Readings in Philippine History PDF - RIPH 111 Prelims Reviewer

lOMoARcPSD|46066072 RIPH 111 Prelims - Reviewer of RIPH 111 Readings in Philippine History (Our Lady of Fatima University) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or universi...

lOMoARcPSD|46066072 RIPH 111 Prelims - Reviewer of RIPH 111 Readings in Philippine History (Our Lady of Fatima University) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by yn pr ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|46066072 Readings in Philippine History TOPIC COVERAGE requisites of history. 1. History, the Sources and Historical Method 10. History is relevant. 2. Santiago Alvarez’s and Teodoro Agoncillo’s 11. History is comprehensive. 3. Robert Fox’s and William Henry Scott’s RELEVANCE OF HISTORY 4. Antonio Pigafetta’s and Juan de Plasencia’s History helps us understand people and societies. 5. Emilio Jacinto’s and Apolinario Mabini’s History contributes to moral understanding. 6. Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista and Emilio Aguinaldo History provides identity. Studying history is essential for good citizenship. THE MEANING OF HISTORY History is useful in the world of work. Greek word “istoia” which means learning and HISTORICAL METHOD “historia” which means inquiry. The process of critically examining and analyzing Aristotle: History is the systematic account of a set the records and survivals of the past. of natural phenomena whether or not in To study objectively a thing must first be an object. chronological order. o Only a part of what was observed is Latin word “scientia”, which means Science was remembered, only a part of what was used more to designate non-chronological remembered is recorded, only a part of what systematic accounts of phenomena. was recorded survives, only a part of what Presently, the word “history” means the “past of survived comes to the historian’s attention. mankind”. History is the study of past events, o Only a part of what is credible has been particularly in human affairs. grasped, only a part of what has been grasped History in German is “Geschichte”, meaning, can be expounded and narrated by the “that which has happened”. historian. History cannot be reconstructed. And that even the HISTORICAL SOURCES best of our memories cannot recreate our past. Objects from the past or testimony concerning the Historians will never really know everything that past which historians use to create their own happened in the past. depiction of the past. The problem that every historian confronts is that According to Form the evidence they rely on is likely to be fragmented, a). Written Sources - Published materials (books, incomplete and even contradictory. journals etc.) and manuscript (handwritten and The result is each historian’s conclusions are unprinted like archival materials and memoirs) influenced by the evidence they have selected 3 Types of Written Sources from what is available and from how they 1. Narrative sources or literary sources – interpreted it. diaries, films, biographies, leading philosophical And from whatever a historian only has will be the works, and scientific works. only thing that he can use to connect him to the 2. Diplomatic Sources – include charters and past. other legal documents. NATURE OF HISTORY 3. Social Documents – records created by 1. History is a study of the present in the light of the organizations such as register of births and tax past. records. 2. History is the study of man. b). Non-written Sources - Oral history, artifacts, 3. History is concerned with man in time. fossils, etc. 4. History is concerned with man in space. According to Origin 5. History provides an objective record of a) Primary Sources happenings. o Testimony of an eyewitness. 6. History is multisided. o It must have been produced by a 7. History is a dialogue between the events of the past contemporary of that is narrated. and progressively emerging future ends. o It is a document or physical object written or 8. History is not only narration, but it is also an created during the time under study. analysis. o These sources were present during an 9. Continuity and coherence are the necessary experience or time period and offer an JERAMIE MACABUTAS I RIPH 111 – PRELIM I A.Y. 2023-2024 1 Downloaded by yn pr ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|46066072 Readings in Philippine History inside view of a particular event. creative product design, and heritage Kinds of primary sources education modules that revitalize the youth's Literary or Cultural Sources. sense of identity and belonging. 1. Novels, plays, poems (both published and in National Historical commission of the manuscript form). Philippines 2. Television shows, movies, or videos. ✓ The National Historical Commission of the 3. Paintings or photographs Philippines (NHCP), formerly known as the Accounts that describe events, people, or National Historical Institute, was established in ideas. 1972 to promote Philippine history and 1. Newspapers cultural heritage through research, 2. Chronicles or Historical Accounts. dissemination, conservation, site 3. Essays and speeches. management, and heraldry works. 4. Memoirs, diaries, journals, and letters. ✓ Its roots can be traced back to the Philippine 5. Philosophical treatises or manifestos. Historical Research and Markers Committee Information about people. established by the American colonial Insular 1. Census records Government in 1933. The NHCP aims to raise 2. Obituaries awareness and appreciation of Philippine 3. Newspaper articles heroes and cultural heritage, instill pride, 4. Biographies and autobiographies and rekindle the Filipino spirit through Finding information about a place. history. 