Reviewer RPH ARIATE 053611 PDF

Abegail Cardel Ariate BSSW 1-B GEC 12 Readings in the Philippines History CHAPTER 1 Lesson 1: Meaning and Relevance of History Defining History Historia (Greek word) According to; Candelaria et al. (2018), History is a “Knowledge that acquired through inquiry and investigati...

Abegail Cardel Ariate BSSW 1-B GEC 12 Readings in the Philippines History CHAPTER 1 Lesson 1: Meaning and Relevance of History Defining History Historia (Greek word) According to; Candelaria et al. (2018), History is a “Knowledge that acquired through inquiry and investigation” Shafer (1980), History is “A field of study that has developed a set of methods and concepts.” Barraclough (1955), History is “The attempt to discover, on the basis of Fragmentary evidence, the significant things about us. Zeus Salazar (Filipino Historian), Mga SALAYSAY na may SAYSAY (1) Kwento; (2) Katuturan at Kahalagahan. Ambet Ocampo, History can be “Written, Visual, and Oral” Nature of the History 1. Human actions in the past. 2. Fragmentary by nature. 3. Terminates in the present. 4. History is dynamic 5. Evidence is the pillar of historical research. Types of History History according to; 1. Time/Period (Ancient, Medieval, Modern) 2. Geographical units (National or Local) 3. Special Interest (Political, Social, and Cultural) Historian and History Teacher  HISTORIAN- Conduct field research, evaluate historical records, and provide insights into past events.  HISTORY TEACHER- Contributes to the understanding of his students through history itself, and in several ways which he shares with other teachers. Question: Is History a Science or an Art? [philosophical question] Theories of History 1. GREAT GOD THEORY- The creation of myths to be found among preliterate people. 2. GREAT MIND THEORY- History is drawn forward or driven ahead by some ideal force. 3. GREAT MAN THEORY- Dominant personalities determine the course of history. 4. BEST PEOPLE THEORY- Some elite, the Best race, some ruling class alone make history. 5. HUMAN NATURE THEORY- Determined by the qualities of human nature, good or bad. 6. CYCLICAL VIEW- Every event a starting point, a climax and after that a downfall. 7. EVERYMAN VIEW- Record of the collective experience of the ordinary person. 8. LINEAR VIEW- Have continuity and there is link between the past and the present. Relevance and Skills  Understand People and Societies.  Contributes to Moral Understanding  Provides Identity  Ability to asses’ evidence  Ability to assess conflict interpretation  Experience in assessing past examples of change. *Determining the magnitude and significance of change* *Comparing and identify continuities* History as Reconstruction The Past I.The ACCOUNT II.A part of what has come to the historian’s attention is credible, grasped, and expounded. III.A part of what was survived has come to the historian’s attention. IV.A part of what was recorded in the past was survived. V.A part of what was remembered in the past was recorded. VI.A part of what was observed in the past was remembered. VII.Events observed by someone. Lesson 2: Historical Method and Primary Resources Historical Method GOTTSCHALK (1969), The process of critically examining and analyzing the records and survivals of the past. I.THE HISTORIAN SELECTS A SUBJECT FOR INVESTIGATION II.APPLIES THE HISTORICAL METHOD 1. Collects Evidence 2. Analyses Evidence 3. Selects Evidence 4. Organizes Evidence 5. Interprets Evidence III.THE PAST- THE EVIDENCE *Every creator has a point of view or bias (multiple perspectives) *  Physical Remains  Oral Reports  Visual Documents  Written Documents IV.THE PRESENT- THE HISTORIAN *Every historian has a point of view or bias (multiple perspectives) *  Background Knowledge  Values Beliefs  Biases and Prejudices  Interpretations of History V.WRITES HISTORY Historical Sources SOURCES (Howell and Prevenier (2011)), are the artifacts that have been left by the past. 1. Relics/Remains 