PURC111 Communication Principles PDF

PURC111 Coverage: Characteristics of Communication 1. Nature and elements of communication 2. Principle and characteristics of A one way process communication...

PURC111 Coverage: Characteristics of Communication 1. Nature and elements of communication 2. Principle and characteristics of A one way process communication - Ex. Seminar, mass, TV, Radio 3. Local and Global Communication in (Aristotelian model) Multicultural Settings A two way process 4. Communication and Globalization - Ex. Job interviews, Debate, Teacher questioning to class and students giving answers, two Communication friends talking with each other, - The process of exchanging ideas etc. between two or more persons. - Sharing information, thoughts, and Elements of Communication feelings between people through 1. Sender speaking, listening, writing and body - Also known as the encoder. language. - Decides on the message to be sent and the best/most effective way - Derived from the Latin word that it can be sent. “common,” which means, “belonging - The sender’s job to conceptualize. to many” and “communico”- to confer - Speaker, Writer, Source with others. It is the mutual exchange 2. Medium of information, ideas and - Is the immediate form which a understanding by any effective means. message takes. - For example, a message may be Nature of Communication communicated in the form of a - Is a process of exchanging ideas letter or an email or face to face between two or more persons. in the form of a speech. - The act or process of using words, 3. Channel sounds, signs, or behaviors to express - Responsible for the delivery of or exchange information or to express the chosen message form. your ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc., to - For example: post office, internet, someone else television and radio (Verbal/Non- - A process by which information is verbal, Printed/Non-printed) exchanged between individuals 4. Receiver through a common system of symbols, - Also known as the decoder. signs, or behavior. - Responsible for extracting/ 1. Intrapersonal decoding meaning from the - Self-talk, understanding one’s emotion. message.  Self-discipline - Also responsible for providing  Self- awareness feedback to the sender. In a word,  Self- motivation it is his/her job to INTERPRET. 2. Interpersonal - Listener, reader… - Talking to others, understand their 5. Feedback emotion. - Determines whether or not the  Verbal decoder grasped the intended  Non-verbal 1|Page  PURC111 meaning and whether communication was successful. - It could be positive/negative feedback. 6. Context - The context of any communication act is the environment surrounding it. - This includes, among other things, place, time, event, and attitudes of sender and receiver. 7. Noise - Also called interference. - Any factor that inhibits the transmission of a message. - It is anything that gets in the way of the message being accurately received, interpreted and responded to. - Physical/ external noise – based on our senses. Can be manageable/controllable. - Psychological/ internal noise – Mind, feeling Verbal Communication/Language - Verbal symbols refer to the use of speaker language - Consists of symbols like letters, words, and other marks that you need to subject to language or grammar rules for a coherent or organized means of understanding or expressing ideas. - This verbal or spoken language becomes a written language once you put on paper or any surface the marks or prints symbolizing or representing the ideas you intend to convey or have spoken to others. 2|Page  PURC111 2. Paralanguage Non-verbal Communication/Language - Extra sounds that go with your spoken - It is the process of sending messages words and a study of these special using anything except words. sounds accompanying your words is - It is more powerful than words. called Paralinguistic. Rate – speed of speaking 1. Body movements/ Body Kinetics Pitch – highness/lowness of tone - Movements of your body like Volume- loudness gestures, facial expressions, Quality- pleasing / unpleasing sound posture and eye behavior express a. Speaking voice produced by your meanings. voice’s - Kinesics, derived from the Greek highness and lowness (Pitch) term, kinesis, meaning “motion” loudness or softness (Volume) which refers to the study of body speediness and slowness movements. (Duration) a. Emblems - These are body movements which rising and falling (Intonation) have direct translation into words. shrillness, huskiness, - Ex: Thumbs up breathiness, mellowness, etc. b. Illustrators (Quality) - These are used to accent, emphasize or b. Vocalization or voice’s special reinforce words. usage like crying, giggling, - Ex: Pointing fingers when giving moaning, growling, yawning, direction sighing and groaning. c. Regulators - These are signs showing control at the c. Vocal pauses or boosters like back and forth natures of speaking and ahh!...uhg…umm…oh…shh.oops listening. …many others. - Ex: head nods, hand gestures, shifts in 3. Time (Chronemics) posture during interaction d. Display of feelings - Your willingness, hesitance, or hatred - A persons face or body movements to wait for a long time speaks of your may convey how intense his emotions trait of patience or impatience. is. - This reflects your manner of valuing - Ex. Tight hug signify an intimate your relationship with the object of relationship your waiting. e. Adaptors - Chronemics is the term that refers to - These are non- verbal ways used in your act of studying the impact or adapting to the communication effect of time on your behavior. situation. - Ex. A woman visited a friend’s house and when she was there, she started picking up scattered things on the floor. She implied that her friend could hardly clean her house. 