Plumbing Practice in the Philippines - History & Types of Pipes PDF

**CHAPTER 1** **BRIEF HISTORY OF PLUMBING PRACTICE IN THE PHILIPPINES** 1. 2. **1902**- the Plumbing Trade was duly recognized by the government in the City of Manila. 3. **Master Plumber John F. Haas**- became the first Chief of the Division of Plumbing Construction and Insp...

**CHAPTER 1** **BRIEF HISTORY OF PLUMBING PRACTICE IN THE PHILIPPINES** 1. 2. **1902**- the Plumbing Trade was duly recognized by the government in the City of Manila. 3. **Master Plumber John F. Haas**- became the first Chief of the Division of Plumbing Construction and Inspection. 4. **1935,** the **National Master Plumbers Association of the Philippines** **(NAMPAP**) was formally organized. 5. **Manila City Ordinance 2411**, the **"Plumbing Code of the City of Manila"** was enacted and placed under *the [Department of Public Services], Manila.* 6. **1954**, the Third Congress approved **House Bill No. 962** which in **June 18, 1955**, became **R.A. 1378** ***"Plumbing Law of the Philippines"*** upon ratification of *President Ramon Magsaysay*. 7. On **January 28, 1959**, the **National Plumbing Code of the Philippines** prepared by NAMPAP was promulgated and approved by Malacañang. 8. Before Martial Law in **1972**, **Republic Act No. 6541** otherwise known as the **"Building Code of the Philippines"** was passed with the **"National Plumbing Code of 1959***"* as referral code in full text. 9. The **Professional Regulation Commission (PRC)** adopted **[the Revised Plumbing Code of 1999]** which President Joseph Estrada approved **December 21, 1999** pursuant to **[Section 4 of R.A. 1378]** known as the **[Plumbing Law.]** a. **Surface water** -- are waters found in lakes, rivers, and reservoirs. b. **Groundwater** -- lies under the surface of the land where it travels through and fills openings in the rocks. **The rocks** ***that store and transmit groundwater*** are **called aquifers.** c. **Potable water** -- is defined as the water that is suitable for human consumption (i.e., water that is used for cooking and drinking). Drinking water standards is defined and directed by certifying body or an act. In fact, ***drinking water is also known as potable water or fresh water*** as the primary source of human health. d. **Aqueducts** -- are structures used to conduct a water stream across a hollow or a valley. In modern engineering, it is now referred to a system of pipes, ditches, canals, tunnels and supporting structures to convey water from its sources to its main distribution point. 10. **Plumbing** - **the art and technique** of installing pipes, fixtures, and other apparatuses in buildings for bringing in the supply of liquids, substances and/or ingredients and removing them; and such water, liquid and other carried-wastes hazardous to health, sanitation, life and property pipes and fixtures after installation i.e., **the 'plumbing system'. (Section 217.6 The Revised National Plumbing Code of the Philippines 1999)** 11. **Plumbing System** -- any system that conveys fluids for a wide range of applications. 12. The word **Plumber** is a title given to a person who is skilled in the field of sanitation. It was derived from the ancient Roman word **Plumbarius** which was taken from the Latin word Plumbum. - **Plumbarius** refers to an individual who worked in the sanitary field of ancient Rome. - **Plumbum** on the other hand meant [lead.] Three categories of plumbers based upon their graces of experiences: 1. **Apprentice plumbe**r - a beginner at the trade who usually serves for 3 to 5 years as helper to a journeyman. 2. **Journey man plumber** - has served his apprenticeship and is competent to perform the tasks of installing and repairing plumbing. 3. **Master plumber** - a person technically and legally qualified and licensed to practice the profession of master plumbing without limitations in accordance with Republic Act 1378. **Sanitary Work**- refers of carrying the waste water to the waste disposal system (sewerage system) through plumbing fixtures. **Classification of Waste** 1. **Solid waste** -- refers to something that is discharge by water closet. 2. **Liquid waste** -- refers to something that coming from various fixtures. Thise two types of wastes are conveyed and dispose either: 1. **Soil pipe** -- a fixture that conveys waste from water closet. 2. **Waste pipe** -- a fixture that conveys waste other than water closet. The drainage installation is sometimes referred to as **DWV.** D - drainage of solid waste W - wastes coming from various fixtures other than water closet V - ventilation of the piping system. Terminologies: 1. Air gap - in water supply system, it refers to unobstructed vertical distance through the free atmosphere between the lowest opening from any pipe or faucet supplying water to a tank, plumbing fixture, or other device and the flood level rim of the receptacle. 2. Back flow - is the flow of water, or other liquid mixture or substances into the distributing pipes of potable supply of water from any source, other than its intended source. 3. Fixture Unit - is the average discharge, during use, of an arbitrarily selected fixture, such as a. a lavatory or water closet. 4. **Clean Outs (CO**) - A clean-out is an opening that provides access to a pipe, either directly or through a short branch, to permit cleaning of the pipe. 5. **Riser** - A water supply pipe which extends vertically one full storey or more to convey water to branches or fixtures or to Overhead (OH) tank. 6. **Soil pipe** - is any pipe which conveys the discharge of water closets, urinals, or fixtures having similar functions, with or without the discharge from other fixtures, to the building drain or building sewer. 