Plumbing and Sanitary Systems PDF

AR 2141 PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEMS 1. HISTORY OF PLUMBING  The plumbing industry is a basic and substantial part of every developed economy due to the need for clean water, and proper collection and transport of wastes. The word "plumbing" comes from...

AR 2141 PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEMS 1. HISTORY OF PLUMBING  The plumbing industry is a basic and substantial part of every developed economy due to the need for clean water, and proper collection and transport of wastes. The word "plumbing" comes from the Latin plumbum for lead, as pipes were once made from lead.  Plumbing originated during the ancient civilizations such as the Greek, Roman, Persian, Indian, and Chinese civilizations as they developed public baths and needed to provide potable water, and drainage of wastes.  Standardized earthen plumbing pipes with broad flanges making use of asphalt for preventing leakages appeared in the urban settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization by 2700 B.C. Earthen plumbing pipes  The concept and importance of plumbing became more defined and appreciated only during the Greco-Roman civilization. Their demand for a constant supply of clean water lead to the construction of aqueducts. The Roman Aqueduct  Virtually no progress made from the time of the Roman system of aqueducts and lead pipes until the growth of modern cities. In the 19th century, public health authorities began pressing for better waste disposal systems to be installed. Advisory Period 1 AR 2141 PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEMS 2. PLUMBING IN THE PHILIPPINES  In the 1940’s, household plumbing is considered as a luxury.  Water supply o Sources: natural bodies of water, rainfall o Conveyed through improvised bamboo pipes or through animal drawn carts  Waste disposal o Waste disposed to natural bodies of water o Excavated pits 3. PLUMBING - OVERVIEW a. Definition  Plumbing is the art and technique of installing pipes, fixtures, and other apparatuses in buildings for bringing in the supply of liquids, substances and/or ingredients and removing them; and such water, liquid and other carried-wastes hazardous to health, sanitation, life and property pipes and fixtures after installation i.e., the ‘plumbing system’. (Section 217.6 The Revised National Plumbing Code of the Philippines 1999) b. Plumbing System  Plumbing System includes all potable water supply and distribution pipes, all plumbing fixtures and traps; all sanitary and storm drainage systems; vent pipes, roof drains, leaders and downspouts; and all building drains and sewers, including their respective joints and connections; devices, receptacles, and appurtenances within the property; water lines in the premises; potable, tap, hot and chilled water piping; potable water treating or using equipment; fuel gas piping; water heaters and vents for same. (Section 217.12 NPC 1999)  A Plumbing system, reduced to its simplest terms, consists of: o A supply pipe leading to a fixture and; o a drainpipe taking the used water away from this fixture.  The system constitutes the following: 1. The water supply and water distribution system. Carries water from the water source, street main or a pump to the building and to various points in the building at which water is used. 2. The plumbing fixtures. The receptacles that receive the supplied water and allow the occupants of the building to use the water. 3. The drainage system. The piping network within the building which conveys from the plumbing fixtures all wastes and fecal matter (sanitary drainage) as well as rainwater (storm drainage) to a point of disposal or a treatment facility. Advisory Period 2 AR 2141 PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEMS c. The plumber  The plumber is the one who works or engages in the business of installing in buildings the pipes fixtures and other apparatus for bringing in the water supply and removing liquid and waterborne wastes.  There are three categories of plumbers based upon their graces of experiences. They are: 1. Apprentice plumber - a beginner at the trade who usually serves for 3 to 5 years as helper to a journeyman. 2. Journeyman plumber - has served his apprenticeship and is competent to perform the tasks of installing and repairing plumbing. 3. Master plumber - a person technically and legally qualified and licensed to practice the profession of master plumbing without limitations in accordance with Republic Act 1378, having passed the examinations conducted by the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC), has received a certificate of registration from the board of master plumbing and possesses the current license to practice. (Section 214.5 NPC 200) The 22 Basic Principles of the Plumbing Code 1. All premises intended for human use or habitation shall be provided with a supply of pure and wholesome water, neither connected to unsafe water supply nor subject to backflow or back- siphonage. 2. Plumbing fixtures, devices and appurtenances shall be supplied with water in sufficient volume and pressure adequate to function satisfactorily and without undue noise. 3. Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use the minimum quantity of water consistent with proper performance and cleaning. 4. Devices for heating and storing water shall be so designed and installed as to prevent dangers from explosion through overheating. 5. Every building abutting on a street, alley or easement with a public sewer shall connect its plumbing fixtures to the sewer system. 