3|Page  PURC111 4. Proxemics (Space and Distance) PRINCIPLES AND - Symbolizes or represents your CHARACTERISTICS OF thoughts or feelings about your world. COMMUNICATION - Expresses meanings on the extent of 1. Communication is a Schemata-driven intimacy or personal relationship you - Communication begins within yourself, can establish with others. you begin with what you have already - It concerns the way a person uses the stocked in your brain or with what you space around him as well as the have already known or understood about distance where he stands. the subject matter of the communicative - It may be explained through the act. following: - Transmitted messages become a) Intimate distance understandable or meaningful because of b) Personal distance your innate or old knowledge about the c) Social distance messages. d) Public distance 5. Haptic (Touch) 2. Communication is an interpretative act. - The term used to refer to your acts of - The only person who knows the exact or studying the effects of your touch on full meaning of the message transmitted is people. the sender or speaker. - Intimate, Social, Love, Professional - The role of the receiver or listener is just and Sexual desire to interpret, infer, or guess the meaning of things appealing to his sense of hearing. 6. Physical appearance and Object Language 3. Communication does not guarantee a - Symbolized or represented by dressing direct or automatic link between two styles, body types, body appearance minds. like size or shape, etc. - These forms of knowledge become - Body Types can also communicate a meaningful only to others when you message: initiate communication with them. a. Ectomorphs (thin people) b. Endomorphs ( fat people) 4.Communication is active, powerful, or c. Mesomorphs ( athletic people) forceful - Communication is generally taken as an 7. Body Adornment active messages, because it has varied - involves form of clothing, make up, effects on all participants in any jewelry and hairstyle communicative event. - Ex. An applicant who is dressed - It engages speakers and listeners in action appropriately might likewise be hired of giving and receiving information. than those who are not. 5. Communication is symbolic. - Pertains to non-verbal communication. - Symbols, signs, or marks like letters, words, sentences, graphs, pictures and other concrete objects represent or stand for ideas that you intend to convey verbally. 4|Page  PURC111 6. Communication always results in 12. Communication is influenced by media something. and technology. - It refers to two or more persons - Now, you are in the era of knowledge participate in any communicative act. explosion or modern technology. - The first, expresses or sends a message; - This period is characterized by an instant the second, responds or reacts to the global exchange of knowledge, services message. and technology. - This is also termed as a two-way process. 7. Communication is irreversible. - The things you have said remains as it is susceptible to different interpretations or meanings. LOCAL AND GLOBAL - Once the speaker says something, it can COMMUNICATION IN no longer be unsaid. MULTICULTURAL SETTINGS 8. Communication is contextual. - An exchange of views, ideas, or feelings Culture and cultural globalization: doesn’t only involve the sender and the Culture receiver, but also other aspects of the - Came from the Latin word “Colere” – communication setting like time, place, meaning to tend to earth and grow topic, occasion, purpose, and manner of which also means cultivation and communication. nurture. - Example: your teacher is not in the mood, - Composed of the population’s region, so don’t ask something that can make food, clothing, language, marriage, her/him angrier. music, morality, manners, etc. 9. Communication is developmental or - Simplified by the center of advance progressive. research on language acquisition as - To communicate ideas is to go through behavior, interactions and cognitive the different stages of language learning constructs. that begins from birth to elementary, high school, and college levels. According to Tyler (1870), - It is not a one-time learning towards Culture is that complex whole which communicative competence. includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, 10. Communication is a process. law, custom and many other capabilities - Several stages of communication take and habits acquired by man as a member place when people exchange or share of society. ideas with one another. According to Hofstede (1994), - Each stage involves elements with Culture is the collective programming of different functions. the mind which distinguishes the members 11. Communication is ethical. of one group or category of people from - Any communication event is expected to another. apply rules, moral values, and beliefs agreed upon by societal members. Cultural Globalization - Communication is also culture