2. Testimonies Typologies: 1. Written Sources  Narrative/Literary  Judicial  Social Documents 2. Unwritten Sources  Archeological Evidence  Oral  PRIMARY SOURCE Accounts of an event, written by someone who experienced or witnessed the event in question. Examples:  Autobiography, Diaries, Memoirs  Letters, Speeches, Manuscript  Artifacts  Photographs, Poster  Audio or Video Recordings  SECONDARY SOURCE Describe, discuss, interpret, comment upon, analyze, evaluate, summarize, and process primary source. Examples:  Biographical Works  Magazine and News Articles  Literature Reviews  Textbooks  Commentaries Repositories of Primary Sources 1. Archive/s 2. Library (Special Collections or Filipiniana Section) 3. Historical Society 4. Museum/s 5. Historical Commission/Agency  Kapisanang Pangkasaysayan ng Pilipinas- Philippine Historical Association  Pambansang Sinupunan ng Pilipinas- National Archives of the Philippines  Pambansang aklatan ng Pilipinas- National Library of the Philippines  Albert and Shirley Small Special Collection- University of Virginia  Pambansang Museo ng Pilipinas- National Museum of the Philippines Historical Criticism  EXTERNAL CRITICISM Authenticates evidence and establishes texts as accurately as possible. *Lower criticism and Test Authenticity*  1. Determination of the date (Anachronistic) 2. Determination of author 3. Detection of spurious documents (Forgeries) 4. Anachronistic style 5. Anachronistic reference to events 6. Provenance (custody) 7. Problem of meaning a. Semantics (signification of words) b. Hermeneutics (ambiguities) Note: Anachrostic (too early, late) Checklist for External Criticism 1. Who wrote the document? 2. For what purpose was the document written? 3. When was the document written? 4. Where was the document written? 5. Under what conditions was the document written? Auxiliary Sciences to History 1. Paleography (writing) 2. Heraldy and Geneology (coat of arms and descent) 3. Silliography (seals) 4. Epigraphy (inscriptions) 5. Archeology (sites)  INTERNAL CRITICISM Analysis of documents for credible details to be fitted into a hypothesis. *Higher criticism and Test of Credibility* 1. Identification of the author 2. Determination of the approximate date 3. Ability to tell the truth 4. Willingness to tell the truth 5. Corroboration Checklist for Internal Criticism 1) Is the real meaning of the statement of the statement different from its literal meaning? 2) How did the author report? 3) What was the intention of the author in reporting? 4) Is there inner contradiction in the document?  Does the document Narrative/Literary?  Judicial  Social Documents 5) Does the document contain bias of any sort? 6) Historiography GOTTSCHALK (1969), the imaginative reconstruction of the past from the data derived from that process.  History as an Account of the Past (Based on the Model of Bob Bain, “Into the Breach”) >EVIDENCEHistorical accountsacts to create… >Historical Events>In order to be known in the present, Historical Events must leave…>EVIDENCE  HISTORIOGRAPHY-the study of historical writing-how and why historical accounts and perspectives have changed over time. School of Thought  ACCIDENTALIST The focus is more on why the event happened.  ANNALES SCHOOL Search for the Society’s mentalities, the ways of life and values.  HEGELIAN Intellectual movements and the progress of ideas.  INTENTIONALIST The roles played by key individuals in history as they were influenced by their intentions and personalities.  MARXIST Economic forces are the main driving force in historical change.  HISTORICIST Based on objective study of Primary Source. Method in Creating History (Positivism). The Positivist rely on the use of sources for accurate and complete visualization of the past.  STRUCTURALIST Historical events happened due to the existing political and military structures.  POST MODERNIST All interpretations of history are valid. Foucault disputed that all sources are biased, incomplete, and language itself has no fixed meaning, therefore the past cannot be known.   