1. Maps and atlases National Library of the Philippines 2. Census information National Museum of the Philippines 3. Statistics University of the Philippines-Diliman Library 4. Photographs ✓ Established in 1922 to aid teaching, research, 5. City directories and extension work in various fields. The 6. Local libraries or historical societies library's Filipiniana Collections, available in Finding information about an organization print, non-print, and digital forms, are its most 1. Archives (sometimes held by libraries, notable collections. The library also has a institutions, or historical societies) digital version, Saliktroniko, which is open to b) Secondary Sources visitors based on certain terms and conditions. o Interpret and analyze primary sources. University of Santo Tomas Miguel Benvides o They are one or more steps removed from Library the event. ✓ The University of Santo Tomas Miguel o Examples are printed textbooks. Benavides Library is the oldest university Repositories of primary sources library in the Philippines, with donations from National Archives of the Philippines various Dominicans contributing to its growth. ✓ The National Archives of the Philippines was ✓ Its first seeds were planted when in the early established in 2007 by RA 9470, the first 17th century "the founder," Fr. Miguel de archival legislation in over a century. Benavides and other benefactors such as Fr. ✓ It is responsible for preserving historical Diego Soria and Hernando de Los Rios documents that are vital to the country's Coronel, donated their private collections for a heritage and collective memory. future college. ✓ It houses over 60 million documents from ✓ On October 1989, the UST Central Library various periods of Philippine history, including Building was inaugurated. The library has the Spanish, American, and Japanese undergone a full automation transformation occupations, as well as the Republic. and is engaged in developing a virtual library. ✓ The Archives promotes effective records It houses a rich collection of print and non-print management and a sense of pride in heritage materials based on the university's courses through collaboration with government and provides essential facilities to facilitate agencies and the private sector. Archival learning. materials can be used for tourism information, JERAMIE MACABUTAS I RIPH 111 – PRELIM I A.Y. 2023-2024 2 Downloaded by yn pr ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|46066072 Readings in Philippine History Ateneo University Rizal Library o Tests of credibility are: ✓ The Ateneo University Rizal Library is a well- ✓ Determine the character of the author, his known institutional library that provides reliability, and his ability and willingness to resources for in-depth research. It houses tell the truth. various collections such as the American ✓ Determine the corroboration, historical facts Historical Collection with over 13,000 books rest upon the testimony of two or more and 18,000 photographs, a Women's Writings reliable witnesses section, and the Pardo de Tavera Library and EXAMINING A PRIMARY SOURCE Special Collections, featuring personal Excerpt from Santiago Alvarez’s Katipunan and collections of historical materials donated by the Revolution: Memoirs of a General. notable Filipino personalities. Santiago Alvarez ✓ The Filipiniana section contains books by (hulyo 25, 1872 – oktubre 30, 1930) Filipino or foreign authors about the Only child of Mariano Alvarez and Nicolasa Virata. Philippines, local periodicals, religious files, A revolutionary general from Magdiwang annual reports, maps, and vertical files on Council and Honorary President of the first Philippine issues. It also has over 3,000 theses directorate of the Nacionalista Party. and dissertations by former Ateneo students. Known as “Kidlat ng Apoy” ✓ The library has more than 32,000 resources in the humanities, social sciences, and general “Hero” of the 36-hour battle in Dalahican, one of sciences, and over 1,200 local periodicals, the bloodiest encounters during the revolution. including rare, original copies of Aliwan, Santiago Alvarez is writing directly from his Liwayway, and Philippines Free Press experience. magazines. He also intended this work as an encouragement Portal de Archivos Espanoles to other generals of the Revolution to write their ✓ Simply known by its acronym PARES is a own recollection. documentary archive established and hosted The issue of “unbiased” and “neutral” point of by the Spanish Ministry of Education in 2007. It view was something to be careful about since he offers free access to digitized images of the is a Magdiwang member. Spanish Archives and includes parts of He finished this book in 1927, he was fifty years Philippine history throughout the occupation of the Spaniards in the country. old. Historical criticisms The book was originally published in Sampagita, Settles matters on the form and content of a a Tagalog weekly. source. The original work was written in Tagalog but was External Criticism translated by Paula Carolina S. Malay in English Deals with the problem of authenticity. The Katipunan initiation rites To spot hoaxes, fakes, forgeries, and fabrications. Inside the room there is a table covered with black o Tests of Authenticity are: cloth where the skull and crossbones from a ✓ Determine the date if it is Anachronistic: a human skeleton are. Lying beside it were the material, skill or culture does not exist at that following paraphernalia: time. ▪ A new long-bladed weapon ✓ Determine the author in the uniqueness of ▪ An old revolver his handwriting or signature. ▪ A small knife with a sharp edge ✓ Determine the provenance or custody: ▪ A new pen genuineness. ▪ A copy of the Katipunan primer and, ✓ Determine the Semantics, meaning of a text ▪ A sheet of paper on which were written or word. blood-colored characters. ✓ Determine the Hermeneutics, the We pledge to destroy oppression by signing ambiguities. their name in their own blood. Internal Criticism → It deals with the problem of credibility. JERAMIE MACABUTAS I RIPH 111 – PRELIM I A.Y. 2023-2024 3 Downloaded by yn pr ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|46066072 Readings in Philippine History The tejeros convention Examining a secondary source The Tejeros Convention was finally convened on Excerpt from Teodoro Agoncillo “The Revolt of March 25, 1897. the Masses: The Story of Bonifacio and the MAGDIWANG COUNCIL MAGDALO COUNCIL Katipunan”. ▪ Chairman Jacinto ▪ Messrs., Baldomero Teodoro agoncillo Lumbreras Aguinaldo, Daniel (nobyembre 9, 1912 – enero 14, 1985) ▪ Supremo Andres Tirona, and Cayetano Bonifacio Topacio. Historian, poet, short story writer, editor, and a ▪ Messrs., Mariano M. professor. Alvarez, Pascual Born in Lemery, Batangas, on November 9, Alvarez, Ariston 1912. Villanueva, Mariano C, He earned his bachelor’s in philosophy degree in Trias, Diego Mojica, Emiliano R. de Dios, 1934 and Master of Arts in 1939 at the University Santiago Rillo. of the Philippines. ▪ How to bolster the ▪ What kind of He introduced a more Filipino-centric style, defenses in the government we seeing the events of the Philippines unfold areas still under should go about through the eyes of Filipinos. Magdiwang Control. establishing it. ▪ Letter “K” and the In 1985, Agoncillo was