based. - It is the shared norms and knowledge - Different languages. of people in different culture. - CULTURE that is COMMON across the GLOBE 5|Page  PURC111 Importance of having one’s Culture: Crap 1. Individual and social benefits (English) – To defecate 1. Intrinsic Benefits (Romania) – Type of fish - cultural experiences 2. Improved Learning And Valuable Brat Skills For The Future (English) – An ill-mannered annoying child - cultural heritage and history (Russia, Poland, Ukraine, Croatia and as educators Serbia) – Brother 3. Better Health And Well-Being Kiss - cultural participations may (English) – A gentle tough or contact; a improve mental and physical caress with the lips. health (Sweden) - Pee 4. Vibrant Communities Preservative - brings people together (English) – preserving or saving something through various cultural from decomposition activities (France) – Condom 2. Economic Benefits Of Culture 1. Contribution To Job Creation Lol - use of culture as industrial (English) – Acronym of Laughing Out improvements Loud. 2. Contribution to Tourism (Dutch) – Fun - supports job creation as well Slut as infrastructure (English) – Promiscuous woman developments (museum, art (Sweden) - End gallery, historical sites) 3.Cultural Planning - use of culture as a tool for Cultural awareness economic development - Therefore is needed in order to create cross-cultural understanding and Example of Cultural Differences: acceptance. Italian Spaghetti vs Filipino Spaghetti Tips on how to be Culturally Aware: Chinese Tea vs American Iced Tea vs 1. Engage with other’s cultures by asking English Tea questions. Western Cultures – Handshake for 2. Be open. Don’t get into the habit of greeting; Eastern Cultures – bowing as thing your way is the only way of a sign of respect; Philippines – “Mano doing something. po” gestures is a sign that honors the 3. Think about what you can learn from elderly. them no matter how unusual it is. 4. Invite someone to share his/her culture Cultural Differences: Terminologies with you. Fart 5. Overcome stereotypes. (English) – To expel intestinal gas from the anus. (Denmark, Norway and Sweden) - Speed 6|Page  PURC111 Cultural sensitivity c. Identity – this is what we thing the - Begins with a recognition that there gender should be in any given time. are differences between cultures. d. Attributions – this is the gender - These differences are reflected in the assigned to people when first meet ways that different groups them and is based on a set of cues that communicate and relate to one another. differentiate to culture. - This is more than an awareness that there are differences in culture in order Increasing Cultural sensitivity to interact effectively either through Prepare yourself verbal and non-verbal communication. - Read and listen carefully about - It is a set of skills that allows you to culturally influenced behaviors. understand about people whose cultural background is not the same as Recognize your fears yours. - Recognize and face your own fears of acting inappropriately toward According to Franklin and Mizzell (1995) members of different cultures. Cultural sensitivity is an attitude and a way Recognize differences of beginning in which you are aware of - Be mindful of the differences between and acknowledge cultural difference. It’s yourself and those from other cultures. crucial for such global work such as would Recognize difference within the group peace and economic growth as well as for - At the same that you recognize effective interpersonal communication. differences between yourself and others, recognize that there are Are you culturally sensitive? enormous difference within any given - A culturally competent person views cultural group. all people as unique individuals and Recognize differences in meaning realizes that their experiences, beliefs - Be aware that words don’t always and language affects their perceptions. mean the same thing to members of - People who don’t recognize different cultures. differences between cultures fall on Be conscious stereotyping and discrimination - Think mindfully about the different minority groups. cultural rules and custom of others. Appropriation Sensitivity to Gender - It is defined as the act of taking - Being aware that there are differences something for one’s own use without between male and female, but those the creator’s or owner’s permission differences are not universal Appreciation Aspects of Gender: - It is the recognition and enjoyment of a. Assignment – the gender from birth, the good qualities of someone or either being male and female, but those something. differences are not universal. b. Role – the set of behaviors, Cultural Appropriation mannerisms, and other traits that - The act of taking intellectual property, society use to express as part of the traditional knowledge, cultural gender assigned. 