Reviewer Intro To Philo PDF

REVIEWER Thales of Miletus - first person to explain the world and universe outside INTRO TO PHILO mythological concepts...

REVIEWER Thales of Miletus - first person to explain the world and universe outside INTRO TO PHILO mythological concepts - explained that are the world was made of water WEEK 1 - teacher of Pythagoras Heraculus Philosophy – love is wisdom - believed that the world originated from the fire element Greek words Socrates Philos - Love - first moral philosopher (ethics) Sophia – Wisdom - known for Socratic method Pythagoras of Samos - teacher of Plato – first to use the term “PHILOSOPHERS” - “stresses that man must take good care of its soul” Core Branches of Philosophy Plato 1. Metaphysics - student of Socrates and teacher of Aristotle - Greek word: meta ta physika (after the things of - founder of academy of Athens nature) - “the soul is immortal, even physical ceased to exist” - deals with the true nature of reality Aristotle 2.Epistemology - student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great - Greek words: Episteme (knowledge) and Logos (to - Father of Logic study) - first to formalize a system of reasoning - deals with the study of the nature and scope of knowledge and justified beliefs WEEK 2 Two significant Domains in Epistemology Epistemology *Rationalism - a science devoted to the discovery of the proper method - views reason as the chief source of knowledge and the of acquiring and balidating knowledge (Philosopher Ayn most important element in the acquisition of knowledge Rand (1990)) - Rene Descartes, view this popular proponent; this is Purpose of Epistemology well-known for the quote 1. To show how we can acquire knowledge *Empiricism - a person’s knowledge comes from his/her five senses 2. To give us a method of demonstrating whether - John Locke, who receives the concept of mind being the knowledge we acquire is really some TABULA RASA knowledge The Nature of Knowledge 3. Ethics - Greek word: Ethos which means “custom” or “habit” According to Ayn Rand, knowledge is a mental grasp - called as a moral philosophy of reality reached either by perceptual observation (Rand - is a discipline which aims to synthesize the concept of 1990). right and wrong behavior Knowledge is a retained form of awareness (Binswanger 2014) Three Domains of Ethics *Metaethics So how do you acquire knowledge? - deals with the origin and meaning Miss Rand’s Definition gives us two ways: * Normative Ethics First, we can acquire knowledge using or senses - setting of certain standard of what morality right and (empiricism) morality wrong Second, we can acquire knowledge by thinking with * Applied Ethics the use of our minds (Philosophers called the rational - attempts to apply theories to situation in real life theory faculty) 4. Aesthetics Acquiring Knowledge - Greek word: Aisthetikos which means “of sense perception of arts” 1. Reality - deals with the nature and appreciation of art, beauty - to know is to know something and good taste - “something” is calling reality, existence beings - Existence is everything * Immanuel Kant - Existence is really all there is to know. If - German Philosopher nothing exists, knowledge is impossible - one of the most important thinkers of Europe - beauty and arts were both objectives and universal 2. Perception - first and only contract with reality is through Development of Philosophy our senses - knowledge begins with perceptual knowledge Pythagoras - Ionian Greek Philosopher 3. Concept - first person to name himself a philosopher - began to notice that some of the things we - known for his Pythagorean theorem in geometry perceive are similar to other things - classify or describe an “existent”  4. Proposition 1. It produces more jobs that equate to an increase in - statement that expresses either an assertion national income belongs to a class or possess certain attribute - expressed in a declarative sentence 2.It expands economic activities of different sectors of society 5. Inference - providing reasoning to what we think is true to 3. It produces new and innovative products and services what else is true 4. It improves people’s living standards - argument expresses a reasoning process which logician (Hurley 2011) 5.It disperses and economic power and creates Nature of Truth Edgar “Insap” Sia II - youngest billionare in the Philippines “A belief is true if it can be justified or proven through - owner of Mang Inasal the use of one’s senses” (Abella 2016) - has a net worth of P18.1 billion in 2015 I am alive Common and Core Traits of an Entrepreneur I have a body I can breathe Proactive - reactive rather than passive You can only validate the above statement if you - plans are executed timely and in the most efficient way observed yourself using your senses (Abella 2016) Decisive Not all statements can be validated directly by the - always have a decision about their business senses (Binswanger 2014) - do not settle in the gray areas Agents of Change Truth is knowledge validated and when we say - always motivate new products and services and validated, we mean they are based on the facts of reality introduce them to the market Truth Balance - based on facts - have a balance between the analytical and creative side Opinions Risk Taker - stating your preference and