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Questions and Answers
What significant event in the United States triggered the American Civil War?
What significant event in the United States triggered the American Civil War?
What event marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution?
What event marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution?
What was the status of most of Spain's colonies in the 19th century?
What was the status of most of Spain's colonies in the 19th century?
Which country experienced difficulties in industrialization due to wars and internal power struggles during the early 19th century?
Which country experienced difficulties in industrialization due to wars and internal power struggles during the early 19th century?
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What two reforms were significant in the Philippines during the 19th century?
What two reforms were significant in the Philippines during the 19th century?
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What was the Galleon Trade primarily characterized by?
What was the Galleon Trade primarily characterized by?
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What change allowed Filipinos to organize and seek reforms for the first time?
What change allowed Filipinos to organize and seek reforms for the first time?
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Which of the following countries suffered a military defeat at the hands of Mexican troops?
Which of the following countries suffered a military defeat at the hands of Mexican troops?
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What was a significant consequence of the French Revolution of 1789?
What was a significant consequence of the French Revolution of 1789?
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Which event marked the crumbling of Napoleon I's regime in France?
Which event marked the crumbling of Napoleon I's regime in France?
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In which year was Tsar Alexander's emancipation of Russian serfs?
In which year was Tsar Alexander's emancipation of Russian serfs?
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What was the outcome of the Italian nationalism movement described?
What was the outcome of the Italian nationalism movement described?
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What motivated Spanish administrators to rethink their policies in the Philippines during the 19th century?
What motivated Spanish administrators to rethink their policies in the Philippines during the 19th century?
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What impact did the age of enlightenment have leading into the 19th century?
What impact did the age of enlightenment have leading into the 19th century?
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During what years did the American Civil War take place?
During what years did the American Civil War take place?
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Which of the following best describes the political environment in Spain during the early 19th century?
Which of the following best describes the political environment in Spain during the early 19th century?
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Which of the following statements about the two galleons is true?
Which of the following statements about the two galleons is true?
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What significant construction milestone did the Suez Canal achieve in 1869?
What significant construction milestone did the Suez Canal achieve in 1869?
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How many people were estimated to have worked on the construction of the Suez Canal?
How many people were estimated to have worked on the construction of the Suez Canal?
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Which literary work influenced Rizal and Bonifacio?
Which literary work influenced Rizal and Bonifacio?
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What was a significant factor leading to agricultural development in the Philippines?
What was a significant factor leading to agricultural development in the Philippines?
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What was the primary focus of 'The Count of Monte Cristo'?
What was the primary focus of 'The Count of Monte Cristo'?
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What impact did the Suez Canal have on international trade?
What impact did the Suez Canal have on international trade?
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Which sector of society in the Philippines remained marginalized after agricultural developments?
Which sector of society in the Philippines remained marginalized after agricultural developments?
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What primary factors contributed to the economic developments in the Philippines during the early 19th century?
What primary factors contributed to the economic developments in the Philippines during the early 19th century?
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Which notable event occurred due to the introduction of the Constitution of Cadiz?
Which notable event occurred due to the introduction of the Constitution of Cadiz?
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What was abolished by King Ferdinand VII after his victory over Napoleon?
What was abolished by King Ferdinand VII after his victory over Napoleon?
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Which of the following was NOT listed as one of the evils experienced by Filipinos in colonial times?
Which of the following was NOT listed as one of the evils experienced by Filipinos in colonial times?
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What was a major characteristic of the educational system during Spanish rule?
What was a major characteristic of the educational system during Spanish rule?
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What impact did the lack of representation in the Cortes have on the local population?
What impact did the lack of representation in the Cortes have on the local population?
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Which issue primarily represented the social gap between local elites and marginalized sectors?
Which issue primarily represented the social gap between local elites and marginalized sectors?
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What term describes the rule of the friars during colonial times in the Philippines?
What term describes the rule of the friars during colonial times in the Philippines?
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Who among the following was executed along with Burgos?
Who among the following was executed along with Burgos?
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What does the rise of the Illustrados in the Philippines primarily correlate with?
What does the rise of the Illustrados in the Philippines primarily correlate with?
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What was the role of Jacinto Zamora in Philippine history?
What was the role of Jacinto Zamora in Philippine history?
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The economic and political situation in the Philippines during the rise of the Illustrados was largely influenced by which of the following?
The economic and political situation in the Philippines during the rise of the Illustrados was largely influenced by which of the following?
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In what context was the term 'Illustrados' used in Philippine history?
In what context was the term 'Illustrados' used in Philippine history?
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What was one of the significant defects of the educational system during Spanish rule in the Philippines?
What was one of the significant defects of the educational system during Spanish rule in the Philippines?
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What was the main reason for the limited curriculum in schools during Spanish colonization?
What was the main reason for the limited curriculum in schools during Spanish colonization?
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Who were referred to as the illustrados in the context of Philippine education?
Who were referred to as the illustrados in the context of Philippine education?
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What movement emerged from the efforts of the illustrados and earlier native secular priests?
What movement emerged from the efforts of the illustrados and earlier native secular priests?
