REVIWER-PR2.pdf

REVIWER Practical Research 2 Inquiry  The process of finding answers to questions. It is easier to carry out than research studies. Research  Tend to be more systematic and formal  Involves gathering new information o...

REVIWER Practical Research 2 Inquiry  The process of finding answers to questions. It is easier to carry out than research studies. Research  Tend to be more systematic and formal  Involves gathering new information or testing a theory. Science  A systematic arrangement of bodies of knowledge based on facts. Purposes of Research 1. Discover new facts of known phenomena. 2. Find solution to problems that are only partially solved. 3. Improve or develop new products. 4. Discover unrecognized substances or elements. 5. Validate generalizations into systematic order. 6. Provide basis for decision-making in any undertaking. 7. Satisfy the researcher’s curiosity. 8. Acquire better and deeper understanding about one phenomenon to another. 9. Verify existing knowledge. 10. Improve educational practices by raising the quality of school products. 11. Promote health and prolong life. 12. Enhance man’s basic life. Kerlinger’s Characteristics of Research 1. Systematic – using a careful system or method; presented or formulated as coherent body of ideas and principles 2. Controlled – steps are carefully planned, not manipulated 3. Empirical – direct experience/observation 4. Critical – careful and precise judgement Other Characteristics of Research 1. Logical - entails valid procedures and principles 2. Cyclical - starts with a problem and ends with a problem 3. Analytical - utilizes proven and analytical procedures in gathering data, whether historical, descriptive, experimental, and case study 4. Replicability - research design and procedures are repeated to enable researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results. 5. Methodical – conducted in methodical manner without bias using systematic procedures Qualities of a Good Researcher R – esearch-oriented E – fficient S – cientific E – ffective A - ctive R - esourceful C - reative H - onest E - conomical R – eliable Characteristics of the Researcher 1. Intellectual Curiosity – a good researcher undertakes deep thinking and inquiry of the things, problems, and situations around 2. Prudence – the researcher is careful to conduct their research study at the right time and at the right place wisely, efficiently, and economically 3. Healthy Criticism – the researcher is always doubtful as to the truthfulness of the results 4. Intellectual Honesty – an intelligent researcher is honest to collect or gather data or facts in order to arrive at honest results 5. Intellectual Creativity – a productive and resourceful investigator always create new researches Types of Research 1. Basic Research – It seeks to discover basic truths or principles. It is intended to add to the body of scientific knowledge by exploring the unknown to extend the boundaries of knowledge as well as to discover new facts, and learn more accurately the characteristics of known without a particular thought as to immediate practical utility. 2. Applied Research – This type of research seeks new applications of scientific knowledge to the solution of a problem, such as the development of a new system or procedure, new device, or new method in order to solve the problem. 3. Developmental Research – This is a decision-oriented research involving the applications of the steps of the scientific method in response to an immediate need to improve existing practices. Types of Quantitative Research 1. Descriptive Research- The descriptive research design involves observing and collecting data on a given topic without attempting to infer cause-and- effect relationships. 2. Correlational Research- investigates relationships between variables without the researcher controlling or manipulating any of them 3. True. Experimental- an experiment conducted to prove or disprove a cause- and-effect relationship between two variables. 4. Quasi-Experimental- aims to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between an independent and dependent variable. Characteristics of a Research Problem Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic Time-bound Variable It is a quantity or a characteristic that has two or more mutually exclusive values or properties of objects or people that can be classified, measured, or labeled in different ways. Types of Variables Discrete Variable - It is one that can take on only a finite or potentially countable set of values. Continuous Variable - It is one that can take on only infinite set of values between any two of levels of variables. Independent Variable (Cause, Object, and Variate of the Investigation) - This is the stimulus variable, which is chosen by the researcher to determine its relationship to an observed phenomena. Dependent Variable (Effect, Result, and Criterion in the Study) - This is the response variable, which is observed and measured to determine the effect of the independent variable. Moderate Variable- This alters or modifies the relationship between the independent and dependent variable. Control Variable- This is a variable controlled by the researcher in which the effects can be neutralized by eliminating or removing the variable. Intervening Variable- This is a variable which interferes with the independent and dependent variables, but its effects can either strengthen or weaken the independent and dependent variables. Guidelines in Writing the Title 1. Clear and specific. 2. Subject matter/ topic, place, population, period when the data gathered should be included. 3. Variables investigated should be included. 4. 12 substantive words. 5. If title is more than 1 line, it should be in inverted pyramid Writing Background of the Study This is the description that leads the reader to understanding the research questions and appreciates why they are asked. In writing this section you need to: 1. Introduce and briefly define the variables under the study 2. Cite the most important study or related literature 3. Be consistent with terms used 4. Ensure that paragraphs summarize unresolved issues, conflicting findings, social concerns, or educational, national or international issues. 5. Write the last paragraph to highlight the research gap. 6. It must be in a form of Narrative Hook: A research gap is a question or a problem that has not been answered by any of the existing studies or research within your field. Sometimes, a research gap exists when there is a concept or new idea that hasn't been studied at all. Assumptions  It is a statement related to the problem, which is presumed to be true on the basis of observation or experience. It is used to provide general direction to the study and does not require confirmation or discussion in the thesis or dissertation nor statistical computation. Types of Hypotheses 1. Null Hypothesis – This says “there is no difference,” meaning the independent variable does not affect the dependent variable. If data reject the null hypothesis , then the alternative hypothesis should be true. 2. Alternative Hypothesis – This says “there is a difference,” meaning, that the independent variable affects the dependent variable. Significance of the study It is where the significant contributions of the results of the study are enumerated Theoretical Framework shapes justification of the research problem objectives in order to provide the basis on its parameters. Two types of theories: Speculative philosophical – analyzes data and prescribes norms Empirical – conclusions of cause-effect and relationship of variables Paradigm is a diagrammatic representation of a conceptual framework. It depicts in a more vivid way what the conceptual framework wants to convey. conceptual paradigm/framework is made usually consisting of inputs, process, and outputs (Castillo, 2001). Definition of Terms This section provides a definition for the terms repeatedly used throughout the discussion which is usually the variables of the study. Conceptual definition is mostly concerned with attributing authorities like books, magazines, etc., including unpublished materials (Vizcarra, 2003). Operational definition of terms is done when a researcher defines the terms as he uses them in the study (Vizcarra, 2003). They can be defined according to the measurements of variables.