not facts - grab opportunities and take into consideration WEEK 3 Innovative - rich with big ideas that can add value to their existing 1. The Correspondence Theory of Truth business - we believe or say is true if it is actually based on the facts Have sharp eye for opportunities - it argues that an idea is really a true or false - have a talent for recognizing the net cause and effect of -relates to the external world an opportunity and decide intelligently 2. The Coherence Theory of Truth Leader - assumes that a belief is true when we are able - always have the heart of a leader to confirm it with reality - must be a source of inspiration for their employees - by simply checking if the statement or belief agrees with the way things really are the truth Sociable - can be inaccurate description of reality - the most important assets of the company - relates to the internal world - soft skills are one of the most competencies of entrepreneurs 3. The Pragmatist Theory of Truth - states that a belief/statement is true if it has a Communicator useful application in the world - know how to use all forms of communicator to - examining the consequence of holding or effectively share ideas and address certain concerns accepting the statement/belief to be true Networker - subjective logic - knows the key people to connect with successful entrepreneurs - gain trust of their valuable network and maintain a long-lasting relationship with them ENTREPRENEUR Specialist - experts in their chosen business WEEK 1 - tactical and very keen with details French Word Problem Solver *Entre - between - possess critical thinking skills and look at problems as *Prendre - to undertake challenges or puzzles that they need to solve In a business context, it means to start a business Entrepreneurship - a proactive process of developing a business venture to make a profit (Batisan, R. Entreprenurship) Benefits of Entrepreneurship in the Economy and Society  WEEK 2 Taxation Taxed on the Taxed on the net income: gross income: Pros and Cons of Entrepreneur & Employee can claim cannot use Important taxable expenses Career Factors income incurred Entrepreneur Employee deductions for related to job allowable such as food Income · Income ·· Income expenses and generated generated incurred by transportation passively actively (i.e., the business expenses to even when no work, no claim for the pay working deductions entrepreneur per/hr rate) · from taxable is resting. · · Income income · Opportunity usually fixed Comfort Level Is May be income (monthly and of Work comfortable comfortable unlimited, increase in doing with routines depending on depending on multiple and and minimal the success of the employer challenging risks the business · and tasks and · Income only employee’s takes earned when performance. accountability the business ·· Income with the risks is successful. earned and profits of whether the business business is successful or Leisure time Has a · Has a unsuccessful. and vacations flexible limited schedule and number of Hiring and Provides · Seek for job can take vacation days Firing jobs: owner and follow unlimited imposed the Organizational usually have series of number of employer. Setup and the right to process before vacation days Major Key conduct the hiring Result Areas selection · · Fully Has the goal Careers in Entrepreneur responsible of satisfying for serving the immediate Sari-sari Store customers, supervisor · - easiest business to set up due to minimal capital employees required and it can be managed at home · Fully and sustaining dependent on Rice Retailing the business employer’s - the staple food of the Philippines and other Asian profitability. · performance· countries, this is also a very common business in a · Has the country power to Can only disengage work for the Food cart Business non- current - also a very popular business in the Philippines performing employer - only present in almost every populous location employees · exclusively · Can venture Printing Business into - also a lucrative in the Philippines expansion of - the demand is very high business - located near the school and offices Daily Task · Performs Has routine Buy-and-sell Business all necessary tasks and - one of the emerging businesses in the Philippines variables to works on - ally in brick-and-mortar stores but also over on the establish and regular or internet manage a normal hours startup Street food Business business; give Follows - widespread business in the Philippines all his time in policies, - located in streets the business procedures and memoranda Flea market Business or “tiangge” and - set up a small space and sell sometimes from the employer - located at open space gets to sleep. Prepares Online selling Business policies, - business deals with adding the internet procedures - similar to buy-and-sell except it focuses on selling and existence and established products online memoranda for the business.  