included in the roster of ▪ “K” in the middle of the Order of National Scientists by President sun on the flag did the sun in the not indicated Ferdinand E. Marcos for his contributions to Katipunan flag used whether the Philippine History. in the Revolution revolutionary stood for Kalayaan The Revolt of the Masses published in 1956 is government was (Freedom). examined to understand the author’s explanation democratic or not. o Chairman Jacinto Lumbrera resigned. of what made “the masses” revolutionary. o Supremo Andres Bonifacio became the The study finds a profound incoherence: President. Agoncillo posited literacy and political o An election to the following positions: consciousness in explaining the explosion in the President, Vice-President, Minister of finance, Katipunan’s membership, but throughout the book Miniter of welfare, Minister of justice, and the dominant characterization of the masses captain general. was one of ignorance, gullibility, o Many ballots distributed were already filled out impulsiveness, irrationality, and treachery. and the voters had not done this themselves. The misunderstanding that existed between the o When the votes for president were counted, Mr. followers of the Magdiwang and the Magdalo, Emilio Aguinaldo won over Mr. Andres Bonifacio, destroyed the Katipunan plans. the Supremo. For this purpose, the leaders of the Magdiwang o Chaos between the Magdiwang and Magdalo and the Magdalo decided to call a convention or Council because of Daniel Tirona. assembly at Imus. o Supremo Andres Bonifacio declared that all Emilio Aguinaldo wanted to establish a matters approved in the meeting was null and revolutionary government and wanted the void. presidency of Edilberto Evangelista. o A meeting was called on the following day by Bonifacio was deeply hurt, for as founder and Pres. Baldomero Aguinaldo of the Magdalo Supreme Head of the Katipunan he felt that the Council, its purpose was to continue and presidency should be given to him as a reward. revalidate the proceedings of the election meeting. On the other hand, the Magdiwang followers o Magdiwang Group was present but none of the argued that the Katipunan already had a Magdalo attended. constitution and by-laws duly approved and o At the gathering in the Tanza parish house, by enforced in the Islands and that, by virtue of this, the Magdalo Group, those elected at the Tejeros provincial and municipal governments in and convention took oath. around Manila had already been established. The Magdalo group strenuously objected and insisted on an election. JERAMIE MACABUTAS I RIPH 111 – PRELIM I A.Y. 2023-2024 4 Downloaded by yn pr ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|46066072 Readings in Philippine History The discussion became heated and did not CHAMBER A – MANUNGGUL CAVE accomplish any tangible result. Late Stone Age. The Magdalo followers suspected the Magdiwang 78 jars, jar covers, and smaller earthenware of courting the favor of the Spaniards, while the vessels were found. same suspicion was aroused in the Magdiwang as Spirit-boats or the ship-of-the-dead. regards the Magdalo. Bracelets were also found: An invitation was sent by the Magdiwang chieftains ▪ 4 of jade to the Magdalo followers to attend the meeting, but ▪ 3 of an agata because of the battle then raging around the ▪ 2 made from large limpet shells. locality not all the Magdalo leaders were able to 1 perfect jasper ear pendant. attend. Super thin and translucent, ellipsoid-shaped The tabon caves pendant of a red chalcedony. By: Robert brandon fox (1918 - 1985) CHAMBER B – MANUNGGUL CAVE Robert Brandon Fox is an anthropologist and Metal Age - Artifacts associated with iron. leading historian on the Pre-Hispanic Limited range of pottery types. Philippines. Glass beads, jade beads, shell beads, stone Actively served the National Museum of the beads, shell spoons. Philippines. Also discovered – 2 round pebbles used as He led the six-year archaeological research polishing tools in pottery-melting. project in Palawan focused mainly on the caves Types of Pottery and rock shelters of Lipuun Point. ▪ Tabon plain The tabon man ▪ Tabon polish Initial excavation was in June-July 1962. ▪ Tabon impressed Scattered fossil bones of at least 3 individuals THE PREHISPANIC SOURCE MATERIALS FOR THE STUDY OF THE PHILIPPINE were excavated. HISTORY Tabon Man – oldest human skeletal, may be BY: WILLIAM HENRY SCOTT dated from 22,000 to 24,000 years ago. “THE MARAGTAS OR HISTORY OF PANAY” Large fragment of a frontal bone with the Published by the Kadapig sang Banwa at the El brows and portions of the nasal bone. Tiempo Press, Iloilo in 1907. The burial jar in tabon cave It is written in mixed Hiligaynon and Kin-iraya. Large fragments of at least 200 jars, jar covers, PEDRO MONTECARLO and smaller vessels were scattered. Born in Miag-ao, Iloilo on October 15, 1850. Jade and stone beads, bracelets, earrings, glass Served as Teniente Mayor in 1891 and beads and bronze, but no iron. Gobernadorcillo in 1892-1894. The manunggul cave Also known as poet in both the vernacular and Western side of Lipuun Point, south of Tabon Spanish. Cave. THE MARAGTAS OR HISTORY OF PANAY Discovered by Mr. Victor Decalan, Mr. Hans Maragtas – equivalent to the word Historia. Kasten and volunteer workers from US Peace A historical inhabitant of the island of Panay. Corps in March 1964, nearly 2 years after the Based on 2 manuscript Monteclaro founded: excavations in Tabon Cave. 1. From 82 y/o man, first teacher of the town. Composed of 4 chambers with 3 openings but 2. From his grandfather. only 2 were used for jar burial Chamber A and B. CHAPTER 1 The Manunggul Jar Anthropological treatise on the former This jar is a representation of the early Filipinos customs, clothes, dialect, heredity, organization ‘religious beliefs and practices. of the Aetas (Negritos) of Panay. It serve as a burial jar. o Marikudo, existing leader, son of old chief This reflect their beliefs in afterlife - the Pulpulan. crossing of the body of water is transition from life. JERAMIE MACABUTAS I RIPH 111 – PRELIM I A.Y. 2023-2024 5 Downloaded by yn pr ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|46066072 Readings in Philippine History CHAPTER 2 THE CONFEDERATION OF MADIAAS The coming of the Ten Datus from Borneo, The settlements were set up in Panay by the fleeing the tyranny of Datu Makatunaw, and seven Bornean datus. their purchase of the Island of Panay from The datus divided the islands into three Marikudo. areas: o Price – solid gold