THE PROBLEM OF OBJECTIVITY “Construct our interpretation responsibly, with care, and with a high degree of self-consciousness about our disabilities, and the disabilities of our sources. CHAPTER 2 Lesson 1: The First Voyage Around the World Content Analysis For making sense of recorded human communication. *Inferences (producer, meaning, audience) and conclusion. Contextual Analysis Study of social, political, economic, philosophical, religious, and aesthetic conditions that were in place at the same time and place when the text was created. Age of Discovery and Exploration A period in European history in which several extensive overseas exploration journeys took place. Demarcation Line Treaty of Tordesillas (June 7, 1494)- Resolve issue over newly discovered lands *East= Portugal; West= Spain* Treaty of Zaragoza (April 22, 1529)- Moluccas Issue FACTORS THAT LES TO EUROPEAN EXPLORATION 1. ECONOMIC FACTOR a) Trade of luxury goods (ex. Spices) b) Commercial routes 2. SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS a) Advance in Carthography b) Improved ships design c) New navigational tools Ex. Compass 3. QUEST TO UNKNOWN AND DISTANT LANDS The three G Motives a) God Spreading faith b) Glory Fame for their actions c) Gold Wealth and riches Trivia: Henry the Navigator’s action sparked the exploration. The Crown Explorers Name: Fernão de Magalhães (Portuguese) Fernando de Magallanes (Spanish) Born: Sabrosa, Portugal Charge: King Charles I Flagship: Trinidad Trivia: Magellan approached King Manuel of Portugal on 3 separate occasions to seek his support for a westward voyage. The king refused his petition repeatedly. Name: Juan Sebastian Elcano Born: Guetaria, Spain Charge: King Charles I Flagship: Victoria Legacy: A Spanish Navy’s training vessel is named after him. Trivia: Upon his return to Spain, the King presented him with a coat of arms that contained a globe with the motto: Primus circumdedisti me “You went around me first” Name: Antonio Pigaffeta Born: Vicenza, Italy Status: Patrician od Vicenza and Member of the Order of the Knights of Rhodes Legacy: He made 23 hand drawn colored map Trivia: Pigaffeta narrowly escapes death in the Philippines  1. Battle of Mactan 2. Feast prepared by Humabon Name: Cilapulapu/ Lapulapu Known: Chief of Mactan and First Filipino Hero “Most of what is known about Lapulapu in recent times was embedded in folk myths and legends, but heavily loaded with nationalist discourses”. (Gerona, 2016) The Five-Ship Fleet Armanda de Maluku (10 August 1519-6 September 1522) 1. TRINIDAD (Flagship) was named after the Holy Trinity 2. SANTIAGO (Smallest) was adopted from the name of the Patron Saint in Spain 3. CONCEPCION was named after the Immaculate Conception 4. SAN ANTONIO was named after the Portuguese saint, Antony of Lisbon 5. VICTORIA was a Spanish carrack or nao. It was named after the church of Santa María de la Victoria de Tiana March 16, 1521 Mula sa Guam, tumuloy ang ekspedisyong Magallanes-Elcano sa dako ng Samar ngunit nag-angkla sa katubigan ng pulo ng Suluan. March 17, 1521 Tumuntong sila sa pulo ng Homonhon at dito ibinababa ang mga may sakit. Pinawi ng mga batis ng pulo ang uhaw ng mga miyembro ng ekspedisyon at nagkatay ng baboy damo. March 18, 1521 Natuklasan sa Homonhon ng ating mga ninuno mula sa Suluan ang kaawa-awang ekspedisyon. Nakadaupang-palad ni Magallanes ang pinuno ng Suluan at hinilanha. Ito ng maiinom at nakakain. Agad na nag abot ang pinuno ng dala-dala nila noon. March 22, 1521 Bumalik ang ating mga ninuno sa Homonhon dala-dala ang dagdag panustos. Marso 25, 1521 Nilisan ng ekspendisyon ang Homonhon at naglalayag sa katubigan ng Hinunangan at Gibusong Marso 27, 1521 Gabi, napuna ng ekspendisyon ang silab sa isang pulo na ang pangalan at Mazaua (Limasawa) Marso 28, 1521 Pinatuloy ni Colambu, raha ng Mazaua, ang ekspendisyon. Nagkataon namang maalam siya sa Malay, wikang