19th Century Philippines (Rizal's Context) PDF

Chapter 2 “19 th Century Philippines As Rizal’s Context” Spanish expeditions and colonization Ferdinand Magellan is a Portuguese navigator in the service of the king of Spain, he was the 1st navigator who discover the modern world. He was looking for Spice Island. He also prove th...

Chapter 2 “19 th Century Philippines As Rizal’s Context” Spanish expeditions and colonization Ferdinand Magellan is a Portuguese navigator in the service of the king of Spain, he was the 1st navigator who discover the modern world. He was looking for Spice Island. He also prove that the Earth is round. He discovered the Philippines which he named before the King of Spain King Philip.  “3 G’s” of Exploration God- spread Christianity, specifically Catholicism Gold- economic purposes, trade goods ex. Spice Islands, luxury items- silk. Glory- be the 1st to discover new places & new economic markets Technologies Technologies Portolani- charts that showed coastlines and distance between ports not the most useful on overseas trips Cartography- mapmaking Compass- which direction ship was headed Astrolabe- used sun or star to find latitude Lateen Sails- triangular sails Spanish Occupation The Spaniards occupied the Philippines for more than 333 years Greatest discovery of Magellan’s Expedition  Origins of the System Forced labor common in Western Europe Means of: providing a Spaniard a portion of land Restricted property rights over a certain # of Indians Became entrenched in South and Central America  Spaniards used religion to justify system God’s will to indoctrinate natives Law of Burgos: any encomendero with more than fifty Natives had to educate one boy in writing and religious doctrine Social Classes Viceroys: head of a colony Appointed by king Peninsulares: born in Spain Only group that could become viceroys Social Classes  The Social Background Concerning the Social Picture of the 19th Century Philippines, there are at least 3 topics that are need to be discussed: a.) Education b.) The Rise of Chinese Mestizo c.) The Rise of the Inquilinos. a) Education With the coming of the Spanish colonizers, the European System of Education was introduced in the Philippines. Even the way the Schools were built has the influence of the Colonizers. King Philip II’s “Laws of the Indies” mandated Spanish authorities in the Philippines to educate the Filipinos on how to read and write and learn Spanish. But the authorities did seriously taught the Filipinos the Spanish Language. The First Normal Schools in the land were parochial schools opened in their parishes by the missionaries such as the Augustinians, Fransiscans, Jesuits and Dominicans.  Later on Colleges which is equivalent to high school these days, were established for boys and girls. University Education was opened to the country during the early part of the 17th Century. In 1839, a royal decree called for the establishment of a public school system in the Philippines. The result of a growing number of educated natives, a new social class emerged, which came known as the “Ilustrados” With the opening of the Suez Canal, which made the travel to Europe faster and affordable, many locals took advantage to pursue higher education in countries like Barcelona and Madrid. b) The Rise of Chinese Mestizo At the beginning of the 19th century, economic and political changes in Europe were finally starting affect Spain and, consequently the Philippines. The Development of commercial agriculture in the archipelago resulted in the presence of a new class. Alongside the landholdings of the church and the pre-Spanish nobility, there arises the enterprising Chinese Mestizos. In a larger perspective, the fast rhythm of economic progress of the Philippines during the 19th century expedited by some factors resulted in the rise of breed of a new breed of rich and influential Filipino middle class. C) The Rise of the Inquilinos At least in modern Spanish, the term inquilino has the same meaning as the English “tenant” The elimination of the Galleon Trade and the opening of the Suez Canal gave way for more intensive rice cultivation and production of crops. Inquilinos paid a fix rent and amount was determined by the size and quality of the land being worked on.  As friars estates enlarged, outlining the boundaries that separated these estates from communal lands became a common cause of conflict. Dispute over communal woodcutting and grazing areas occurred regularly between villages and estates. There were also conflict between estate workers and owners.  THE POLITICAL LANDSCAPE Liberalism - It is a worldview founded on ideas of freedom and equality. - It believes that government is necessary to protect individuals from being abused by others. - Government itself can pose a threat to liberty. - French Revolution (1789-1799) became a period of fundamental change in the political of French, "Having 'Liberty, Equality, and fraternity." - Numerous changes in parliaments and constitutions, education, political life. - Anti-clericism - Suez canal eased the importation of books, newspapers, and magazines. - General Carlos De la Torre put into practice his liberal and democratic ways by avoiding luxury an living in a simple life. - De la Torre encouraged freedom and abolished censorship. SEEING RIZAL'S LIFE IN HIS SOCIETY - Discussed as a preliminary in studying the hero's life and works. - Sociological Imagination state of mind can view inner life and career in terms of larger historical forces.