hat and basin. o Hantik (now Antique), under Datu o Negrito chieftain’s wife – Maniwantiwan also Sumakwel demanded an ankle-length necklace from the o Irong-irong (now Iloilo), under Datu wife of one of the Bornean Datus. Paiburong THE TEN BORNEAN DATUS o Aklan (now Aklan and Capiz), under Datu ❖ DATU PUTI (Wife Piangpangan) Bangkaya. ❖ DATU SUMAKWEL (Wife Kapinangan) The 3 areas united themselves under the ❖ DATU BANGKAYA (Wife Katuron) overall rule of Datu Sumakwel, the wisest of ❖ DATU PAIBORONG (Wife Pabulanan) the datus and this grouping was called the ❖ DATU PADOHINOG (Wife Confederation of Madiaas. Ribongsapaw) ❖ DATU DUMANGSOL (Wife Kabiling) THE VERDICT ON MARAGTAS ❖ DATU LUBAY BY: WILLIAM HENRY SCOTT ❖ DATU DUMANGSIL For his doctoral dissertation in UST. ❖ DATU DUMALOGDOG Scott successfully defended his dissertation ❖ DATU BALENSUELA before a panel of eminent Filipino historians. CHAPTER 3 Scott proved in his dissertation that Maragtas The Romance of Sumakwel, wife and the Confederation of Madya-as were not Kapinangan and her lover Gurung-gurung. actual ancient documents from long ago but o Sumakwel hides in the attic above the room only legends. in which the illicit affair is taking place and Maragtas was finally placed in its proper spears his rival. perspective as a book of legends rather than o Kapinangan cuts up Gurung-gurung’s body historical fact in 1968. and burys it. The first voyage around the world (chronicle) o Sumakwel ordered his slaves to drown By: Antonio pigafetta An excerpt from Antonio Pigafetta’s First Kapinangan in a weighted jar, but the slaves Voyage Around the World (Chronicle). pitied her and put her ashore on an unknown Antonio pigafetta island. (1491 – 1531) o Sumakwel went ashore and fell in love with a beautiful girl named Aloyon, marries her, not A Venetian scholar and explorer. realizing it was his wife. He travelled with Ferdinand Magellan and served CHAPTER 4 as his assistant and chronicler. Concludes the tale of the 10 Datus, telling about One of the 18 men who returned to Spain in 1522 their political arrangements and their out of 240 men. circumnavigation of the island. His travelogue is one of the most important CHAPTER 5 primary sources in the study of precolonial Philippines Another Anthropological treatise describing language, commerce, clothes, customs, Ferdinand Magellan (February 3, 1480 - April 25, 1521) marriages, funerals, mourning habits, cockfighting, timekeeping techniques and Portuguese Explorer. calendars and personal characteristics. Organized the Spanish Expeditions to the East CHAPTER 6 Indies from 1519-1522 to search for western Final Chapter. Gives a list of Castilian Officials route to the Maluku Islands ( the Spice Island). between 1637 and 1808. Resulting in the first circumnavigation of the Earth, completed by Juan Sebastian Elcano. JERAMIE MACABUTAS I RIPH 111 – PRELIM I A.Y. 2023-2024 6 Downloaded by yn pr ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|46066072 Readings in Philippine History The first voyage around the world Rajah Siagu – leader of Mazaua, Butuan. Armada de Molucca - the Spanish fleet that was led The leader Rajah Siagu sent his men to the ship of by Ferdinand Magellan. Magellan. Provided by King Charles V. The king offered to give Magellan a bar of gold included 5 ships: and chest of ginger; Magellan declined. Instead, o The Trinidad (crew: 55) under Magellan's Magellan asked for money for the needs of his command. ships. o The San Antonio (crew: 60) commanded by The king responded by giving them the needed Juan de Cartageña. provisions and food in chinaware. o The Concepcion (crew: 45) commanded by Magellan exchanged gifts of robes in Turkish Gaspar de Quesada. fashions, red cap, knives, and mirrors. o The Santiago (crew: 32) commanded by Juan The two men expressed their desire to become Rodriguez Serrano. brothers. o The Victoria (crew: 43) commanded by Luiz The first mass in the philippines Mendoza, which carried supplies and March 31, 1521 (Easter Sunday). provisions. Magellan ordered the chaplain to preside over a Provided insights in the character of the Philippines Mass by the shore. during Pre-colonial period. It was attended by Magellan, Raia Colambu – Published after Pigafetta returned to Italy. Ruler of Limasawa, Rajah Siagu – Ruler of Antonio Pigafetta wrote his firsthand observation Butuan, Spanish voyagers, and the local islanders. and general impression of the Far East including After the Mass, Magellan ordered that the cross be their experiences in the Visayas. brought with nails and crowned in place. Ladrones islands Magellan explained that the cross, the nail, and In Pigafetta’s account, their fleet reached what he the crown were the signs of his emperor and that called the Ladrones Islands or the “Islands of the he was ordered to plant it in the places that he Thieves”. would reach. Presently known as Marianas Islands. The cross would be beneficial for their people These people have no arms, but use sticks, which because once the Spaniards saw this cross, then have a fishbone at the end. They are poor, but they would know that they had been in this land and ingenious, and great thieves. would not cause them troubles, and any person The island of zamal who might be held captives by them would be March 16, 1521, Magellan decided to land on released. another uninhabited island for greater security The island of zubu (cebu) where they could rest for a few days. APRIL 7, 1521. After two days, March 18, nine men came to them Magellan and his men reached the port of Cebu, and show joy and eagerness in seeing them and the largest and the richest of the islands with the welcomed them with food, drinks, and gifts. helped of Rajah Colambu. Pigafetta described them as “very familiar and The king of Cebu - Rajah Humabon, demanded friendly”. that they pay tribute as it was customary, but The island of humunu (homonhon eastern samar) Magellan refused. They went to Humunu Island (Homonhon). Magellan said that he was the captain himself and They call it the “Watering Place of Good Signs” thus would not pay tribute to the other king. where they found the first signs of gold on the The blood compact island. The next day, together with the other principal men They named the island with the nearby islands as of Cebu, Magellan and Rajah Humabon met in an the Archipelago of St. Lazarus. open space and the king offered a bit of his blood The balangay boat demanded that Magellan do the same. March 25, 1521, they saw two Ballanghai Magellan