katutubo ni Enrique, tagasilbi ni Magallanes. THE CHIEFS OF THESE ISLANDS  Rajah Calanao  Rajah Humabon  Lapulapu  Rajah Siaui  Rajah Colambu Marso 29, 1521 Nakilala ni Siaui, raha ng Butuan, si Magallanes. Nakipagsandugo si Colambu kay Magallanes. Marso 31, 1521 Pinayagan ni Colambu ang pagdaraos ng misa sa Limasawa para sa Pasko ng Pagkabuhay ni Hesus. Abril 4, 1521 Gabay-gabay ni Colambu, tumulak sa Leyte ang ekspedisyon patungong Cebu; narating kalaunan ang Canigao. Abril 5, 1521 Natanaw ang lupain ng Baybay, nagpalipas ng gabi sa pulo ng Gatighan, kumain ng kabog (uri ng dambuhalang paniki), at namangha sa iba’t ibang hayop sa pulong ito. Abril 6, 1521 Sumampa si Colambu sa Trinidad sa may Ponso, Poro, and Ticobon Abril 7, 1521 Narating ng ekspendisyon ang Cebu. Ipinakilala ni Colambu si Magallanes kay Humabon, ang raha ng Cebu Abril 8, 1521 Nangako si Magallanes ng proteksyong militar at ipinahayad ang kapangyarihan ni Humabon sa rehiyon. Abril 9, 1521 Nakapagpulong si Humabon at kaniyang konseho sa mga kinatawan ni Magallanes. Nagkasundo ang mga panig na susunod ang mga banyaga sa patakaran ni Humabon. Abril 10, 1521 Pinahintulutan ni Humabon si Magallanes na ilibing sa Cebu ang dalawa sa yumao nitong tauhan; binasbasan ni Padre Pedro de Valderrama, kasamang pari ng ekspendisyon, ang libingan at tinayuan ng Krus. Abril 13, 1521 Naghanda ng kubol sa binasbasang libingan bilang paghahanda sa pagbibinyag Kristiyano. Abril 14, 1521 Maraming bininyagan si Padre Valderrama; nahumaling si Juana, asawa ni Humabon, sa imahen ng Santo Niño, na iniregalo rito ni Magallanes kalaunan. Abril 26, 1521 Nakarating kay Humabon ang di pagkilala ng Lapulapu, pinuno ng Mactan, sa Hari ng Espanya. Abril 27, 1521 Tumulak pa-Mactan si Magallanes. Isang labanan ang nangyari, na napagwagian ni Lapulapu. Napatay si Magallanes dito. Abril 29, 1521 Kinumbinsi ng mga taga-Mactan si Humabon na paslangin ang mga nalalabing kasamahan ni Magallanes. Sinulsulan ni Enrique si Humabon upang makatakas siya sa ekspedisyon. Mayo 1, 1521 Sa isang piging, pinaslang ng mga tauhan ni Humabon ang ilan sa mga kasapi ng ekspedisyon. Agad na tumakas papalayo ng Cebu ang nalalabing mga kasapi ng ekspendisyon at narating ang katubigan ng Bohol. Mayo 2, 1521 Sa laot mg Bohol, itinalaga si Juan Carbaho na kapitan-heneral ng ekspedisyon lulan ng Trinidad at ipinag-utos ang pagsunod sa Concepcion. Naging kapitan si Gonzalo Gomez de Espinosa ng Victoria. Mayo 1521 Dumaan ang nalalabing mga barko sa Panilongon. Makalipas ang ilang araw, narating nila ang Kipit. Tinanggap sila ni Calanao, raha ng Kipit, at nakipagsandugo kay Carvalho. Mula sa Kipit, tumuloy sila sa Cagayan (ngayo’y Mapun, Tawi-tawi) “Naninirahan ang mga taong itim tulad ng nasa Etiopia” Mayo-Hunyo 1521 Tumulak pahilaga ang ekspedisyon at narating ang Palawan, ngunit tinaboy sila ng mga taga-rito. Hunyo 1521 Lumipat sila sa Dyguasam. Tinanggap sila ng mga taga-rito ng buong giliw at nakilala si Bastiam, isang Kristiyanong mangangalakal na taga-Maluku at maalam sa Portuges. Hunyo 21, 1521 Kahit walang tagapasalin at astronomo, tumulak patungong Brunei ang ekspedisyon sa pamamagitan ng pagbaybay sa Palawan at Bolava. Hunyo 29, 1521 Sa katubigan ng Brunei, nakasagupa ng ekpedisyon ang malaking armada ng prinsipe ng Luzon (siya si Raha Matanda ng Maynila.) Nahuli man ang prinsipe pinalata siya matapos suhulan si Carvalho; ikinulong si Carvalho at tinanggal sa posisyon. Septyembre 30, 1521 Desperado nang makakain binihag ng ekspendisyon si Tuan Mahamud, pinuno ng Palawan, sa katubigan ng dulo ng Palawan. Oktubre 1, 1521 Nakipagkaibigan si Tuan Mahamud kay Espinosa. Oktubre 1521 Dumaan ang ekspedisyon sa Sulu at Taghima. Tumungo sila sa katubigan ng Cauit, Subanin at Monoripa. Natanaw nila ang Sultanato ng Maguindanao na inimalawan ni Pigafetta bilang “malaking lungsod”. Narating ng ekspedisyon ang Benaian, isang ungos ng Mindanao. “Ang mga tao ng Islang (Monoripa) iyon ay nakatira sa mga bangka at hindi namumuhay sa ibang paraan”. Oktubre 26, 1521 Dinanas ng ekspedisyon ang “malakas na bagyo” sa katubigan ng Batulaki. Oktubre 27, 1521 Tumungo ang ekspendisyon sa Candighar at dumaong sa pulo ng Sarangani; sapilitang kumuha ng piloto sa Sarangani na nagturo sa lokasyon ng Maluku, ang kanilang pinakalayunin. Oktubre 28, 1521 Nilisan ang teritoryo ng Pilipinas patungong Maluku. The Aftermath The Ships 1. Santiago was lost at sea (wrecked in a storm) 2. San Antonio abandoned the expedition and returned to Spain. 