21st Century Chinese Literature PDF

21ST CENTURY CHINESE LITERATURE Beginning of Chinese Literature Ming Dynasty- Literature was written to entertain in common literate chinese (great wall of china) protect and preserve Tang Dynasty (618-907)- Woodblock printing was invested (golden age of literature) Song Dynasty (960-1279)-...

21ST CENTURY CHINESE LITERATURE Beginning of Chinese Literature Ming Dynasty- Literature was written to entertain in common literate chinese (great wall of china) protect and preserve Tang Dynasty (618-907)- Woodblock printing was invested (golden age of literature) Song Dynasty (960-1279)- Movable type of printing was introduced Classical Poetry Book of Changes one of the most important classical texts in Chinese literature book of divination based on eight trigrams, which existed during the Zhou dynasty The Classic of Poetry earliest collections of poems consists of 305 poems, which include folk and festival poems, hymns, and eulogies Trigrams -symbols of the cycle of yin and yang energy 8 trigrams -earth thunder -water -still water -mountain -flame -wind -heaven Yin - Bad Yang - Good Spring and Autumn Annals -earliest surviving (text) Chinese historical text to be arranged in annals form (records) -chronological history of the state of Lu Analects of Confucius moral guidelines book of sayings recorded by his disciples that talks about harmonious living and how to deal with other people Two Distinguished Poets: Li Po and Tu Fu Li Po greatest poet in the country romantic songs on wine women and nature Tu Fu ”chunwang” best known and most commonly recited chinese poem means the “scene in spring”  21ST CENTURY CHINESE LITERATURE Confucius -first teacher in china who want to establish broadly the education “do not do unto others” The Classical of History -Collection of documents and speeches written by rulers and officials of Zhou period The Classic of Rites -Texts that describe ancient rites and ceremonies Classical Prose Mencius and Zhuang Zhi -Prose writers who demonstrated well-reasoned and carefully developed ideas Mencius The second Sage Orthodox Confucianism Interested common people their role Zhuang Zhi -Wrote Zhuangzi (collection of anecdotes) Tang Period -Emergence of neoclassic style of prose Han Yu (768-824) -Major essayist who advocated the return of Confucian Orthodoxy Modern Literature Qing Period (1895-1911) A modern Chinese literature began A period of active intellectual pursuit sparked by a nationalistic climate i Boyuan Used vernacular writing for people who did not receive classical education Focused on social and political issues Guanchang Xianxing (Me Bureauat A revelation) Liu E Writer, archaeologist, and politician who used symbolism and classical writing illustrations in his writing ”The Travels of Lao Can” (Most beloved of all novels)  21ST CENTURY CHINESE LITERATURE Zheng Pu Used symbolism and classical literature illustrations in his writing Niehai Hua (A filmer in a Sinful Sea) The New Culture Movement (1917-1923) -Saw the vernacular language being widely used and eventually displacing the classical language in all genres Lu Xun -considered the founder of modern baihua literature (literature that uses colloquial language) in China Socialist realism -Adheres to the principle that art must depict contemporary events exposing the ills of nonsocialist society Social Realism -uses art to represent the nonsocials Maoist Mao Tse Tung (ideology)-political and military doctrine to capture state power thru alliances and insurgency Maoist Era (1949-1976) Placed the publishing industry and the book distribution system under government control and implemented strict censorship Post-Mao Era (1976-present) Published a large number of prose fiction Writers protested against and bemoaned the abuses but also expressed their eagerness to contribute in building a new chinese society  21ST CENTURY JAPANESE LITERATURE Japanese Writing System Kanji from chinese characters Kana a pair of syllabarics consists of hiragana native words and katakana foreign words writing system consists of symbols and syllables Archaic Period (Arkeyik) Introduction of the art writing (kanji) from China -Chinese characters were adopted to write Japanese, creating what is known as the man’yogana, the earliest form of Japanese writing, was introduced First propagation of the Buddhist religion -Literature was mostly a series of songs and poems about war and historical incidents Buddhism -reincarnation until you reach (Nirvana) state of enlightenment ultimate Nara Period Consideres as the Golden Age of Poetry (710-794 AD) -Produced two importants literary works: Kojiki or Records of Ancient Matters- contains early traditions of the Japanese race, mythology, and legendary history Man’yoshu or Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves- oldest extant anthology of Japanese Poetryz Anthology - collection~Man’yoshu or Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves- oldest extant anthology of Japanese Poetryz kan twenty-chapter division contatins 4500 poems two principal poetic form used tanka short poem with 31 syllables arranged in five lines or units chonka long poem with 31 syllables and undefined length with an extra seven-syllable lines Representative prose works: Shoku Nihongi - history text Izumo Fudoki - ancient record of Izumo Nihon Shoki - chronicles of Japan, the second oldest book of Japanese history  21ST CENTURY JAPANESE LITERATURE Heina Period (Heiyan) considered the classical age of Japanese Literature literature reflected the pleasure-loving and effeminate but cultured and refined character of the class of Japanese who produced it largely the work of women Popular Works: Kokinshu (Collection of Ancient and Modern Poems)-anthology of the best poems The Tale of Genji (Murasaki Shikibu)-referred to as the first modern Japanese novel Effiminate Bakla -man but with characterism of woman The tale of Genji love (pain) mistakes (consequences Kamakura-Muromachi Period -characterized by a constant