spoke about peace and God. People took (Balangay Boat). pleasure in his speech. A long boat full of people in Mazzava/ Mazzaua, Butuan. JERAMIE MACABUTAS I RIPH 111 – PRELIM I A.Y. 2023-2024 7 Downloaded by yn pr ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|46066072 Readings in Philippine History People wished to become Christians through their Rajah Humabon offered the people of Mactan’s free will and not because they were forced or gifts of any value and amount in exchange of intimidated Magellan’s body, but the chief refused. They The first baptism in the philippines wanted to keep Magellan’s body as a momento Held on April 14, 1521, Jubilate Sunday. of their victory. Fr. Pedro Valderrama, the chaplain of Ferdinand Juan Sebastián Elcano took the lead of the Magellan, baptized Rajah Humabon, Queen expedition. Juana and more than 500 natives after reaching The fleet left Cebu and continued their journey the island of Zubu (Cebu). around the world. By the early Filipinos’ profession of faith in Christ, From the original five ships set to sail only Victoria united with the Spanish voyagers in the same returned to Spain. belief, and celebration of the Lord’s Supper, the And from the original 237 men only 18 men became the First Christian community thereby survived. laying the foundation of the church. Las costumbres de los indios tagalos de filipinas The fascination of the santo nino – “little boy” By: juan de plasencia Excerpt from Juan de Plasencia’s Customs of the Raja Humabon took the name of Carlos, like the Tagalog (Social-Cultural Observation). king of Spain, and his wife was baptized as Juana, Juan de plasencia like the queen. As a baptismal gift, Juana was presented with A Spanish friar of the Franciscan Order. the image of the infant Jesus which she chose Fray Juan de Plasencia came together with the over the images of Christ and the Virgin Mary. first batch of Franciscan missionaries in the The mass baptism in Cebu can be considered as Philippines. the birth of Christianity in the Philippines. Arrived at a port in Cavite, a few kilometers south Mass was conducted by the shore every day. of Manila on the 2nd of July 1578. After eight days, all of the islands inhabitant Born to the illustrious family of Portocarreros in were already baptized. Plasensia in the region of Extremadura, Spain in the Pigafetta admitted that they burned a village early 16th century. He was one of the seven down for obeying neither the king nor Magellan. children of Pedro Portocarrero, a captain of a The resistance of Lapu-Lapu Spanish schooner. Juan de Plasencia grew up during the period According to Zula, Cilapulapu, the chief of Mactan known as the Siglo de Oro, a Golden Age when refused to obey the king of Spain. arts and literature flourished in many parts of Cilapulapu did not want to pay Magellan and his Spain, among them his native Extremadura. men the goat that they were promised. Fray Joan de Puerto Carrero, del convent de Magellan was not pleased since they went to Villanueva de la Serena. Was his real name. Mactan to garner food for their expedition. He spent most of his missionary life in the The captain did not wish to fight then but sent a Philippines, where he founded numerous towns message to the natives to the effect that if they in Luzon and authored several religious and would obey the king of Spain, recognize the linguistic books, most notably the Doctrina Christian king as their sovereign, and pay us our Cristiana (Christian Doctrine), the first book tribute, he would be their friend; but that if they ever printed in the Philippines. wished otherwise, they should wait to see how our Historical background of the document lances wounded. Magellan offered three boats and went to (Datu) Mactan himself to fight Lapu-Lapu. Chieftain “ When we reached land, we found the islanders Nobles fifteen hundred (1,500 vs. 49) in number, drawn (Maharlika) up in three squadrons, throwing arrows, javelins, Commoners spears hardened in fire, stones and even mud, so. (Aliping Namamahay) that we could hardly defend ourselves” Slaves Magellan was pierced with a poisoned arrow in (Aliping Saguiguilir) his right leg. JERAMIE MACABUTAS I RIPH 111 – PRELIM I A.Y. 2023-2024 8 Downloaded by yn pr ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|46066072 Readings in Philippine History DATU o by paying debt → Chief, Captain of Wars. They are governed, o by condonation obeyed, and reverenced. o by bravery (where a slave can possibly NOBLES OR MAHARLIKA become a Datu) → Free born, they do not pay taxes. o by marriage. COMMONERS OR ALIPING NAMAMAHAY MARRIAGE OF CUSTOMS → They live in their own houses and lords of their → Men were in general, monogamous, while their property and gold. wives are called Asawa. SLAVES OR ALIPING SA GUIGUILIR → Courtship begins with Paninilbihan. → They serve their master in his house and his → Prior to marriage the man requires to give a cultivated lands and can be sold. dowry: HOUSES o Bigay-kaya (a piece of land or gold) → Made of wood, bamboo, and nipa palm. o Panghihimuyat (a gift for the bride’s MODE OF DRESSING (MALE) parents) Headgear: Putong – symbolizes the o Bigay-suso (for brides wet nurse) number of persons the wearer had killed. → Marriage between couples belonging to different Upper: Kanggan – A jacket with short social classes were not common. sleeves. → Several grounds of divorce are: Lower: Bahag o Adultery MODE OF DRESSING (FEMALE) o Abandonment on the part of the husband. Upper: Baro or Camisa o Cruelty Lower: Saya o Insanity ORNAMENTS RELIGIOUS BELIEF → A decorative object or detail that adds quality or → They worship many gods and goddesses: distinction to person, place, or thing. o Bathala – Supreme Being. GOVERNMENT o Dian Masalanta – Patron of Lowers and of → The unit of government is called Barangay ruled Generation. by a chieftain and consist of 30 to 100 families o Idayanale – God of Agriculture. together with their relatives and slaves. o Sidarapa – God of Death o Agni – God of Fire ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE o Balangaw – God of Rainbow → The chieftain’s executive function includes o Mandarangan – God of War implementing laws, ensuring order, and giving o Lalahon – God of Harvest protection to his subject. o Siginarugan – God of Hell → Disputed between individuals were settled by a → Also believe in sacred animals and trees. court made up of the chieftain and council of elders. SUPERSTITIOUS BELIEFS INHERITANCE → Believe in Aswang, Duwende, Kapre, Tikbalang, → The 