3. Concepcion was burned by the crew 4. Trinidad was captured by the Portuguese. The Crew 36 men returned to Spain (out of 265, more or less) *38 crew from Victoria *13 in Portuguese ships from Cape Verde *5 survivors from Trinidad Lesson 2: Customs of the Tagalogs The Author Name: Juan de Plascencia Birth Place: Plascencia, Extremadura, Spain Known for: 1. Formation of towns (Tayabas) *Reduction policy (bajo de campana) 2. Fostering the spread of primary schools 3. Promoter of language inculturation *Diccionario tagalog in 1580 The Barangay “As many as 100 houses, sometimes even less than 30”. Datu Nagdarato: To rule the barrio Duties: 1. Govern his people 2. Lead them in war 3. Succor them in struggles (Morga) 4. Render judgement in lawsuit 5. Control over disposition of real property Social Classes 1. Nobility I. Estates/Castes (Plasencia):  Datu (principales) II. Tagalog Social Structure (Scott):  Lakan/Rajah (town)  Datu (barangay)  Maginoo III. Visayans Order (Loarca):  Datu  Tumao 2. Freemen/Timawa I. Estates/Castes (Plasencia):  Maharlika (hidalgos)  Common People (pecheros) II. Tagalog Social Structure (Scott):  Timawa  Maharlika (birthright aristocracy) III. Visayans Order (Loarca):  Timawa  3. Slaves/Alipin/Oripon I. Estates/Castes (Plasencia):  Enclavos  Aliping Namamahay  Aliping sa guiguilid II. Tagalog Social Structure (Scott):  Aliping Namamahay  Alipin Sagigilid III. Visayans Order (Loarca):  Tumataban  Tumatarampok  Ayuey  AYUEY- worked 3 days for his Master.  TUMATARAMPOK- they lives in their own houses and worked 1 day for his master.  TUMATABAN-worked for his master when summon (banquet or revel).  Maharlika+Maharlika=Maharlika  Maharlika+Slave(recognized)=Freemen (both mother and children)  Mahaika+Slave (of another) *not recognized by the father*=Half of the child was free Wholly Slave  Freemen(woman)+Slave*not provided by husband*=Freemen  Maharlika+Slave=Children were divided Odd Birth: Father Even Birth: Mother One Child-Half freemen and Slave Administration of Justice a) An arbiter was called to settle a dispute between two chiefs* or disputants b) Condemned to death (insulting the chief’s family) c) Other offenses were punished by fines in gold Note: to serve until the payment is made d) Excess of usury Note: it must be reformed Inheritance Legitimate child- inherited equally (showed slight partiality) Son married to chief’s daughter- dowry is greater than the sum given to other sons Had children by two or more legitimate wives- Inheritance and dowry from their mother and share of their father’s estate Had child by one of his slaves, legal wives, and unmarried woman- a. Slave: No Inheritance b. Legitimate: free the mother c. Natural child: 1/3 part No children from B- Inheritance goes to C No children from A, B, and C- Inheritance goes to the nearest relatives of the deceased A child by a free married woman, born while she was married-  Case 1: if the husband punishes the adulterer, there’s an Inheritance  Case 2: If not, there’s no Inheritance  Case 3: solo, inherited equally with the nearest relatives Adopted children- inherit the double of what was paid for their adoption Marriage dowries are given by men and women’s parents  Living (parents)- enjoy the use of it  Death (parents)- equally divided among the children  No parents/relatives- enjoys her (the wife) dowry Divorce a. Left the husband (wife marrying other)- fell to the husband b. Left the husband (without marrying others)- returned c. Left the wife (husband)- half returned and half lost d. If there’s a children- goes to children (with fine) Died a. Wife in a year with no children- half returned b. Husband- half returned Beliefs and Superstitions Maca Paradise Casanaan Place of anguish Offering Sacrifice  1. Recovery of sick person 2. Prosperous voyage 3. Good harvest 4. Happy outcome in married life “They buried their dead in their own houses. They venerated the skills of the dead as if they were living and present.” (Morga) “Heard anyone sneeze, they would retrace their steps.” (Pedro Chirino, S.J) Bathala, Demigods, Apolaki, Aman Sinaya, Lakapati, Anagolay  Paid reverence to water-lizards  Believe in dreams  Use herbs to attract others  Reserve food for the anitos  Use amulets to attract or good ban omen  Use incantation Priest if the Devil 1. Catalonan (man or woman)- A healer, shaman, seer, and a community leader. 2. Mangangauay or witches- Who deceived by pretending to heal the sick 3. Manyisalat- Applying remedies to lovers 4. Mancocolam- Duty is to emit fire 5. Hacloban- By saluting or raising the hand, the killed whom they chose. 6. Silagan- Preys on anyone who dressed in white 7. Matatangal- Show himself at night without his head or entrails. 8. Osuang- Equivalent to sorcerer. Murdered men and ate their flesh. 9. Mangangayoma- Made charms for lovers 10. Sonat- Equivalent to “preacher.” It was his office to help one to die. 11. Pangatahojan- a soothsayer and predicted the future. 12. Bayoguin- A man whose nature inclined toward that of a woman. Lesson 3: Kartilya ng Katipunan KATIPUNAN In January 1892, the founding document “Casaysayan, Pinagcasundoan, Manga daquilang cautosan”, was drafted.  Narrative,  Covenant, and  Principal Orders On July 7, 1892z Bonifacio, Plata, Diwa, and others decided the time had come to proceed. Ranks of membership: 1. Katipon: Anak ng Bayan 2. Kawal: GomBurZa 3. Bayani: Rizal Initiation Rites He might be blindfolded, handed a revolver and ordered to shoot dead a supposed “enemy”, who would of course safely absent himself before the bullet was fired. (RICHARDSON) THE AUTHOR Name: Emilio Jacinto Birth Place: Tondo, Manila Known for: 1. Editor of Kalayaan 2. Use the alia “Pingkian” and “Dimasilaw” 4. Author of Liwanag at Dilim 5. Brain of the Katipunan Kartilya Structure 1. Addressed to “To those who want to join the Katipunan”. 2. The preamble ensure that candidates fully understand the association’s objectives before making a commitment. Sa pagkakailangan, na ang lahat na nagiibig pumasuk sa Katipunang ito, ay magkakaroon ng lubos ma pananalig at kaisipan sa mga kaaralang pinaiiral, minararapat na ipakilaa sa kanila ang mga bagay na ito, at ng bukas makalawa’y huag silang magsisi at tuparing maluag sa kaloobaan ang kanilang mga tungkulin. Ang kabagayang pinaguusig ng katipunang ito ay lubos na dakila at mahalaga; papagisahin ang loob at kaisipan ng lahat ng tagalog (*) sa pamamagitan ng isang mahigpit na panunumpa, upang sa pagkakaisang ito’y magkalakas na iwasan ang masinsing tabing na nakabubulag sa kaisipan at matuklasan ang tunay na landas ng Katuiran at Kaliwanagan. 3. Principles (“layon”) and teachings (“aral”) 4. Asks neophytes to edge their allegiance and to affirm with their signature. Having fully understand the principles and teachings proclaimed by the Katipunan of the Sons of the People, I wish with heart and soul to become a member. Respectfully, therefore, I beg to be deemed worthy of admission and to be counted as one of the sons of the association, and pledge to comply with its teachings and submit to its Orders. [Sgd.] The _______________ of the month of _____________ ______________________ of the year 189__. 1. Ang buhay na hindi hunuhugol sa isangalaki at banal na layuning ay punong walang lihim, o kung hindi man au nakakalasong damo. 2. Ang gawaing magaling na may pagyayabang o may paghahangad na makasarili ay hindi tunay na kabaitan. 