state of warfare and turmoil and the decline of learning Important Works: Shin Kokinshu (New Collection of Ancient and Modern Poems)-reflects the gloom and solitude of the period Heike Monogatari (The Tale of the Heike)-tells the defeat of the Taira by the Minamoto Clan Gempei Seisuki - history of the rise and fall of Gen and Hei Tsurezuregusa (Essays in Idleness)-collection of essays on various objects Other Highlights Buddhist monks were the cheif maintainers of learning development of renga or linked verse evolution of Noh drama, a one-act dance performed by male dancers with extremely slow movement while chanting prose passages Zeami Motokiyo - developed the Noh drama Renga alternating haiku 8 croplets with each stanza written by different person Croplet 2 lines of verse singular thought Fire burn and cauldron bubble and humpty dumpy  21ST CENTURY JAPANESE LITERATURE Edo Period literature was more voluminous writings were produced by merchant class and were considered bawdy and worldly popular drama evolved to kabuki, a popular japanese theater consisting of colorful background, lively and emotional music, dancing and exaggerated acting Haiku a poem of 17 syllables in three lines of 5-7-5 syllables was perfected Bawdy -indescent writing Other Important Works Koshuku ichidai otoko (The sensulist) (Maria Saikaku) Tokaidochu Hizakurige - comic novel (Jippenstia) Oku no Hosomichi (The Narrow Road to the deep worth) reflects philosophical meditations toward existence highlights Japanese sensibilities in daily or mundane experiences Meiji Era reopening of Japan to the West and period of rapid industrialization Fukuzawa Yukichi and Nakae Chomin - wrote enlightenment literature Haibun - combines prose and poetry chiyo Higuchi - a woman writer whose short stories of powerless women of this age Izumi Kyoka - wrote early novels that made use of supernatural elements Closed Country Policy -preserved cultures and traditions -protect from envaders Modern Period -characterized by the denial of worth of traditional writings -themes focus on disaffection, loss of purpose, and coping with defeat as a result of World War ll Prominent writers: Kenzaburo Oe - A personal Matter (1964) second winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature Kobo Abe - (Women in the Dunes) won the 1962 Yumiuri Prize for Literature Shizuku Todo - won the Naoki Prize (1988) for Ripening Summer Haruku Murakami - one of the most popular and controversial Japanese authors  21ST CENTURY INDIAN LITERATURE 4 major religion Untochables (dalit) - cleaning caste based -Hinduism -Jainism -Buddhism -Sikhism discrimination streets illegal 4 in social system Brahmis (priest) Kohatriyas (warriors and kings) Vaishyas (merchants) Shudras (manual laborers -pertains to the literature data of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh since these countries were considered as one until the partition of India in 1947 and the secession of Bangladesh from Pakistan in 1971 -recognizes 22 languages Sanskrit -ancient language used for writing epics and religious texts Vedas -collection of sacred books written in Sanskrit Rig Veda (knowledge of the verses) -a collection of 1028 sacred hymns; divided into ten books called Mandalas Yajur Veda (knowledge of the sacrifice) -priest’s handbook in the performance of sacrificial rituals Sama Veda (knowledge of the melodies) -collection of chants and melodies drawn from the Rig Veda and are to be sung during worship Atharva Veda (knoweldge of the fire priest) -a collection of charms, spells and hymns Mahabharata by Vyasa ancient tale of war within a family caused by a desire for power contains 100,000 lines considered as one of the longest literary masterpieces Ramayana by Valmiki part of Mahabharata; romantic treatment in the form of kayva or court poetry centers on the life and adventures of the couple Ramachandra and Sita the tale of savitri - another narrative found in Mahabharata; it is told to the exiled king of the Pandavas by the way of consoiling him for the plight of his much-tried queen,  21ST CENTURY INDIAN LITERATURE Modern Writers Arundhati Roy God of small things (Man Booker Prize For Fiction 1997) Rabindranath Nobel Prize in Literature (1913) Manasi (1890) Chitrangada (1892) Sonar Tori (1894)  21ST CENTURY THAI AND INDONESIAN LITERATURE Thai Literature greatly influenced by indian literature Ramakien - national epic; Thai version of the Indian Epic Ramayana Inao - presented the history of the land, including traditions, customs, manners, and figures in Thailand; present the life and sentiments of the common folk in his works Sunthorn Phu (1768-1855) - one of the major literary figures in Thailand; presents the life and sentiments of the common folk in his works Members of the loyalty like King Rama V and King Rama Vl are regarded as literary personalities Phya Anuman Rajadhon - literary writer and scholar; wrote about Thai culture, language and folklore Dokmaisod - pseudonym of M.L. Boopha Nimmanhaemindha; best-known works: Phu Di, Nung Nai Roi, Nit, and Chaichana Khong Luang Naruban Malai Choopinit popular name in full length stories Thung Maharat - a novel about rural life Long Phrai - a novel that is about an adventure in the forest Indonesian Literature multicultural due to the country’s archipelagic landscape oral lore - among its earliest literary forms folk and ancient narratives - local versions of older Hindu texts Wayang - traditional shadow puppets in theater performances Modern Indonesian Literature characterized by Western influences focus on beast fables legends, riddles and adventure stories dutch colonization led to the decrease in Javanese and Malay works critical poetry in the Javanese society W.S Rendra and Pramoedya Ananta Toer - works were banned and they were imprisoned because their literary works expressed their dissent against the government This Earth of Mankind by Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Ramon Magsaysay Award, Asian equivalent to the Nobel Prize for Literature