7. **Stack** - is the vertical main of a system of soil, waste, or vent piping. 8. Stack/Soil Vent - A stack vent (sometimes called a waste vent or soil vent) is the extension of soil or waste stack above the highest horizontal drain connected to the stack. 9. Vent pipe - A vent system is a pipe or pipes installed to provide a flow of air to or from a drainage system or to provide a circulation of air within such system to protect trap seals from siphonage and back pressure. 10. Vent Stack - A vent stack is a vertical vent pipe installed primarily for the purpose of providing circulation of air to and from any part of the drainage system. 11. Trap - A trap is a fitting or device so designed and constructed as to provide, when properly vented, a liquid seal which will prevent the back passage of air without materially affecting the flow of sewage or waste water through it. 12. Trap Seal - The trap seal is the maximum vertical depth of liquid that a trap will retain, measured between the crown weir and the top of the dip of the trap. 13. Waste pipe - is a pipe which conveys only liquid waste free of faecal (fecal) matter. 14. Water distributing pipe - water distributing pipe in a building or premises is a pipe that conveys water from the water service pipe to the plumbing fixtures and other water outlets. 15. Water service pipe -- is the pipe from the water main or other source of water supply to the building served. 16. Water supply system -- the water supply of a building or premises consists of the water service pipe, the water distributing pipes, and the necessary connecting pipes, fitting, control valves, and all appurtenance in or adjacent to the building or premises. 17. Wet vent -- is a vent that receives the discharge from wastes other water closet. 18. Direct Water Supply System- Used in European countries and America because the pressure is sufficient from the municipal supply of water. **CHAPTER 2** **Two Types of Plumbing Systems in Building** a. Indirect Water Supply System- Used when the supply of water from the source is low. b. Pipe is a tube of metal, plastic, or other material used to convey water, gas, oil, or other fluid substances. **Types of Pipes** 1. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) Pipes - is resistant to corrosive chemicals and has a low melting temperature. 2. Brass Pipes - is an alloy of copper and zinc. It is widely utilized in and for many household items like locks, bearings, doorknobs and plumbing applications such as tubes. 3. Cast iron Pipe - Most common types of pipes and is made predominantly from a. gray cast iron. Is popular for water-distribution systems due to its high resistance to corrosion and consequent long life. 4. Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride Pipes (CPVC) - A non-corrosive pipe can be used for cold and hot (around 180°F). 5. Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride Pipes (uPVC) - also known as rigid PVC, Pipes & Fittings are used for all plumbing purposes in residential & commercial buildings. 6. PVC Pipes - is one of the best-known pipe options. PVC is synonymous with "pipe". 7. Copper Pipes - are made of small diameter. a tube-like material made by copper and is often used for heating systems. 8. Heavy gauge -- refers to the wall thickness which is considerably thicker. 9. Medium gauge -- wall thickness is medium 10. Light gauge -- wall thickness is lighter 11. Cross-Linked Polyethylene Pipes (PEX) - cross linked polyethylene, commonly abbreviated PEX, XPE of XLPE is a form of polyethylene with cross-links used predominantly in building services pipework systems, hydronic radiant heating and cooling systems, domestic water piping and insulation for high tension electrical cables. 12. Galvanized Steel Pipes - Galvanized steel is coated with zinc to prevent rust. 13. Galvanized Iron Pipes - G.I pipes are made of mild steel sheet. It is coated with a layer of zinc to prevent rusting and increase its durability and lifespan. The process is called [galvanization.] 14. Steel Pipes -- These pipes are used to carry gas, water, or certain other liquid from one place to another under pressure. 15. High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Pipes - probably the most effective pipes b. on the market. 16. Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) Pipes - For plumbing purposes, this tubing can be used for water softening lines. 17. Polypropylene Pipes -- this pipe is flexible, which may be bent and run around different objects. 18. Polythene Pipes - Polythene pipes are used for cold water services. 19. Vinyl Pipes -- a type of tubing that is widely used in laboratory settings and at home such as home-brewing. 20. Lead Pipes -- a pipe that has high corrosion resistance, flexibility, and hydraulic coefficient of flow. 21. Asbestos Cement Pipes - are made of mixtures of asbestos paste and cement compressed by steel rollers to form a laminated material of great strength and density. 22. Stoneware Pipes - These are manufactured in ceramic industries by burning soft soil at high temperatures. 