Cellphone Loading Business *Retailing - 95%of Filipinos are prepaid mobile phone users -purchase ready-made goods from wholesalers or - 98% of Filipinos household have access to mobile supplies for resale of a profit phones 3. Manufacturing Laundry and dry-cleaning Business - business that uses new raw materials and make new or - often lcoated at central business districts and areas with different materials several condominiums and townhouses - follow hygiene requirements Entrepreneurial Process Hair styling and make-up Business - step-by-step procedure in establishing any kind of - one of the successful businesses in the Philippines business - Filipinos are generally conscious about their proper grooming and hygiene Four Aspects of Entrepreneurial Process Spa, gym and nail business 1. Opportunity Spotting and Assessment - related to hair styling and make up business - beginning of the process and is considered the most - one of the ways Filipinos copes with stress difficult Video & photography Business Opportunity - requires talent in capturing precious moments of - business idea that can potentially become a commercial celebrations product or service in the future - “mapagkakakitaan” Tutorial Business - caters to students who are not able to catch up with 2. Developing a business plan their lessons -formulate a business plan when they have already spotted and assessed the opportunities for a market Baking Business - a comprehensive paper - almost present in all neighborhoods - bread is the second staple food of Filipinos 3. Determining the capital needed - a mandatory in the entrepreneurial process to calculate Direct Selling Business the resources needed to establish the business - also a very common business in the Philippines 4. Running the business Water station and LPG station - implementation of the business plan - can never go wrong as they continuously serve households WEEK 4 Website development and design/blogging Macro-environmental - conceptualizes and implements a web site for another -environment in the economy itself business - general, broad - quiet dynamic Car wash and care Business - has an effect on how all business groups operate - often see this business in the large cities -uncontrollable Bar, cafe and restaurant Macroenvironmental Factors - number of foodies has increased because of the Filipino palate became globalized 1. STEEPLED Analysis -eight specific macro-environmental factors can Franchise influence a product - expanding and explore the business * Intrapreneurship *Sociocultural Factors - managing a startup business in an established business - general view of locality’s traditions, customs, beliefs, * Acquisition norms, perceptions - buying another similar business or a new business *Technological Factors WEEK 3 -innovations of an existing technology or an invention of Types of Business a new one - how you take part in the business field that you choose *Economic Factors - direct effect on any business venture Three (3) Types of Business 1. Services *Environmental or Ecological Factors - service providers are people whose business sells a - environmental standards or just hazard to people particular service *Political Factors 2. Merchandising - government policies and administrations - business that sells tangible products - buys finished good or almost finished goods from their *Logical Factors supplier - *Ethical Factors Two types of Merchandising - guides on how to be ethical in running the business *Wholesaling *Demographics -business that buy large quantities of certain goods from - characteristics of the people in the manufacturers and resell those goods to retail others target market 2. Industry DECIDE - source of the current trend on what is happening in the -If you should start your business or not. Starting a industry business will change your life completely. Therefore, you need to make sure that you make the right decision. 3. New discovery or knowledge - new trends that can be the core business model of a ORGANIZE new venture - your opportunities, ideas and information so that you 4. Futuristic Opportunities will see how to start and run your business in the best - new opportunities that can possibly affect the new possible way. business while it is running PRESENT Micro-environmental -make your business plan in - has a direct impact on the business the actual dream. -related to the particular area - can directly affect all of your business process Business Plan - specific -cover all the important aspects to be considered before starting a business. Microenvironmental Factors 1. Consumer preferences, interests, and perception PARTS OF BUSINESS PLAN - current needs and wants of potential customers that I. Executive Summary should be discovered right away by a budding - outline of your business idea entrepreneur II. Study Background 2. Competitors - All business ideas are based on an idea and - will aid the entrepreneur to develop a product or opportunity. Think about the concept of your business so service that is unique that you can put your information in writing at the beginning of 3. Unexpected opportunities from customers your Business Plan. - the most brilliant ventures come from the most unexpected opportunities III. Macroenvironmental and Micro market Analysis - This includes Macro and the Microenvironmental 4. Talents, hobbies, skills and expertise Factors. - entrepreneur’s talents, hobbies, skills or expertise can be source of business opportunity For Macroenvironmental Analysis: 1) STEEPLED 5. Irritants in the marketplace such as deterrents, problems, complaints, and delays For Microenvironmental Analysis: - customers are already sick and tired of the same old 