3. Tunay na kabanalan ang pagkakawang-gawa, anf pagibig sa kapuwa at ang pagiging tama sa kilos, gawa, at salita. 4. Maitim man o maputi ang kulay mg balat, lahat ng tao’y pantay-pantay; mangyayaring ang isa’y hihigitan sa dunong, sa yaman, sa ganda; ngunit hindi mahihigitan ang kaniyang pagkatao. 5. Mas pinapahalagahan ng taong marangal ang kanyang puri kaysa pansariling kapakinabangan; sa taong tampalasan, inuuna ang sariling pakinabang. 6. Sa taong may hiya, salita'y panunumpa. 7. Huwag mong sayangin ang panahun; ang yamang nawala ay maibabalik; ngunit panahong nagdaan na ay di na muling magdaraan. 8. Ipagtanggol ang inaapi at labanan ang nang-aapi. 9. Ang taong matalino’y nag-iingat sa bawal sasabihin; matutong ipaglihim ang dapat ipaglihim. 10. Sa daag matinik ng buhay, lalaki ang siyang gabay ng asawa at mga anak; kung ang umaakay at tungo sa masama, sa kasamaan din hahantong ang inaakay. 11. Huwag mong tignan ang babae na libangan lamang, kundi isang katuwang at karamay sa mga kahirapan nitong buhay; gamitan mo nang buong pagpipitagan ang kaniyang kahinaan, at alalahanin ng iyong inang pinagmulan at nag-aruga sa iyong kasangulan. 12. Ang hindi mo ibig na gawin sa iyong asawa, anak at kapatid, ay huwag mong gagawin sa asawa, anak, at kapatid ng iyong kapuwa. 13. Hindi makikita sa pagiging hari ang halaga ng tao, hindi rin sa tangos ng ilong at puti ng mukha, ni sa pagiging pari na kinatawan ng Diyos, hindi sa taas ng katayuan sa lipunan; hindi totoong tao at mataas na uri, siyang laking gubat at walang nababatid kundi sariling wika, yaong may magandang asal, may isang salita, may dangal at puri, yaong hindi nagpapaapi at hindi nang- aapi; yaong marunong magmahal at magmalasakit sa bayang kaniyang sinilangan. 14. Sa pagpalaganap ng mga aral na ito, maningning na sisikat at sasabog ang matamis na liwanag ng araw ng kalayaan dito sa abang kapuluan ng nagkaisang magkakalahi’t magkakapatid, ang mga ginugol na buhay, pagod, at mga tiniis na kahirapa’y labis nang matutumbasan. 15. Kapag nagpag-aralan na ang lahat ng ito at naniwala siyang kaya nang gawin ang mga magiging tungkulin, maaari nang punan ang pormularyo ng pagsapi. Lesson 4: Gunita ng Himagsikan The Revolution of 1896 “Spain dominated the Philippine Islands for more than three and half centuries, during which, abuses of the frailocracy and the Administration ended the patience of the natives, forcing them, on August 26 to 31, 1896, to shake off such a heavy yoke, starting the revolution in the provinces of Manila and Cavite.” (Aguinaldo in Reseña Veredica) The Author Name: Emilio Aguinaldo Birth Place: Kawit, Cavite Known for: 1. 1st President of the Phili 2. Miong (nickname) 3. Selected as Capitan Municipal Note: Based on: diary and personal documents Published: 1964(translated 1967) Supremo Andres Bonifacio Invited to Cavite After the Supremo Andres Bonifacio and his men met defeat at the hands of the Spaniards, we in Cavite had lost tract of their whereabouts. As we were worried about Bonifacio, we sent men to look for him in the forest of Caloocan and Malabon, and instructed them to invite the Supremo to Cavite which had already been liberated from Spanish rule. Magdiwang Council Reorganized The success of the liberation movement in Cavite was the result of the leadership and efforts of the two councils: The Magdiwang Council headed initially by General Mariano Alvarez in Noveleta, and the Magdalo Council of Cavite el Viejo headed by General Baldomero Aguinaldo. My Election to Presidency While I was busy supervising the building of our defenses at Pasong Santol in Dasmariñas, a group of cavalry soldiers by Colonel Vicente Riego de Dios of Magdiwang Council arrived to tell me that I had been elected the head of the government as a result of the Magdiwang and the Magdalo factions The Military Court Charges were: 1. The anonymous letter accusing me of an alleged plot to surrender to General Lachambre, 2. There plan to establish another government, 