6. Each family dwelling unit shall have at least one water closet, one kitchen type sink, a lavatory and a bathtub or shower to meet the basic requirements of sanitation and personal hygiene. 7. Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth non-absorbent material, free from concealed fouling surfaces and shall be located in ventilated enclosures. 8. The drainage system shall be designed, constructed and maintained to safeguard against fouling, deposit of solids, clogging and with adequate cleanouts so arranged that the pipes may be readily cleaned. 9. All piping shall be of durable NAMPAP-APPROVED materials, free from defective workmanship, designed and constructed by Registered Master Plumbers to ensure satisfactory service. 10. Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system shall be equipped with a water-sealed trap. 11. The drainage pipes piping system shall be designed to provide adequate circulation of air free from siphonage, aspiration or forcing of trap seals under ordinary use. Advisory Period 3 AR 2141 PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEMS 12. Vent terminals shall extend to the outer air and installed to prevent clogging and the return of foul air to the building. 13. Plumbing systems shall be subjected to such tests to effectively disclose all leaks and defects in the workmanship. 14. Substance which will clog the pipes, produce explosive mixtures, destroy the pipes or their joints or interfere unduly with the sewage-disposal process shall not be allowed to enter the building drainage system. 15. Proper protection shall be provided to prevent contamination of food, water, sterile goods and similar materials by backflow of sewage. When necessary, the fixture, device or appliance shall be connected indirectly with the building drainage system. 16. No water closet shall be located in a room or compartment which is not properly lighted and ventilated. 17. If there is no sewer system in the area, suitable provision shall be made for the disposal of building sewage by some accepted method of sewage treatment and disposal, such as a septic tank. 18. Where a plumbing drainage system may be subject to backflow of sewage, suitable provision shall be made to prevent its overflow in the building. 19. Plumbing systems shall be maintained in serviceable condition by Registered Master Plumbers. 20. All plumbing fixtures shall be installed properly spaced, to be accessible for their intended use. 21. Plumbing shall be installed with due regard to the preservation of the strength of structural members and the prevention of damage to walls and other surfaces through fixture usage. 22. Sewage or other waste from plumbing system which may be deleterious to surface or sub-surface waters shall not be discharged into the ground or into any waterway, unless first rendered innocuous through subjection to some acceptable form of treatment. 4. PROPERTIES OF WATER a. GENERAL Water plays an important part in the plumbing system. It is a common, but in many ways, an unusual liquid. Large quantities of water are required in buildings for personal use, food preparation, cleaning and general domestic purposes, and possibly also for firefighting, laundries, swimming pools, irrigation and recreational use. We sometimes tend to think of water as an inexhaustible natural resource. However, our supply of fresh water is definitely limited, and improved conservation practices are necessary if our needs are to be supplied. Advisory Period 4 AR 2141 PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEMS b. THE DEMAND OF WATER DEMAND REQUIREMENT Drinking, Cooking, Dishwashing Must be pure, sterilized and protected from contamination. Supplies taken direct from mains or from exclusive storage. Personal Washing and Domestic Cleaning Similar but moderated to allow cold and hot supplies to be drawn from main storage tank or cistern via distribution network. Laundry Generally clean and wholesome, soft and free form Iron and Manganese staining. Fire Fighting High Pressure. Connections must not permit contamination of mains water. Swimming Clean, filtered and sterilized with free chlorine residue for post-sterilization. Can be recirculated. Boilers and Heating Plants Soft treated water, stored and circulated separate from domestic supplies. Irrigation No special requirement, except reasonably free from solids and slit (result in blocked pipes and nozzles) and undecomposed material (pollution). c. THE WATER CYCLE The cycle basically consists of water entering the atmosphere through evaporation and returning through condensation is that these processes result in natural water purification. When water evaporates, only water molecules leave the surfaces; salts and other solids in solution remain behind. The condensed water is thus purified water- except in so far as it picks up pollutants in the air. Thus evaporation and condensation of water vapor are the source of all natural fresh water on earth. Fresh water from precipitation falling on the ground gradually make its way through streams, rivers and lakes to oceans or seas as a result. As precipitation hits the ground, it may follow either of two alternative pathways, which are infiltration and surface run-off.  Transpiration – loss of water vapor from plants; similar to sweating  Evaporation – vaporization of liquid which turns into gaseous forms (surface of liquid only)  Condensation – change of physical state of water from gaseous form to liquid  Precipitation – any product of condensation of atmospheric vapor that falls under gravity.  