1) Consumer preferences, interests, and perception issue or problem 2) Competitors -opportunistic entrepreneur should come in and make a 3) Location difference. IV. Marketing Plan 6. Location - Everything you do to find customers and - have to look at their ecosystem and able to spot a satisfy their needs while making profit. business opportunity right away V. Operational/Organization Plan - Manpower, machinery, materials and methods that will WEEK 5 help you to start your business. OPPORTUNITY SCREENING VI. Financial Plan -is the process of cautiously selecting the best -Starting capital to run the business and how will you opportunity. sustain such business in your daily operations. And the preparation of financial statement. Business Opportunity Element: VII. Appendix - References should have given appreciations and 1. Has superior value to customers mentors who help you out in starting your business. -Superior value is created when customers are willing to pay more for your product or service than competitors' 3s of Opportunity Spotting 2. Solves a compelling problem, issue, need, or a Seeking want -process is vast and - Example: During your observation, there is only one requires macroenvironmental, barber shop in your barangay. Pursuing a business like microenvironmental and internal this will solve the problem of shortage in that service scans business. Screening - process validates the attractiveness 3. A potential cash cow of the opportunity based on - a metaphor used for a business or a product, which specified factors. exhibits a strong potential in terms of returns or income. Seizing - process is the refinement of the opportunity supported 4. Matches with the entrepreneur’s skills, resources, by customer insights and risk appetite. - necessary that the business you choose suits your personality and skills.  CONTEMPORARY PHILIPPINE Performance - artwork created by or presented to an audience ARTS FROM THE REGION Hybridity Latin Word -blending of new or unusual materials with traditional Artem mediums - which means skills that is usually refers to the reality to the quality of what is beautiful or great significance Perspective - localized, forced, or anamorphic Artem - works with the real space surrounding with artwork itself Arte Factum Destruction - uses methods to show damage in or to their artwork by skills to make - documented as a process Philippine Art Timeline Text - utilize text in their art to push past the concept that text 01. Pre-conquest (890 BC - 225AD) is only meant to be read - Integral of Life Major Art Forms th 02. Islamic Colonial (13 Century- Present) Music - Sayyid Abbubakar - appeals to the sense of hearing - Geometric designs -composed by combining notes into harmony music 03. Spanish Colonial (1521 - 1898) Literature - religion - combining use of words, creating meaning and - faith & catechism experience literature -also used more narrowly for writings 04. American Colonial (1898 - 1940) Theater - secular art forms -art form of performance Architecture Theater Dance Circus - portrayed on stage by actors and actresses 05. Post War Republic (Japanese)(1940 - 1970) Film - Orientalizing - technological translation of theater - Haiku/ Tanka - utilized the special effects to enhance the story telling - also called a movie 06. 70s (Marcos Regime) (1970 - 2020) Dance Modern Art- National Identity - art of human body - body is used 07. Contemporary (2000 - Present) - mobilized and choreographed in a specific time, form - Social Realism and space Contemporary Arts Architecture, Designs and Allied Arts - art made and produced by artists living today - meant to be used as shelter - often reflect and comment on modern-day society - art reuse on the design and purpose of the structure Visual Arts Contemporary Art Vs. Modern Art - appeals primarily to the visual sense and typically Describe the works of Began in the 1880’s exists in permanent form artists still living & Pre-conquest creating artworks - art before the coming of the first colonizers as” pre- Revolutionary for Revolutionary by its conquest” freedom origin -also described in cultural terms as “pre-colonials” to use of the general way of life before colonization Pay attention to the More self-expressive - rituals, music, dance, theater and literature evolved society from simple activities Made in different Made in canvases A. Literature medium Canao o Kanyaw - by a shaman or mumbaki Takes strong stand on Focus on subjective - involves animal sacrifices social, political & cultural aspects Kashawing - ritual in lake lanaoin mindanao - ensure abundance during rice planting and harvesting Elements of Contemporary Arts Tagabanwa (Palawan) Appropriation - believe that every thirteen moon, three goddenesses - creates a new work of art by pre-existing images descend Time - heaven to bless the planting of rice - artwork when the meaning of the work is dependent on B. Music the passing of time Kudyapi - two- stringed, freeted boat-lute - only stringed instrument among the palawano people  Kulintang G. Other forms - small brass or bronze gongs horizontally laid upon a wooden rack Boxer Codex - known as the manila manuscript Gansa - illustrations or ethnic groups in the Philippines - single hand-held smooth surfaced gong with a narrow rim Latoans or Betel - made of brass or bronze