING SPANISH TIME 2. Absence of Academic Freedom a. Most schools were not opened to the natives. b. Students were not allowed to express their opinions. 3. Racial Discrimination a. prior to the educational decree of 1863, the schools were not open to the natives. b. Spaniards hesitated to consider the indios as educable as themeselves  Economic and Political Situation of the Philippines: Education and the Rise of the Illustrados DEFECTS OF EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM DURING SPANISH TIME 4. Limited Curriculum a. Education was limited to the 3Rs, that is, Reading, Writing and Arithmetic.  Economic and Political Situation of the Philippines: Education and the Rise of the Illustrados With their education and exposure outside the country, these individuals, who later on were referred to as illustrados, eventually formed the core of a new emerging movement that asked the colonial government for much needed reforms in the Philippines. The new movement is called the reform and propaganda movement.  Economic and Political Situation of the Philippines: Education and the Rise of the Illustrados This movement also drew inspiration from the earlier efforts of the native secular priests such as Padre Jose Burgos who fought for equal rights among the clergy in the 1860's. The secular priests' move, along with the students' involvement from different higher institutions in the country during that time, to gain equal rights, however, was interpreted by the Spanish administrators and friars as an attempt to overthrow the government leading to massive breakdowns made against students along with some local elites in the country in 1872. Burgos, along with fathers Jacinto Zamora and Mariano Gomez, were executed  Economic and Political Situation of the Philippines: Education and the Rise of the Illustrados  Economic and Political Situation of the Philippines: Education and the Rise of the Illustrados  Economic and Political Situation of the Philippines: Education and the Rise of the Illustrados  QUIZ Kindly get a ¼ sheet of yellow paper “1/4 sir? Yes, ¼.  ACTIVITY 5 (LESSON 5) Question and answer session (again). Direction(s): 1. Formulate an insightful question regarding the topic we have just discussed that will result in a meaningful answer or conversation. 2. Work in trios for this task.  Thank s Mr. Abner Gilbert P.Lacdao CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo, including icons by Flaticon, infographics & images by Freepik Please keep this slide for attribution https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2009/03/17/448880/british-invasion-philippines https://www.philippine-history.org/galleon-trade.htm https://www.history.com/topics/european-history/french-revolution https://knowgermany.com/how-were-the-unifications-of-italy-and-germany-similar/ https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/brief-overview-american-civil-war https://www.history.com/topics/africa/suez-canal#where-is-the-suez-canal https://www.history.com/topics/european-history/napoleon