1 son of the barangay chieftain inherits his st Patiyanak/Tiyanak. father’s position; if the 1st son dies the 2nd son → They also believe in magical power of amulet and succeeds their father; in the absence of male charms such as anting-anting, kulam, and heirs, it is the eldest daughter that becomes the gayuma or love potion. chieftain. o Cotolonan SLAVES → Officiating priest. → A person becomes slave by: o Mangagauay o captivity of war o reason of debt → Witches, who deceived by o by inheritance pretending to heal the sick. o by purchase → These priests even induced o by committing a crime. maladies by their charms, which in proportion to the strength and → Slaves can be emancipated through: efficacy of the witchcraft, are o forgiveness capable of causing death. JERAMIE MACABUTAS I RIPH 111 – PRELIM I A.Y. 2023-2024 9 Downloaded by yn pr ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|46066072 Readings in Philippine History o Manyisalat → As a soothsayer and predicted the → Same as magagauay. future. → These priests had the power of applying ECONOMIC LIFE such remedies to lovers that they would → Agriculture in the plane lands: planting of rice, abandon and despise their own wives, corn, banana, coconut, sugar canes, and other and in fact could prevent them from kinds of vegetables and fruits. having intercourse with the latter. → Hunting in high lands. o Mancocolam → Fishing in riverbanks and sea. → Whose duty was to emit fire from → Shipbuilding, weaving, poultry, mining, and himself at night, once or more each lumbering. month. → Domestic trade of different barangays by boat. → This fire could not be extinguished; nor → Foreign trade with countries like Borneo, China, could it be thus emitted except as the Japan, Cambodia, Java, and Thailand. priest wallowed in the ordure and filth LANGUAGE AND SYSTEM OF WRITING which falls from the houses; and he who → Major Languages: Tagalog, Ilocano, Pangasinan, lived in the house where the priest was Sugbuhanon, Hiligaynon, Magindanaw, and wallowing in order to emit this fire from Samarnon. This language originated from the himself, fell ill and died. Malayo-Polenisian language. o Hocloban → System of Writing: The alphabets consisted of 3 → Without the use of medicine, and by vowels and 14 consonants called Baybayin. simply saluting or raising the hand, → They used tap of trees as ink and pointed stick as they killed whom they chose. But if they pencil. desired to heal those whom they had → They wrote on large plant leaves, bark of a tree made ill by their charms, they did so by of bamboo tubes. using other charms. o Silagan THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION: CHAPTERS 8 to 10 → If they saw anyone clothed in white, to BY: Apolinario mabini tear out his liver and eat it, thus Excerpt from Apolinario Mabini’s The Philippine causing his death. Revolution: Chapters 8 to 10. o Magtatangal Apolinario mabini → His purpose was to show himself at (July 23, 1864 – May 13, 1903) night to many persons, without his Filipino revolutionary leader, educator, lawyer, head or entrails. and statesman who served first as a legal and o Osuang constitutional adviser to the Revolutionary → Equivalent to “sorcerer”. Government. → They say that they have seen him fly, Born in Tanuan, Batangas on July 22, 1864. and that he murdered men and ate First Prime Minister of the Philippines upon the their flesh. establishment of the First Philippine Republic. o Manggagayoma He is regarded as the "Utak ng Himagsikan" or → They made charms for lovers out of "Brains of the Revolution". herbs, stones, and wood, which would Mabini performed all his revolutionary and infuse the heart with love. governmental activities despite having lost the o Sonat use of both his legs to polio shortly before the → Which is equivalent to “preacher.” Philippine Revolution of 1896. → It was his office to help one to die, at The Philippine revolution which time he predicted the salvation By: Apolinario mabini or condemnation of the soul. Translated into English by Leon Ma. Guerrero (chapters 9 and 10) from the National Historical Commission. o Pangatahojan This primary source excerpt refers to the events that took place from the beginning and up to the JERAMIE MACABUTAS I RIPH 111 – PRELIM I A.Y. 2023-2024 10 Downloaded by yn pr ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|46066072 Readings in Philippine History end of the Philippine Revolution of 1896 Many from Manila, Laguna and Batangas, who according to Apolinario Mabini who is referred to were fighting for the province (of Cavite), were as the “Brains of the Philippine Revolution”. demoralized, and quit. Chapter 8: first stage of the revolution Katipunan forces retreated into the mountains In August 1896 the head of the printing press of in the face of Spanish attacks. the Diario de Manila, having discovered that Ultimately, Aguinaldo entered into an agreement some of his employees belonged to a secret with the Spaniards, agreeing to exile in Hong society, handed them over to the constabulary for Kong in exchange of 400,000 to Gen. Aguinaldo the corresponding investigation. and his companions in Hong Kong, 200,000 to La Liga and the Cuerpo de Compromisarios, the chieftains who will surrender. were discovered. CHAPTER 9: THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REVOLUTION Bonifacio and his followers were able to flee to Mr. Aguinaldo's return to the islands. the mountains. Proclaimed to the people the readiness of the Many died as a result; many were executed under United States to help the Filipinos regain their sentence of courts-martial; many others, shot natural rights, everyone thought that the without any trial at all; and still others, suffocated in government of that country, recognizing Mr. grim dungeons. Aguinaldo as the representative of the Filipino Rizal was shot on the 30th of December 1896 as people, had entered into a formal agreement with the principal instigator of the movement. him. Although Rizal's banishment to Dapitan Mabini: to my great surprise learned that there eliminated all possibility of his active was none. participation in the movement, he was found I realized then that the American representatives guilty of having been its chief instigator. had limited themselves to ambiguous verbal At that time the Katipunan had two people's promises, which Mr. Aguinaldo had accepted councils in the province, one called Magdalo in because he ardently desired to return to the Kawit led by Don Baldomero Aguinaldo, and