produced chiefly by the Agung maranao of lanao del sur - set of two wide-rimmed, vertically suspended gongs used by the maguindanao, maranao, sama-basau and Kendi tausug people -vessel used for pouring liquids - a supportive instrument in kulintang ensembles - round body with no handle C. Dance Gadur - oftem imitated the movements of animals, humans, and - container with a tapered top elements from the nature - round body and flared based Pangalay (Sulu Archipelago) Islamic Colonial (13th Century) - mimetic of the movements of seabirds Sayyid Abbubakar of Arabia in the 15th Century that Talip (Ifugao) led to a significant turn of events - mimetic of the movement of wild fowls and is used in courtship He married Princess Piramisuli, daughter of Rajan Baguind Inamong (Matigsalugi) and Kadaliwas (T’bolis) - represent the movement of monkeys When Rajan died, Abbubakar succeded the throne and established the sultanate of Sulu. Tinikling (Tagalog Folk dance) - evocatice of the movements of the crane, balancing Aside from introducing the holy test via the Holy Book itself on stilt- like legs or flitting away Quran and building a house of prayers, Abbubakar was recognized for building a religious school, also known as D. Sculpture the madrasa. Bulul (Cordillera) - regarded as a granny god that plays a important role in Islam was embraced as a religion and as a way of life rituals by the peoples of Mindanao, among them the Tausug, Maranao, Maguindanao, Yakan, Samal, and Badjao. Hagabi (Ifugao) -a wood bench that marks the socioeconomic status of Filipino Muslims recognize that they belong to an the owner ummah, or a community of believers. Okir (Termed Ukkil in tausog/ Samal/ Badjao) Parts of the mosque, like the mihrab, or niche, and the - employed woodcarving Qibla wall are oriented toward the west—to the larger Islamic country, which is Saudi Arabia. Sarimanok - comes from the word “sari” means cloth or Mecca is also the largest Islamic community in Saudi garment,and “manok” means chicken Arabia, where we find the Great Mosque of Mecca E. Pottery The Manunggul Jar - discovered at manunggul cave - dated to the late neolithic period (890 - 710 BC) - buried and exhamed bones are placed Palayok - claypot for cooking Bangga and Tapayan - permenting food or keeping liquids F. Textile/ Weaving - fibers are gathered from plants like cotton, abaca, and pineapple leaves while pigments are extracted from clay, roots, and leaves of plants Pis Siyabit - headpiece woven by the tausung of sulu Malong - exquisite panels called langkit woven by the maranao of lanao del sur Tepo -mat of the sama of tawi-tawi made of pandan leaves Bubo- sturdy bamboo strips are woven to create fish straps  PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 1. Focused -on a single problem of issue Research - is a systematic and refined technique. Quantitative 2. Researchable -using primary and lot secondary sources research is the numerical representation and manipulation of observations. 3. Feasible - to answer within the timeframe and practical Characteristics of Quantitative Research: constraints Large Sample Size 4. Specific - The first and foremost characteristic -enough to answer thoroughly Structured Research Methods -Structural research methods like questionnaires, polls, 5. Complex -enough to develop the answer over the space of a paper- and surveys 6. Relevant Highly Reliable Outcome -to your field of study and society more broadly. - The outcome of quantitative research methods is quite reliable. Reusable Outcome -You can use the output of the previous study to get a UNDERSTANDING CULTURE reliable answer to the research problem. SOCIETY AND POLITICS WEEK 1 Close-ended Question -Close-ended questions’ answers are more specific and Anthropology right to the question. -Study of what makes us human Numerical Outcome - Our biological bodies and genetics - The outcome of quantitative research is always in - compare humans with other animals numerical form. Holism - broad approach to understand different aspect of human GENERALIZATION OUTCOME experience - The outcome of quantitative research can be generalized easily for the whole population. Cultural Variation - differences in social behaviors that different cultures PRIOR STUDY exhibit around the world - can be used for a previous study of another research. Franz Boas Kinds of Quantitative Research: - Father of Modern American Anthropology Descriptive - doctrine of “historical particularism” -It seeks to describe the current status of an identified * having a unique form of culture that cannot be variable. understand * definition of general culture Evaluation * respect the differences of people - Evaluation research is a systematic assessment of the worth or merit of time, money, effort, and resources. Four Fields of Anthropology Survey 1. Biological Anthropology - It uses interviews, questionnaires, and sampling polls - carry out systematic studies of the non-cultural aspects to get a sense of behavior with intense precision. - human revolution - study how ancestors changed through time Correlation - It attempts to determine the extent of a relationship 2. Cultural Anthropology between two or more variables using statistical data. - learning about cultural aspects of human societies Casual Comparative 3. Linguistic Anthropology -This research attempts to establish cause-and-effect -study the human communication process relationships among the variables. 