7|Page  PURC111 expression or artifacts from someone Taiwan else’s culture without permission. ✘ Fast eye blinking - This is an insensible act of a dominant Taiwanese people think it is impolite. group towards the minority as they adopt their cultural elements. Muslim Cultural Appreciation ✘ McDonald’s throwaway hamburger - When elements of a culture are used bags with printed excerpts from the while honoring their sources. Koran (1994) - This incorporates respect and value. In Muslim cultures, it is sacrilegious, - It does not destroy the significance of one’s culture practice. Business Cards America - A business formality and convenience Steps in Avoiding Cultural Appropriation: - Tends to place it anywhere 1. Research the culture Japan 2. Avoid the sacred - An extension of a person 3. Don’t stereotype - Handles it with utmost care 4. Promote diversity 5. Engage, promote and share Physically exaggerated responses  Middle East and South America ✘ Japan Eye Contact COMMUNICATION AND Do not stand close about 1m GLOBALIZATION No eye contact Culture Influences Communication Do not interrupt Cultural Ignorance  Saudi Arabia - Failing to realize that persons from  America different cultures do not look, think, or  Philippines act the same and consequently judging ✘ Japan these persons as insensitive, ignorant, or culturally confused DEFINITION OF TERMS Saudi Arabia ✘ Showing the sole of your shoes Accommodation - The means by which co-culture ✘ Crossing your legs members maintain their cultural ✘ Pointing your shoes towards someone identity while striving to establish In Muslim cultures, it is perceived as an act of relationships with members of the insulting. dominant culture - Culture changes but is still able to Crossing your Leg retain unique cultural markers America and Europe Assimilation - A way to show you’re relaxed - Two-way process of exchanging Korea cultures between majority and - A social faux pas minority culture - Co-culture members attempt to fit in 8|Page  PURC111 Co-culture Culturally Confused - Group of people who differ in some - Lacking of understanding of cultural ethnic or sociological way differences - Refer to both major and minor cultures Culture - A system of knowledge, beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, and artifacts that we acquired, shared, and COLLECTIVISTIC AND used during the daily living INDIVIDUALISTIC CULTURES Diversity - Recognition and valuing of different Individualistic (I) factors such as age, gender, race, - Stresses individual goals (self-growth) ethnicity, ability, religion, education, - Sees and individual as unique, marital status, sexual orientation, and independent person, properly income operating for his/her own benefit. Collectivistic (We) - Stresses group goals (family, Ethnocentrism community, society) - Tendency to see one’s own culture as - Assumes that the groups’ well-being superior to others comes first (selflessness) and that the individual must conform to the groups’ needs. Xenocentrism - Preference for the products, styles, or Cultural Imperialism ideas of someone else’s culture rather - Expansion of a culture over another than one’s own culture - Broader than media imperialism Globalization - Accepted as long as it does NOT - Increasing economic, political, and violate the laws and values of wider cultural integration and societies interdependence of diverse cultures Examples: Influences of advertisements, TV shows, series, cartoons, vlogs, teaching other languages Cultural Pluralism - Maintaining one’s own distinctive culture while peacefully accepting the culture of dominant groups - Supports diversity, religious differences, multi-culturalism Cultural Relativism - Acceptance of other cultural groups as equal in value to one’s own 9|Page  PURC111 HIGH-CONTEXT AND LOW- of nationalities, cultures, and CONTEXT COMMUNICATION ethnicities (EDWARD HALL) - Different cultures should be High-context assimilated into the dominant culture - Tradition-bound communication system which depends on indirectness Multiculturalism - Implicit, people-oriented, situation- - Engagement and respect toward oriented, non-verbal elements are people from distinctly different more important cultures Low-context - Describes a society with where - Message-oriented, rule-oriented different cultures acceptably live - Rely on explicit, spoken/ written word together even without official - Get things done by following agreement procedures - All cultures are respected. Prejudice HIGH-POWER DISTANCE AND - An unjustified or incorrect attitude LOW-POWER DISTANCE (usually negative) towards an COMMUNICATION individual based on his sex, race, social class, appearance, etc. High-power Distance - Cultures based on power differences Separation - Strong hierarchy is practiced - The means which co-culture members - Every person has a defined place/ role use to resist interacting with the - Great differences in rank, authority, members of dominant culture privilege, and status - Individuals reject the dominant/host Low-power Distance culture in order to preserve their - Cultures believing that power should culture of origin. be used only when legitimate - Strong expectation in equality in power, decision-making, etc. Masculine Cultures May nadagdagan na topic “Communication - Emphasizes gender roles and Globalization” sinend kasi sakin ni mam Hoftstede (2001) explains: yun ppt. at yung isa nyang sinend d naman “Men are supposed to be assertive, tough, and nya diniscuss pero kasama sya sa prelim. focused on material success while women are Kung gusto nyo Makita yun ppt, nasa drive supposed to be more modest, tender, and lang yooon. Hehe Study well!  concerned with quality of life.” - Aki Melting pot Philosophy - A concept derived from an American play in 1908 - Different types of people blend together as one, so that there is a fusion 10 | P a g e