Percolation – the movement and filtering of fluids through porous materials  Infiltration – the process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil  Surface run-off – water flow when soil is infiltrated to full capacity; and excess water and melt water or other sources Advisory Period 5 AR 2141 PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEMS The Water Cycle  Purified Water - water that undergoes a process where the pollutants are removed or rendered harmless.  Polluted Water - water that contains one or more impurities that make the water unsuitable for a desired use.  Grey Water - water drained from lavatories, sink, laundry trays and showers; contains minor pollutants.  Black Water - water drained from water closets and urinals; carries body wastes and contains major pollutants.  Storm Water - rainwater drained from roof gutters and downspouts d. WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS AND THEIR CORRECTION PROBLEM CAUSE EFFECT CORRECTION 1. Acidity Contains carbon dioxide. Corrosion of non- ferrous Passing the water through a Cistern and pond waters pipes, rusting and clogging of bed of crushed marble or containing decaying steel pipes. limestone to achieve vegetation are likely to be alkalinity, or adding sodium acidic silicate. 2. Hardness Presence of Magnesium and Clogging of pipes. Impaired Introduction of water softeners Calcium laundering and food made up of Zeolite (a greenish preparation. granular material) 3. Turbidity Silt or suspended matters Discoloration and bad taste. Filtration picked up in surface or near surface flow. 4. Color Presence of Iron and Discoloration of fixtures and Precipitation by filtration Manganese Laundry through manganese zeolite (oxidizing filter) 5. Pollution Contamination by organic Disease Chlorination matter or sewage Advisory Period 6 AR 2141 PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEMS e. WATER PURIFICATION Water purification is any method that will remove one or more materials that make the water unsuitable for a given use. The methods that are commonly used in water purification are:  Aeration - Water is sprayed into the air to release any trapped gases and absorb additional oxygen for better taste.  Coagulation-Flocculation - This is the process by which small sediment particles which do not settle well combine together to form larger particles which can be removed by sedimentation. This process includes physical and chemical process: o Coagulation- is the chemical process in which the coagulant reacts with the sediment to make it capable of combining into larger particles. This is called destabilization. o Flocculation- is the physical process in which the sediment particles collide with each other and stick together.  Sedimentation - This is the process by which suspended solids are removed from the water by gravity settling and deposition. This process usually follows coagulation-flocculation. The objective of this process is to remove most of the suspended solids, reducing the loads on the filters.  Filtration - This is the passage of fluid through a porous medium suspended matter which did not settle by gravity. In water purification, matter to be removed includes suspended silt, clay, colloids, and microorganisms including algae, bacteria, and viruses. A filter bed consists of a granular non- porous material held one place by the force of gravity or by the direction of flow.  Disinfection/ Chlorination - This is the most important process used in the production of water of a safe and sanitary quality. Chlorination is the method of introducing a controlled amount of chlorine to the water in order to attain a desired degree of disinfection. After the processes, water is stored in a reservoir, then to the transmission mains, then to the, distribution lines, down to the service connections and lastly to the concessionaire’s faucet. Ground Water Supply and Treatment System Advisory Period 7 AR 2141 PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEMS Surface Water Supply and Treatment System Water is taken from the water shed reservoir and piped to the treatment plant. At the plant, (1) water is aerated to release trapped gases and to absorb oxygen for better taste, (2) Alum/tawas (aluminum sulfate) is added to coagulate organic particles, and (3) the water is put into a settling basin for several hours to allow coagulated particles to settle. It is then (4) filtered through sand filters, (5) Chlorine is added to kill bacteria and put into a storage tank for distribution to concessionaires. Advisory Period 8 AR 2141 PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEMS f. Sources of Water for Domestic Use SOURCE COLLECTION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Rain Water Collected from roofs of Water is soft & pure and is Only a source during the wet buildings and special water suitable for the hot water season; sheds and stored in cisterns supply system Storage becomes a breeding or ponds; place for mosquitoes; Cistern water for drinking Roofs may not be clean should be boiled, chlorinated or otherwise sterilized Natural Surface Water Obtained from ponds, lakes Easy to acquire; Contains a large amounts of and rivers Usually in large quantities; bacteria, organic, & inorganic Used for irrigation, industrial substances; Purification & purposes and, when treated, treatment is necessary for community water supply Ground Water Obtained from underground Usually has an abundant May have organic matter & by means of mechanical & supply; requires less chemical elements; manual equipment; treatment because of natural treatment is suggested; From springs and wells and is filtering Character of ground water, its the principal source of water hardness, depends upon the for domestic use in most rural nature and condition of the areas soil and rock through which it passes or percolates Advisory Period 9