the islands. other, the Magdiwang in Noveleta under the I realized also that the proclamation of orders of Mariano Alvarez. independence which was being made that day Invited by some friends, Andres Bonifacio went to was premature and imprudent because the Cavite to unify the endeavors of the two, but Americans were concealing their true designs Magdalo already paid little heed to his authority and while we were making ours manifest. orders. The Americans landed in Paranaque and For that purpose, the members of both councils, attacked Manila, ignoring the Filipino besieging together with the principal military leaders, forces. gathered in the estate-house of Tejeros on the But I advised Mr. Aguinaldo to try to avoid the 12th of March 1897. conflict at all costs because otherwise we would Bonifacio went off with his two brothers to the be facing two enemies. mountains of San Mateo. I tried to disassociate myself from Mr. Aguinaldo. But (Mr. Aguinaldo sent after him) two companies Undoubtedly President McKinley destroyed the of soldiers were sent after him with orders to Spanish tyranny, but, apparently, only in order arrest him. to replace it with another in the American Bonifacio resisted, and as a result he was manner. wounded thrice, and one of his brothers and CHAPTER 10: END AND FALL OF THE REVOLUTION three of the soldiers were killed. Furthermore, Luna resigned his command The soldiers were able to take Bonifacio and his shortly afterward because the War Minister had other brother to Naic, then to Maragondon, and disapproved of one of his dispositions. afterward to Mount Buntis where the two When a few days afterward Luna received Mr. brothers were shot. Aguinaldo's telegram calling him to Such a crime was the first victory of personal Cabanatuan, Luna thought perhaps that the ambition over true patriotism. subject of their meeting would be the new cabinet; he did not expect an attempt to assassinate him. JERAMIE MACABUTAS I RIPH 111 – PRELIM I A.Y. 2023-2024 11 Downloaded by yn pr ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|46066072 Readings in Philippine History The death of Andres Bonifacio had plainly He died in Mahayhay, Laguna on April 6, 1899, at shown in Mr. Aguinaldo a boundless appetite for the young age of 24. power, and Luna's personal enemies exploited Mga aral nang Katipunan ng mga a.n.b. this weakness of Aguinaldo with skillful (the teachings of the Katipunan) intrigues in order to encompass Luna's ruin. 1. The life that is not consecrated to a lofty and To sum it up, the Revolution failed because it was reasonable purpose is a tree without a shade, if badly led; because its leader won his post by not a poisonous weed. reprehensible rather than meritorious acts; 2. To do good for personal gain and not for its own because instead of supporting the men most sake is not virtue. useful to the people, he made them useless out 3. It is rational to be charitable and love one's fellow of jealousy. creature, and to adjust one's conduct, acts and KARTILLA NG KATIPUNAN words to what is in itself reasonable. BY: EMILIO JACINTO Y DIZON 4. Whether our skin be black or white, we are all born Excerpt from Emilio Jacinto’s Kartilla ng Katipunan. equal: superiority in knowledge, wealth and Emilio jacinto y dizon beauty are to be understood, but not superiority (December 12, 1875 – April 6, 1899) by nature. He was one of the highest-ranking officers 5. The honorable man prefers honor to personal during the Philippine revolution. gain; the scoundrel, gain to honor. He joined the secret society Kataastaasan, 6. To the honorable man, his word is sacred. Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga anak ng 7. Do not waste thy time: wealth can be recovered bayan, better known as the Katipunan, at the age but not time lost. of 19. 8. Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor He serve as the advisor on fiscal matters and before the law or in the field. secretary to Andres Bonifacio. 9. The prudent man is sparing in words and faithful He edited the revolutionary newspaper of the in keeping secrets. Katipunan called KALAYAAN under the 10. On the thorny path of life, man is the guide of pseudonym 'Dimasilaw‘ and used the monicker woman and the children, and if the guide leads to 'Pingkian‘ in the secret society. the precipice, those whom he guides will also go Identified as the BRAIN OF THE KATIPUNAN, he there. authored the Kartilya ng Katipunan. 11. Thou must not look upon woman as a mere Bonifacio found a twin soul in Katipunan the plaything, but as a faithful companion who will younger and intelligent Emilio Jacinto. share with thee the penalties of life; her (physical) Born in Tondo, Manila on December 12,1875. weakness will increase thy interest in her, and she Jacinto lived a hard life when he was young. His will remind thee of the mother who bore thee and father died early which compelled his mother to reared thee. send him to his uncle's house for support. 12. What thou dost not desire done unto thy wife, He first studied at San Juan de Letran and later children, brothers, and sisters, that do not unto the transferred to the University of Santo Tomas wife, children, brothers, and sisters of thy where he studied law. neighbor. Jacinto joined Katipunan leaving his studies. 13. Man is not worth more because he is a king, Bonifacio warmed up to him and a deep friendship because his nose is aquiline, and his color white, developed between the two, then greatly not because he is a *priest, a servant of God, nor influenced the Katipunan because of the high prerogative that he enjoys He wrote in Tagalog, the language of the upon earth, but he is worth most who is a man of masses, except one poem in Spanish, A mi patria proven and real value, who does good, keeps his (country) words, is worthy and honest; he who does not oppress nor consent to being oppressed, he who Jacinto believed. that the people, the masses, loves and cherishes his fatherland, though he be could be reached only in their own language, so born in the wilderness and know no tongue but his they both wrote in Tagalog. own. Bonifacio assigned him to lead the rebels in 14. When these rules of conduct shall be known to all, Laguna. the longed-for sun of Liberty shall rise brilliant over JERAMIE MACABUTAS I RIPH 111 – PRELIM I A.Y. 2023-2024 12 Downloaded by yn pr ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|46066072 Readings in Philippine History this most unhappy portion of the globe and its rays brothers, don’t shoot us because