23. Concrete Pipes - known as a rigid pipe that provides both structure and conduit when it arrives on site. 24. Pipe Fittings-Refers to piping components in a piping system to achieve a certain geometry as per the requirements of piping system. **Types of Pipe fittings** a. Adaptor -- used for extending pipe runs in forward direction with the same or different diameters. b. Barb - generally used to connect hoses to pipe. c. Couplings - It is mainly used to connect the two pipes of the same diameter. Two types: Compression coupling - is mostly used to connect two pipes and it is able to prevent leakage. Slip coupling - has two pipes that are arranged as one into another. d. Cross-Type - Cross-type pipe fitting has 4 vents or opening in all 4 directions and there are perpendicular to each other. e. Double Tapped Bushing - is one type of nipple itself, but it has to thread on both the inside and the outside. f. Elbow - It is generally used to change the direction of the pipe run. g. Mechanical Sleeve - are generally used to connect two pipes by a screw or other fixtures. h. Nipple - most useful pipe fixture in the plumbing system. i. Reducer - The fitting used to make a larger flow area smaller is called reducer. j. Tee - It is had shaped like the letter "T." it has an inlet and outlet. k. Union -- Somehow similar to couplings, but the difference is unions are easy to remove making them convenient for maintenance or a planned future replacement. l. Valve - mainly used to regulate or stop the flow of fluid in a pipe. m. Wye -- This type of pipe fitting resembles the letter "Y," this fitting is made to connect three pipes. n. Cap - It has almost similar utility to a plug. o. Olet - types of pipe fitting is generally utilized where there are standard sizes of fittings that are not suitable for our requirement. p. Plug - one of the most important accessories of a plumbing system which is generally used to close pipe opening during inspections and repairs. **CHAPTER 3** **Kinds of Wrenches** 1. **Wrench** -- is a tool operated by hand and used for tightening or loosening pipes, pipe fittings, bolts or nuts. It is also called a "spanner". a. Pipe wrench -- used in plumbing for gripping round (cylindrical) materials. b. General wrench -- used on nuts and bolts that have flat, parallel surfaces (square or hexagon). c. Adjustable wrench -- used to tightens and loosen hexagonal nuts and fittings on pipes and comes in a variety of sizes. d. Basin Wrench -- a T-shaped tool plumber use specifically to work on faucets. e. Faucet key -- a small, X-shaped tools designed to open and close spigots and sill cocks. 2. Pipe work c. Hacksaw -- used to cut a pipe during pipe work including that of bolts and nuts. d. Tube and plastic pipe cutter -- used for slicing or cutting pipes. e. Plumber's torch -- a small-handheld tools that allows plumber to apply intense heat in precise areas for soldering and sealing new piping for installation and replacements. f. Thread Sealing Tape -- also known as **"plumber's tape"** which is used to patch to prevent possible leaks at threaded joint connections in piping. g. Pliers -- used for loosen and tightening for small pipe works which is impossible for the wrench to hold. h. Press fitting system -- used to press a connection onto a pipe to produce an impermeable connection or seal. 3. Clearing Clogs a. Plungers -- a plumber's friend is a tool used to clear blockages in drains and pipes. b. Hand Auger - is a circular, handheld device that allows plumbers to drive a cable deep down a drain in order to break apart and clear clogs (via a hand crank). c. Snake machine - a larger version of the hand auger which is useful when the clog is deep and is difficult to displace. 4. Safety tools- is a basic requirement, hence in the plumbing works, the usual job of installations, examining leakage and other things can be potentially dangerous on the plumber. a. Googles -- refers to appropriate eyewear used to protect the eye during the performance of task. b. Gloves -- a heavy-duty-gloves that protects plumber's hand in gripping slippery object or materials. c. Heat shields/pads - a proper safety equipment used when regular soldering is required among plumbers. 5. Other essentials a. PEX expander -- a drill-like tool that widens the mouth of the pipe so you can insert a metal fitting. b. Crimpers -- used in PEX- realted plumbing to join multiple pieces of metal or other material by dedorming one or both of them to hold the other. **Common Plumbing Fixtures Used in Residences** 1. Water closet 2. Urinal 3. Lavatory 4. Bidet 5. Kitchen sink 6. Bath tub 1. Water closet -A plumbing fixture used to receive human excremental and to discharge it through a waste pipe, using water as a conveying medium. Types of design: a. Siphon washdown -least expensive but the noisiest. b. Siphon jet -- a jet being submerged introduces its water underwater so that its operation is entirely muffled. c. Siphon Vortex -- a bowl which develop its flushing action through the water entering through diagonal holes around the rim which creates a swirling action which forms a vortex in the center. d. Reverse trap -- the trap way located at the rear of the water closet eliminated the bulge at the front. a. One piece - The water closet fixture is manufactured with the bowl and the flush tank molded into a single unit. Usually used in tandem with the bidet. b. Close coupled - a water closet where in the flush tank is separate but is attached to the toilet bowl. c. Pail flush - a water closet comprising only of a bowl without a flush tank. d. Squat bowl -- otherwise known as "Eastern type" since the user assumes a squatting position rather than a sitting position. a. Flush tank -- holds a supply of water for flushing a fixture such as the water closet. b. Flush valve - valve designed to supply a fixed quantity of water for flushing purposes. a. Round front -- intended for installing on a limited space. b. Elongated front -- more comfortable yet occupies more space. 1. Free Standing (Flour mounted) 2. Wall hung (wall mounted)