3. There plan to liquidate me, 4. The escape of the brothers and General Ricarte to evade responsibility for their acts, and 5. Derelictions of duty for refusing to fight for their country. Death of the Bonifacio Brothers After a detailed and careful trial by the military court composed of seven members headed by General Mariano Noriel, the two Bonifacio brothers were found guilty of disloyalty to and treachery against the revolutionary Government as well as the sedition and rebellion. Having establish their guilt beyond reasonable doubt, the court unanimously posed the death sentence on them. The Pact of Biak na Bato We, the revolutionaries, fulfilled our part by handling over weapons… But 5he aforementioned Captain General failed to meet the other deadlines… sadness that returned into despair upon receiving the letter form lieutenant Colonel D. Miguel Primo de Rivera, nephew of said General and his private secretary, informing me that my companions and l would no longer be able to return to Manila. Lesson 5: Declaration of Philippine Independence 1898 “And so the revolution marched from triumph to triumph, the Filipino people justifying their power and their resolution to free themselves from all foreign yoke, to live independently, just as I had affirmed to Admiral Dewy, for which the gentlemen and the Chief’s and officer’s.” Aguinaldo in Reseña Veredica The Advisor Name: Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista Birth Place: Biñan, Laguna Known for: Political Advisor Distant relative (Rizal) Trivia: 1. Bautista read the Independence document 2. It was Bautista and not Aguinaldo who waved the Philippine Flag. In the town of Cavite-Viejo, Province of Cavite, thus 12th day of June 1898 “I sent a Commission to inform the admiral of it, inviting him at the same time to attend the ceremony, which took place with all solemnity.” Aguinaldo Conditions and Characterization of Philippines 1. Weary of bearing the ominous yoke of Spanish domination 2. Arbitrary arrests and harsh treatment practiced by the Civil Guard a. Causing death b. Shooting the prisoners 3. Unjust deportations of eminent personages and of the high social position a. Decreed by Ge. Blanco b. The Church Brief Historical Overview 1. Magellan’s arrival and Legazpi’s approach 2. Biak na Bato Pact 3. Return of Aguinaldo 4. The spread of revision a) Mentioned the 8 provinces that triggered the revolution b) Different towns Result: Ensuring the independence of the Philippines  1. Historical events 1. Rizal Execution i. Reason: To please the greedy body of friars in their insatiable desire to seek revenge to those who are opposed to their Machiavellian purposes. 2. Cavite Mutiny 3. GOMBURZA Martyrdom a. Reason: To prevent the execution of decree in which the parishes under the jurisdiction of Archbishopric should be turned over to the Recoletos in exchange for those controlled by the Recoletos in Mindanao. b. Result: “Caused the three of liberty to bud in this land of ours.” State of the Government 1. Dictatorial Government under Emilio Aguinaldo 2. Has the power to make War and Peace, conclude commercial treaties, enter into alliances, and regulate commerce 3. Powers necessary for the discharge of duties 4. Powers of pardon and amnesty The Flag 1. The white triangle represents the distinctive emblem of the famous Katipunan Society 2. The three stars represent the island of Luzon, Mindanao, and Panay 3. Sun represents the steps made by the sons of the country along the path of Progress and Civilization 4. 8 rays symbolizing Cavite, Blanca, Pampanga, Nueva Excija, Bataan, Laguna, and Batangas. 5. Colors blue, red, and white commemorate those of the flag of the United States of North America. Marcela Agoncillo Principal seamstress of the first and official flag of the Philippines, gaining her the title “The Mother of the Philippine Flag.” Lorenza Agoncillo Daughter of Marcel Agoncillo Delfina Gerbosa de Natividad The niece of Dr. Rizal.