we are shall diffuse everlasting joy among the coming to join you.” But when they were confederated brethren of the same rays, the lives already near, they started firing at us. of those who have gone before, the fatigues and So, our soldiers were taken unawares, and many the well-paid sufferings will remain. If he who of them retreated. desires to enter (the Katipunan) has informed The enemy was headed by Regiment 73 and himself of all this and believes he will be able to followed by five battalions of cazadores and perform what will be his duties, he may fill out the marine infantry under the leadership of Captain application for admission. General Ramon Blanco. Mga gunita ng himagsikan (memoirs of the revolution That same afternoon, I gathered all my generals, By: Emilio Aguinaldo chiefs, and officers for an emergency consultation. This primary source deals with the memories of We decided to divide our troops into three President Aguinaldo of the Philippine Revolution, his groups. On the west side of the streets, I exploits as a general, his sacrifices, views on certain stationed General Candido tria Tirona’s troops; events and his crucial war decisions. on the east, the troops of Generals Vito Emilio Aguinaldo Belarmino and Pantaleon Garcia. At our rear (March 22, 1869 – February 6, 1964) were the troops of Generals Baldomero A Filipino revolutionary, politician, and military Aguinaldo and Crispulo Aguinaldo. leader who is officially recognized as the first The troops had hardly gone to their positions and the youngest President of the Philippines when we heard the bugle of the enemy. On the (1899–1901) and first president of a opposite shore, we saw the enemy coming. It was Constitutional Republic in Asia. a huge army, the biggest I ever encountered. I Born on March 22, 1869, in Kawit Cavite. believed there were about 5,000 all armed with Parents: Carlos Jamir Aguinaldo and Trinidad guns and Bayonets which shone in the sun. It was Famy Aguinaldo , a Tagalog Chinese, mestizo a horrible sight and fear clutched my heart. couple. “Long live Spain! Long live Spain!” shouted the He was the 7th of 8 children. enemy as it approached our trenches. Studied in Colegio de San Juan de Letran. Then it started firing right and left, but our soldiers Became the “Cabeza de Barangay” of remained calm. Binakayan at the age of 17. As the enemy rushed upon my men, I ordered the At the age of 25, He became the Cavite el Viejo’s cannons fired, and soon broke the enemy ranks first “Gobernadorcillo Capitan Municipal”. which were replaced anew by others. My bloodiest fight I noticed how brave my own soldiers were, rushing On NOVEMBER 1, 1896, we planned to attack and lashing at the enemy with their bolos. the detachment of Spanish soldiers in In the midst of what I had just seen, I was filled with Bañadero, Tanauan, Batangas. a mixed feeling of joy and sorrow, because most I had with me my two seasoned generals – of those who lay lifeless, and wounded were my Candido Tria Tirona and Pio del Pilar. own countrymen. While in Talisay, a man came hurriedly to us I could not fathom why they were with the Spanish bringing a message from President Baldomero soldiers. Aguinaldo who enjoined us to go home When the battle was all over, we realized that the because a large number of Spanish soldiers whole province of Cavite had been liberated. using about 50 native boats had landed at I learned later that Governor Blanco was very Polvorin, Binakayan. much grieved over the loss of his men. When we reached Silang, the news was that our In the midst of this joyful triumph, I was greatly first foothold at Kulanta, Binakayan, which was saddened by the news that Candido Tria Tirona, under General Crispulo Aguinaldo, was already my dear friend, was killed in the encounter. in the hands of the enemy. For the next three days, the enemy did not harass From the people I learned that our troops in us, but on November 12, 13, 14, 1896, it started Binakayan were tricked by the Filipino soldiers bombarding again the towns of Cavite el Viejo, in the enemy side who shouted, “Brothers, Bacoor, and Novieta. JERAMIE MACABUTAS I RIPH 111 – PRELIM I A.Y. 2023-2024 13 Downloaded by yn pr ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|46066072 Readings in Philippine History No serious damage on the towns was wrought. ▪ Lieutenant General (Flag Bearer) ………General Bonifacio invited to cavite Emilio Aguinaldo AFTER SUPREMO Andres Bonifacio and his men My election to presidency met defeat at the hands of the Spaniards, we in While I was busy supervising the building of our Cavite had lost track of their whereabouts. defenses at Pasong Santol in Dasmariñas, a As we were worried about Bonifacio, we sent men group of cavalry soldiers headed by Colonel look for him in the forests of Caloocan and Vicente Riego de Dios of Magdiwang Council Malabon and instructed them to invite the arrived to tell me that I had been elected the Supremo to Cavite which had already been head of the government as a result of the liberated from Spanish rule. Magdiwang and the Magdalo factions. By then Cavite had been independent from For the Vice-President, Andres Bonifacio was Spanish rule for three months and was again nominated, but his own Minister of Justice, peacefully being governed by the Gen. Mariano Trias, defeated him. Revolutionary Government. For Secretary of War, Andres Bonifacio was But the Supremo and his wife, Gregoria de nominated for the third time, but General Jesus, his two brothers. Procopio and Ciriaco, Emiliano Riego de Dios beat him. General Lucino, and 20 soldiers did not reach For Secretary of Interior, Bonifacio was again Cavite until the first day of December 1896. nominated. His opponents were Ministers Diego When the news of their arrival reached me, I Mojica and Severino de las Alas. was fighting at Zapote, Arumahan, Las Piñas, This time he won, and everybody began and Pintong Bato, Bacoor. congratulating him. But General Daniel Tirona Magdiwang council reorganized objected to his election on the ground that The SUCCESS of the liberation movement in Bonifacio was not a lawyer. Cavite was the result of the leadership and efforts The Supremo was visibly angry; he pulled out of the leadership and efforts of the two councils: his revolver and aimed at General Tirona. the Magdiwang Council headed initially by Supremo stood up and declared, “By virtue of General Mariano Alvarez in Noveleta, and the my being head of this national meeting, I Magdalo Council of Cavite el Viejo headed by