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How did Spanish administrators perceive the actions of the secular priests and students seeking equal rights?
How did Spanish administrators perceive the actions of the secular priests and students seeking equal rights?
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What did the educational decree of 1863 change regarding education in the Philippines?
What did the educational decree of 1863 change regarding education in the Philippines?
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Which earlier effort influenced the new movement for reform in the Philippines?
Which earlier effort influenced the new movement for reform in the Philippines?
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What was a key reason for racial discrimination in education during the Spanish colonial period?
What was a key reason for racial discrimination in education during the Spanish colonial period?
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Study Notes
The Life, Works, and Writings of Jose Rizal: The 19th Century Philippines
- The late 18th and early 19th centuries marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, led by Britain.
- Britain's advancements in steam engines and machinery led to rapid industrialization and urbanization.
- Spain lagged behind its neighbors due to internal conflicts like the Napoleonic and Carlist Wars, and power struggles between liberal and conservative factions.
- These changes in Spain impacted its colonies, including the Philippines, which experienced liberal policies and reforms for the first time, prompting a need for reforms in the Philippines.
- The 19th-century Philippines faced significant political and economic changes, which are discussed in context with Rizal's life and times.
- From 1789-1799, the French Revolution toppled the monarchy of King Louis XVI.
- The struggle for equal rights sparked revolutions across Europe, including in France and Austria, leading to shifts in governing.
- In 1861, Tsar Alexander emancipated Russian serfs. The Italian unification occurred in the same year, ending papal rule and uniting Italian states.
- By 1871, Germany completed its unification process.
- In the United States, President Abraham Lincoln emancipated slaves, triggering the American Civil War (1861-1865).
- In France, the Second Empire crumbled, replaced by a republic. The Mexican troop defeated the French supported regime of Archduke Maximilian in 1865.
- At this time, several South American colonies gained independence from Spain, including Mexico, Chile, Argentina, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Honduras.
- Several countries, including the Philippines, became part of Spain's remaining colonies during this time.
- Historians often describe the 19th century in the Philippines as pivotal for various political and economic changes.
- The brief British occupation of Manila (1762-1764) and the evolving European economies prompted Spanish administrators to rethink their policies, so as to not lag behind.
- Significant reforms included the abolition of the Galleon Trade and the opening of the Philippines to world trade in 1830.
The Galleon Trade
- In the Philippines, pre-colonial trade with various regions (e.g., China, Japan) was already established.
- The Spanish built upon this, establishing Manila as a major trade center in the East.
- The Spanish, however, limited trade through a government monopoly of the Manila-Acapulco Trade (called the Galleon Trade).
- Only two galleons were used, one for the journey from Acapulco to Manila, carrying goods worth approximately 500,000 pesos and traveling 120 days, and, the other in reverse, carrying about 250,000 pesos worth of goods, spending 90 days at sea.
- The Galleon Trade created a unique economic system but held back the Philippines from wider global economic development, as well as allowing for an influx of modern and liberal ideas inspiring movements toward independence.
Political and Economic Situation of the Philippines
- The implementation of the Cadiz Constitution (1812) in the Philippines declared equal rights for citizens in the colonies as well as in Spain.
- Subsequently, the Philippines was given a voice within the Spanish parliament called Cortes
- The Philippines gained representation for the first time.
- However, Napoleon's defeat led to the abolishment of this constitution, causing unpopularity for Spain amongst its American colonies and leading to revolts.
- Other types of movements, such as the Cofradia de San Jose in Tayabas Quezon, showed religious overtones, challenging the Catholic Church's dominance and discrimination of religious orders against secular priests.
- These various movements generally aimed to reduce the gap between the elites and the marginalized, but they did not achieve their goal of uniting the nation.
- In the Philippines, the native peoples largely remained disunited because of the lack of a strong national identity, utilized by the Spanish for division and rule.
- Spain mostly relied on native leaders to maintain control.
The Rise of the Ilustrados
- Rizal and other Filipinos who had access to European literature, education and ideals, came to be called ilustrados.
- The Illustrados later led a new movement for reforms in the Philippines, known as the Propaganda and Reform Movement.
- They drew inspiration from secular priests who campaigned for equal rights within the clergy, during the 1860s.
- The movement gained popularity by students and intellectuals.
- However, the movement was interpreted by the Spanish administrators and friars as an attempt to overthrow the government and caused breakdowns against the students and local elites in the country in 1872.
- The priests who led this movement (Fathers Gomez, Burgos and Zamora), were executed, and this event is known as Gomburza.
Defects of Spanish-era Education System
- Educational emphasis on religion and obedience to the friars.
- Indigenous Filipinos were seen as having inferior intelligence and suited for manual labor.
- Limited curriculum restricted to reading, writing, and arithmetic.
- Most schools were not open to native Filipinos.
- Filipinos were not allowed to express opinions, which limited their educational development.
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Description
Explore the life and writings of Jose Rizal within the context of the 19th-century Philippines. This quiz covers the political and economic transformations during this period, influenced by events in Spain and Europe. Understand how these historical shifts shaped Rizal's ideas and works.