4. Archeology Experimental - interested in recovering the prehistory and early history - It is often called true experimentation and uses the of societies scientific method. Sociology - study of human social relationships and institution WEEK 2 - diverse Problem statement - human action and consciousness - Your current issue that your research or Findings trying - also a systematic study of social behavior and human to solve. groups Social Differences Research objectives -based on social characteristics and qualities - Describes concisely what the research is trying to -class, race, culture, age, ability, sex, etc. achieve. -can create discrimination Research Questions - Are questions that need to be answered, not narrow, not too broad but specific Social Stratification -system Characteristics of strong research questions. -society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy  * Estate - small elite group 2. Anarchism * Caste - assigned status based on one’s ascribed status * Class - a system based primarily on achieved status -society without government, laws, police Auguste Comte or another authority system of self-control - coined the term sociology 3.Aristocracy - saw the need for a systematic - privilege of social class science of studying society and in dealing with the solution of its basic 4. Autocracy problems -Supreme political power is in the hands of one person Purpose of Sociology whose decisions are unregulated -to study at all levels of human thought and activity, 5. Communism from - Extreme left-wing ideology based on the the individual and personal level to the global level revolutionary socialist teachings of Karl Marx. - to classify, quantify, identify, and perform functions - Collective ownership and a planned economy that are very anthropological in their construct 6. Conservatism -formulate a discipline of thought and methodology - existing institutions are maintained, emphasizing free- enterprise and minimal governmental intervention. Dynamics of Culture in the Goals of Anthropology and Sociology 7.Democracy - government by the people Culture is dynamic and thus complex. 8.Dictatorship Culture is fluid rather than static. - government by a single person Culture changes all the time, every day, in subtle and WEEK 2 and 3 tangible ways. Culture Anthropology and Sociology study human behavior - a group or community share common experiences Political Science Major Elements of Culture: -Branch of Social Sciences - symbols - language -Analysis of political systems, theoretical and practical - norms applications to politics, and examination of political - values behavior - artifacts Aristotle Characteristics of Culture: -Greek Thinker - Culture is social because it is the product of behavior. - Culture varies from society to society. -defined political science as study of state - Culture is shared. -political scientists hope to construct a system of general - Culture is learned. principles that posit the way the world of politics works - Culture is transmitted among members of society. - Culture is continuous and cumulative. Political Science - Culture is gratifying and idealistic. - not a stand-alone field -political scientist are much sought these days ETHNOCENTRISM - how politics work - the view that one's cultural elements such as norms, -forefront of debates values, ideology, customs, and traditions are dominant and superior to others. Scope of Political Science CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INDIVIDUAL 1. Political theory - have dominant cultural elements which they see as 2.Public administration superior to other cultures. 3.Comparative politics - see their cultural elements as normal and acceptable to 4.International relations all; - consider in-group norms can be universalized. 5.Public law - discard out-group ethnicities and cultures. Political Ideology - believe that other cultures are inferior: - set of ideas, beliefs, values, and opinions, exhibiting a look at other culture's elements as inferior and recurring pattern, that competes deliberately as well as unacceptable. unintentionally CULTURAL RELATIVISM Political Ideologies and Styles of Government - an objective analysis of one's own culture - seeing and understanding of one's beliefs and traditions from his/her 1. Absolutism point of view. -rulers have unlimited control - entails not judging the practices of others based on one's own culture; hence respecting it in their cultural context. CLAIMS MADE BY CULTURAL RELATIVISTS - Each society has a diverse set of moral conducts. - The rightfulness of an action within a society is primarily determined by the moral standards of that society. - There is no objective standard that can be used as a basis of comparison among societies. - The moral code of our society is just part of a larger body of morality and ethical standards. - High tolerance among all cultures must be exercised always. The aspect of mutual respect and understanding must be observed. This is the first step towards a deeper appreciation of one's culture. Tolerance and acceptance of cultural diversities within the bonds of our own moral and ethical standards can be a way to understand individual differences.