IphP Reviewer (Q1:L1-L2) PDF

**IPHP REVIEWER (Q1:L1-L2)** **Philosophy** \- comes from the Greek words: philos (love) and sophia (wisdom). \- Love of wisdom \- Study of general and fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. **Pythagoras (570 BCE to 495 BCE)** \- A mathematician a...

**IPHP REVIEWER (Q1:L1-L2)** **Philosophy** \- comes from the Greek words: philos (love) and sophia (wisdom). \- Love of wisdom \- Study of general and fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. **Pythagoras (570 BCE to 495 BCE)** \- A mathematician and scientist, he was credited with formulating the Pythagorean theorem. **Heraclitus (535 BCE to 475 BCE)** \- He proposed that everything that exists is based on a higher order or plan which he called logos. **Democritus (460 BCE to 370 BCE)** \- He devoted himself to the study of the causes of natural phenomena - The one who proposed the atomic theory **Diogenes of Sinope (412 BCE to 323 BCE)** \- He was known advocate of living a simple and virtuous life **Epicurus (341 BCE to 270 BCE)** \- He believed that philosophy could enable man to live a life of happiness. **Socrates (470 BCE to 399 BCE)** \- He was considered the foremost philosopher of ancient times. \- Socratic method -- means of examining a topic by devising a series of questions that let the learner examine and analyze his knowledge and views regarding the topic. **Plato (427 BCE to 347 BCE)** \- Student of Socrates, he wrote down his mentor's teaching and incorporated some of his own ideas into them. \- Theory of forms - proposes that everything that exist is based on an idea or template that can only be perceived in the mind. \- Dialectic - a method of inquiry where two opposing ideas are discussed in an attempt to arrive at new knowledge \- He also founded the school of philosophy known as "The Academy." **Aristotle (384 BCE to 322 BCE)** \- He attended the Academy, and was the prominent student of Plato. - All ideas and views are based on perception and our reality is based on what we can sense and perceive. \- His studies in logic led to the formulation of a formal process of analyzing reasoning which give rise to deductive reasoning, the process by which specific statements are analyzed to reach a conclusion or generalization. **Holistic thinking** \- Refers to a perspective that considers large-scale patterns in systems **Partial thinking** \- Focuses on specific aspects of a situation. **Philosopher** \- Is a good communicator who can clearly and adequately present his or her ideas. **Plato** \- The Greek Philosopher who believes that Philosophy is brought about by man's sense of wonder. **Karl Jaspers** \- He believes that persons engage in philosophy in order to make sense of difficult life experiences **Rene Descartes** \- consider the "doubt" as a reason why people philosophize **Main branches of Philosophy** **Epistemology** -- is a branch of philosophy that explores the nature of knowledge, its foundation and the methods by which we acquire it. **Metaphysics** -- it delves into the nature of reality and existence. **Axiology** -- a branch of philosophy that is concerned with the study of value. **Logic** -- is the study of valid reasoning and argumentation **History of Philosophy** -- it is an essential and multifaceted field of philosophical study that aims to understand how philosophical ideas evolved, interacted, and shaped our understanding of the world. **Reflection** \- Requires a person to be willing to examine one's thoughts, feelings, and action and to learn more about one's life and experiences. **Human Reflection** \- Is the capacity of humans to exercise introspection and to attempt to learn more about their fundamental nature and essence. **Wisdom** \- Refers to a person's ability to apply knowledge to daily life particularly in making sound choices and judgments. **Lesson 2: Method of philosophizing** **Philosophical method** \- is the study of how to do philosophy. **Truth** \- Being in accord with the fact or reality \- It is also sometimes defined in modern contexts as an idea of "true to self" or authenticity. **Propositions** \- Is the statement about the world or reality that may or may not carry truth. **Knowledge** \- Is the clear awareness about the world or reality **Facts** \- Are propositions or statement which are observe to be real or truthful. - Is something concrete that can be proven. **Claim** \- Is a statement that is not evidently or immediately known to be true. **Doubt** \- Has very important purpose in philosophy as it drives our desire to discover the truth. **Belief** \- It's a mental state where you accept something as real, even without absolute certainty. **Opinion** \- It's a view formed in the mind of a person about a particular issue. **Conclusion** \- Is a judgment based on a certain facts. **Explanation** \- Are statements that expresses convictions that are not easily explained by facts. **Arguments** \- Are series of statements that provide reasons to convince the reader or listener that a claim or opinion is truthful. **Fallacies** \- Are arguments based on faulty reasoning. **Bias** \- Is disproportionate weight in favor of or against an idea or thing, usually in a way that is closed-minded, prejudicial, or unfair. **FALLACY** **CHARACTERISTICS** ------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ **Ad Hominem** Attacking the person presenting the argument instead of the argument itself. **Appeal to force** Using the threat of force or an undesirable event to advance an argument. **Appeal to emotion** Using emotions such as pity or sympathy. **Appeal to popular** The idea is presented as acceptable because a lot of people accept it. **Appeal to tradition** The idea is acceptable because it has been true for a long time. **FALLACY** **CHARACTERISTICS** ---------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **Begging the question** Assuming the thing or idea to be proven is true; also known as circular argument. **Cause-and-effect** Assuming "cause-and-effect- relationship between unrelated events. **Fallacy of composition** Assuming the what is true of a part is true for the whole **Fallacy of division** Assuming that what is true for the whole is true for its parts. **Bias** **Characteristics** ----------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **Correspondence bias or attribution effect** Tendency to judge a person's personality by his or her actions, without regard for the external factors or influence. **Confirmation bias** Tendency to look for and readily accept information which fits one's own beliefs or views and to reject ideas or views that go against it. -------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **Framing** Focusing on a certain aspect of a problem while ignoring other aspects. **Hindsight** The tendency to see past events as predictable, or to ascribe a pattern to historical events. **Conflict of interest** A person or group is connected to or has a vested interest in the issue being discussed. **Cultural bias** Analyzing an event or issue based on one's cultural standards. **Three major characteristics of Philosophical questions** 1\. Philosophical questions have answers but the answers remain in dispute. 2. Philosophical questions cannot be settled by science, common sense, or faith. 3. Philosophical questions are of perennial intellectual interest to human beings. **Critical thinking** \- Is the careful, reflective, rational, and systematic approach to questions of very general interest. **Scientific Method** \- Is a process of determining truth or knowledge through experimentation, inductive and deductive reasoning, and hypothesis or theory testing. **Logic** \- Is the truth based on reasoning and critical thinking. \- It includes analysis and construction arguments. **Deductive Reasoning** \- In this type of reasoning, conclusion comes first, followed by main points, and the last will be the supporting data, facts, examples, and evidences. **Inductive Reasoning** \- In this type of reasoning, supporting data, facts, examples, and evidences come first followed by the main points and conclusions will be the last part.